<B-1,Verb,722,arotriao>
akin to A, a later form of aroo, "to plow," occurs in Luke 17:7; 1 Cor. 9:10.

Pluck (out) <1,,5089,tillo>
is used of "plucking off ears of corn," Matt. 12:1; Mark 2:23; Luke 6:1. In the Sept., Isa. 18:7.

<2,,726,harpazo>
"to seize, snatch," is rendered "pluck" in John 10:28,29, AV, RV, "snatch." For the meaning, see CATCH, No. 1.

<3,,1807,exaireo>
"to take out" (ex for ek, "out," haireo, "to take"), is translated "pluck out," of the eye as the occasion of sin, in Matt. 5:29; 18:9, indicating that, with determination and promptitude, we are to strike at the root of unholy inclinations, ridding ourselves of whatever would stimulate them. Cp. Note (2) below. See DELIVER, No. 8.

<4,,1846,exorusso>
"to dig out or up," is rendered "ye would have plucked out (your eyes)" in Gal. 4:15, an indication of their feelings of gratitude to, and love for, the Apostle. The metaphor affords no real ground for the supposition of a reference to some weakness of his sight, and certainly not to the result of his temporary blindness at his conversion, the recovery from which must have been as complete as the infliction. There would be some reason for such an inference had the pronoun "ye" been stressed; but the stress is on the word "eyes;" their devotion prompted a readiness to part with their most treasured possession on his behalf. For Mark 2:4 see BREAK, No. 14, DIG, No. 1, Note (2). In the Sept., 1 Sam. 11:2; Prov. 29:22.

<5,,1610,ekrizoo>
"to pluck up by the roots" (ek, "out," rhiza, "a root"), is so translated in Jude 1:12 (figuratively), and in the AV in Luke 17:6, RV, "rooted up;" "root up," Matt. 13:29; "shall be rooted up," Matt. 15:13. See ROOT.

Notes: (1) In Mark 5:4, AV, diaspao, "to rend asunder" (RV), is translated "plucked asunder," said of chains. (2) In Mark 9:47, AV, ekballo, "to cast out" (RV), is translated "pluck ... out." Cp. No. 3, above.

Poet <1,,4163,poietes>
primarily, "a maker," later "a doer" (poieo "to make, to do"), was used, in classical Greek, of "an author," especially a "poet;" so Acts 17:28. See DOER.

Point, Points * Notes: Phrases. (1) In Heb. 4:15, "in all points" represents the phrase kata with the neuter plural of pas, "all," lit., "according to all (things)." (2) "To be at the point of death" is a translation (a) of the verb mello, "to be about," with teleutao, "to end one's life, die," Luke 7:2; see DIE, No. 4; (b) of mello with apothnesko, "to die," John 4:47; (c) of the phrase mentioned under DEATH, C, Note. (3) In Jas. 2:10, en heni (the dative case of heis, "one"), lit., "in one," is rendered "in one point."

<A-1,Noun,2774,kephalaion>
the neuter of the adjective kephalaios, "of the head," is used as a noun, signifying (a) "a sum, amount, of money," Acts 22:28; (b) "a chief point," Heb. 8:1, not the summing up of the subject, as the AV suggests, for the subject was far from being finished in the Epistle; on the contrary, in all that was being set forth by the writer "the chief point" consisted in the fact that believers have "a High Priest" of the character already described. See SUM.

<B-1,Verb,1213,deloo>
"to make plain" (delos, "evident"), is translated "did point unto" in 1 Pet. 1:11, RV (AV, "did signify"), of the operation of "the Spirit of Christ" in the prophets of the Old Testament in "pointing" on to the time and its characteristics, of the sufferings of Christ and subsequent glories. See SHEW, SIGNIFY.

Poison <1,,2447,ios>
denotes "something active" as (a) "rust," as acting on metals, affecting their nature, Jas. 5:3; (b) "poison," as of asps, acting destructively on living tissues, figuratively of the evil use of the lips as the organs of speech, Rom. 3:13; so of the tongue, Jas. 3:8.

Pollute * For POLLUTE see DEFILE, A, No. 1

Pollution <1,,234,alisgema>
akin to a late verb alisgeo, "to pollute," denotes "a pollution, contamination," Acts 15:20, "pollutions of idols," i.e., all the contaminating associations connected with idolatry including meats from sacrifices offered to idols.

Note: For miasma, AV, "pollutions," in 2 Pet. 2:20, see DEFILEMENT, B, No. 1.

Pomp <1,,5325,phantasia>
as a philosophic term, denoted "an imagination;" then, "an appearance," like phantasma, "an apparition;" later, "a show, display, pomp" (Eng., "phantasy"), Acts 25:23. In the Sept., Hab. 2:18; 3:10; Zech. 10:1.

Ponder <1,,4820,sumballo>
"to throw together, confer," etc., has the meaning "to ponder," i.e., "to put one thing with another in considering circumstances," in Luke 2:19. See CONFER.

Pool <1,,2861,kolumbethra>
denotes "a swimming pool" (akin to kolumbao, "to swim," Acts 27:43), John 5:2 (ver. 4 in some mss.),7; 9:7 (ver. 11 in some mss.).

Poor <A-1,Adjective,4434,ptochos>
for which see BEG, B, has the broad sense of "poor," (a) literally, e.g., Matt. 11:5; 26:9,11; Luke 21:3 (with stress on the word, "a conspicuously poor widow"); John 12:5,6,8; 13:29; Jas. 2:2,3,6; the "poor" are constantly the subjects of injunctions to assist them, Matt. 19:21; Mark 10:21; Luke 14:13,21; 18:22; Rom. 15:26; Gal. 2:10; (b) metaphorically, Matt. 5:3; Luke 6:20; Rev. 3:17.

<A-2,Adjective,3998,penichros>
akin to B, "needy, poor," is used of the widow in Luke 21:2 (cp. No. 1, of the same woman, in ver. 3); it is used frequently in the papyri. In the Sept., Ex. 22:25; Prov. 28:15; 29:7.

<B-1,Noun,3993,penes>
"a laborer "(akin to penomai, "to work for one's daily bread"), is translated "poor" in 2 Cor. 9:9.

<C-1,Verb,4433,ptocheuo>
"to be poor as a beggar" (akin to A, No. 1), "to be destitute," is said of Christ in 2 Cor. 8:9.

Porch <1,,4745,stoa>
"a portico," is used (a) of the "porches" at the pool of Bethesda, John 5:2; (b) of the covered colonnade in the Temple, called Solomon's "porch," John 10:23; Acts 3:11; 5:12 a portico on the eastern side of the temple; this and the other "porches" existent in the time of Christ were almost certainly due to Herod's restoration. Cp. Stoics (Acts 17:18), "philosophers of the porch."

<2,,4440,pulon>
akin to pule, "a gate" (Eng., "pylon"), is used of "a doorway, porch or vestibule" of a house or palace, Matt. 26:71. In the parallel passage Mark 14:68, No. 3 is used, and pulon doubtless stands in Matt. 26 for proaulion. See GATE, No. 2.

<3,,4259,proaulion>
"the exterior court" or "vestibule," between the door and the street, in the houses of well-to-do folk, Mark 14:68, "porch" (RV marg., "forecourt").

Porter <1,,2377,thuroros>
"a door-keeper" (thura, "a door," ouros, "a guardian"), is translated "porter" in Mark 13:34; John 10:3; it is used of a female in John 18:16,17, translated "(her) that kept the door." In the Sept., 2 Sam. 4:6; 2 Kings 7:11; Ezek. 44:11.

Portion <A-1,Noun,3313,meros>
"a part," is translated "portion" in Matt. 24:51; Luke 12:46; 15:12. See PART.

<A-2,Noun,2819,kleros>
"a lot," is translated "portion" in Acts 1:17, RV. See CHARGE, INHERITANCE, LOT.

<A-3,Noun,3310,meris>
"a part," is translated "portion" in 2 Cor. 6:15, RV. See PART.

Note: For "portion of food," Luke 12:42, RV, see FOOD, No. 4.

<B-1,Verb,4829,summerizo>
"to have a part with" (akin to A, No. 3), is translated "have their portion with" in 1 Cor. 9:13. RV. See PARTAKER.

<C-1,Adverb,4181,polumeros>
signifies "in many parts" or "portions" (polus, "many," and A, No. 1), Heb. 1:1, RV (AV, "at sundry times").

Possess, Possession <A-1,Verb,2722,katecho>
"to hold fast, hold back," signifies "to possess," in 1 Cor. 7:30; 2 Cor. 6:10. See HOLD.

<A-2,Verb,2932,ktaomai>
"to procure for oneself, acquire, obtain," hence, "to possess" (akin to B, No. 1), has this meaning in Luke 18:12; 1 Thess. 4:4; in Luke 21:19, RV, "ye shall win" (AV, "possess ye"), where the probable meaning is "ye shall gain the mastery over your souls," i.e., instead of giving way to adverse circumstances. See OBTAIN.

<A-3,Verb,5225,huparcho>
"to be in existence," and, in a secondary sense, "to belong to," is used with this meaning in the neuter plural of the present participle with the article signifying one's "possessions," "the things which he possesseth," Luke 12:15; Acts 4:32; in Heb. 10:34, RV, "possessions" (AV, "goods"); cp. B, No. 4. See GOODS.

<A-4,Verb,1139,diamonizomai>
"to be possessed of a demon or demons:" see DEMON, B.

Note: In Acts 8:7; 16:16, AV, echo, "have," is translated "to be possessed of," in the sense of No. 4, above, RV, "had" and "having."

<B-1,Noun,2933,ktema>
akin to A, No. 2, denotes "a possession, property," Matt. 19:22; Mark 10:22; Acts 2:45; 5:1.

<B-2,Noun,2697,kataschesis>
primarily "a holding back" (akin to A, No. 1), then, "a holding fast," denotes "a possession," Acts 7:5, or "taking possession," Acts 7:45, with the article, lit., "in the (i.e., their) taking possession."

<B-3,Noun,4047,peripoiesis>
"an obtaining, an inquisition," is translated "(God's own) possession" in Eph. 1:14, RV, which may mean "acquisition," AV, "purchased possession;" 1 Pet. 2:9, RV, "God's own possession," AV, "a peculiar (people)." See OBTAIN.

<B-4,Noun,5223,huparxis>
primarily "subsistence" (akin to A, No. 3), later denoted "substance, property, possession" in Heb. 10:34, RV (AV, "substance"). See GOODS, SUBSTANCE.

Note: In Acts 28:7, AV, choria, "lands" (RV), is translated "possessions."

<C-1,Adjective,4041,periousios>
"of one's own possession, one's own," qualifies the noun laos, "people," in Titus 2:14, AV, "peculiar," see RV. In the Sept., Ex. 19:5; 23:22; Deut. 7:6; 14:2; 26:18.

Possessor <1,,2935,ktetor>
"a possessor, an owner" (akin to ktaomai, see POSSESS, No. 2), occurs in Acts 4:34.

Possible <A-1,Adjective,1415,dunatos>
"strong, mighty, powerful, able (to do)," in its neuter form signifies "possible," Matt. 19:26; 24:24; 26:39; Mark 9:23; 10:27; 13:22; 14:35,36; Luke 18:27; Acts 2:24; 20:16 (27:39, in some mss.; dunamai, "to be able," in the most authentic, RV, "they could"); Rom. 12:18; Gal. 4:15. See ABLE.

<B-1,Verb,1510,eimi>
"to be," is used in the third person singular, impersonally, with the meaning "it is possible," negatively in 1 Cor. 11:20, RV, (AV, "it is not"), and Heb. 9:5, "we cannot," lit., "it is not possible."

Note: For Heb. 10:4, AV, "it is not possible," see IMPOSSIBLE.

Pot <1,,3582,xestes>
was a Sicilian corruption of the Latin liquid measure sextarius, about a pint; in Mark 7:4 (ver. 8 also in some mss.) it denotes "a pitcher," of wood or stone.

<2,,4713,stammnos>
primarily "an earthen jar" for racking off wine, hence, "any kind of jar," occurs in Heb. 9:4.

Potentate * For POTENTATE, used of God. 1 Tim. 6:15, see AUTHORITY, No. 4

Potter <A-1,Noun,2763,kerameus>
"a potter" (from kerannumi, "to mix," akin to keramos, "potter's clay"), is used (a) in connection with the "potter's field," Matt. 27:7,10; (b) illustratively of the "potter's" right over the clay, Rom. 9:21, where the introductory "or" suggests the alternatives that either there must be a recognition of the absolute discretion and power of God, or a denial that the "potter" has power over the clay. There is no suggestion of the creation of sinful beings, or of the creation of any simply in order to punish them. What the passage sets forth is God's right to deal with sinful beings according to His own counsel.

<B-1,Adjective,2764,keramikos>
denotes "of (or made by) a potter" (Eng., "ceramic"), "earthen," Rev. 2:27.

Pound <1,,3046,litra>
was a Sicilian coin, the equivalent of a Latin libra or as (whence the metric unit, "liter"); in the NT it is used as a measure of weight, a pound, John 12:3; 19:39.

<2,,3414,mna>
a Semitic word, both "a weight" and "a sum of money," 100 shekels (cp. 1 Kings 10:17, maneh; Dan. 5:25,26, mene), in Attic Greek 100 drachmai, in weight about 15 oz., in value near about f4IS. 3d. (see PIECE), occurs in Luke 19:13,16 (twice),18 (twice),20,24 (twice),25.

Pour <1,,906,ballo>
"to throw," is used of "pouring" liquids, Matt. 26:12, RV, marg., "cast" (of ointment); John 13:5 (of water). See CAST, No. 1.

<2,,2708,katacheo>
"to pour down upon" (kata, "down," cheo, "to pour"), is used in Matt. 26:7 (cp. No. 1 in ver. 12); Mark 14:3, of ointment.

<3,,1632,ekcheo>
"to pour out" (ek, "out"), is used (a) of Christ's act as to the changers' money, John 2:15; (b) of the Holy Spirit, Acts 2:17,18,33, RV, "He hath poured forth" (AV, "... shed forth"); Titus 3:6, RV, "poured out" (AV, "shed"); (c) of the emptying of the contents of the bowls (AV, "vials") of Divine wrath, Rev. 16:1-4,8,10,12,17; (d) of the shedding of the blood of saints by the foes of God, Rev. 16:6, RV, "poured out" (AV, "shed"); some mss. have it in Acts 22:20. See RUN, SHED, SPILL.

<4,,1632,ekchuno>
or ekchunno, a Hellenistic form of No. 3, is used of the blood of Christ, Luke 22:20, RV "is poured out" (AV, "is shed"); of the Holy Spirit, Acts 10:45. See GUSH OUT, RUN, SHED, SPILL.

<5,,2022,epicheo>
"to pour upon" (epi), is used in Luke 10:34, of the oil and wine used by the good Samaritan on the wounds of him who had fallen among robbers.

Note: For the AV, "poured out" in Rev. 14:10 (RV, "prepared"), see MINGLE, NO. 2.

Poverty <1,,4432,ptocheia>
"destitution" (akin to ptocheuo, see POOR), is used of the "poverty" which Christ voluntarily experienced on our behalf, 2 Cor. 8:9; of the destitute condition of saints in Judea, 2 Cor. 8:2; of the condition of the church in Smyrna, Rev. 2:9, where the word is used in a general sense. Cp. synonymous words under POOR.

Powder * For POWDER see GRIND

Power (Noun, and Verb, to have, bring under) <A-1,Noun,1411,dunamis>
for the different meanings of which see ABILITY, MIGHT, is sometimes used, by metonymy, of persons and things, e.g., (a) of God, Matt. 26:64; Mark 14:62; (b) of angels, e.g., perhaps in Eph. 1:21, RV, "power," AV, "might" (cp. Rom. 8:38; 1 Pet. 3:22); (c) of that which manifests God's "power:" Christ, 1 Cor. 1:24; the Gospel, Rom. 1:16; (d) of mighty works (RV, marg., "power" or "powers"), e.g., Mark 6:5, "mighty work;" so Mark 9:39, RV (AV, "miracle"); Acts 2:22 (ditto); 8:13, "miracles;" 2 Cor. 12:12, RV, "mighty works" (AV, "mighty deeds").

Note: For different meanings of synonymous terms, see Note under DOMINION, A, No. 1.

<A-2,Noun,1849,exousia>
denotes "freedom of action, right to act;" used of God, it is absolute, unrestricted, e.g., Luke 12:5 (RV marg., "authority"); in Acts 1:7 "right of disposal" is what is indicated; used of men, authority is delegated. Angelic beings are called "powers" in Eph. 3:10 (cp. 1:21); 6:12; Col. 1:6; 2:15 (cp. 2:10). See AUTHORITY, No. 1, see also PRINCIPALITY.

<A-3,Noun,2479,ischus>
"ability, force, strength," is nowhere translated "power" in the RV (AV in 2 Thess. 1:9). See ABILITY, No. 2.

<A-4,Noun,2904,kratos>
is translated "power" in the RV and AV in 1 Tim. 6:16; Heb. 2:14; in Eph. 1:19 (last part); 6:10, AV, "power" (RV, "strength"): see DOMINION, A, No. 1, STRENGTH, A, No. 3.

<A-5,Noun,1415,dunaton>
the neuter of the adjective dunatos, "powerful" (akin to No. 1), is used as a noun with the article in Rom. 9:22, "(to make His) power (known)." See ABLE.

<A-6,Noun,746,arche>
"a beginning, rule," is translated "power" in Luke 20:20, AV (RV, "rule"). See BEGINNING, B.

<B-1,Verb,1850,exousiazo>
"to exercise authority" (akin to A, No. 2), is used (a) in the Active Voice, Luke 22:25, RV, "have authority" (AV, "exercise authority"), of the "power" of rulers; 1 Cor. 7:4 (twice), of marital relations and conditions; (b) in the Passive Voice, 1 Cor. 6:12, to be brought under the "power" of a thing; here, this verb and the preceding one connected with it, exesti, present a paronomasia, which Lightfoot brings out as follows: "all are within my power; but I will not put myself under the power of any one of all things." See AUTHORITY, B, No. 1.

Notes: (1) In Rev. 13:14,15, AV, didomi, "to give," is translated "(he) had power;" RV, "it was given (him)" and "it was given unto him;" the AV misses the force of the permissive will of God in the actings of the Beast. (2) In Rom. 16:25, AV, dunamai, "to be able," is translated "that is of power" (RV, "that is able"). See ABLE. (3) The subject of power in Scripture may be viewed under the following heads: (a) its original source, in the Persons in the Godhead; (b) its exercise by God in creation, its preservation and its government; (c) special manifestations of Divine "power," past, present and future; (d) "power" existent in created beings, other than man, and in inanimate nature; (e) committed to man, and misused by him; (f) committed to those who, on becoming believers, were "empowered" by the Spirit of God, are indwelt by Him, and will exercise it hereafter for God's glory.

Powerful, Powerfully <A-1,Adjective,1756,energes>
see ACTIVE.

<A-2,Adjective,2478,ischuros>
"strong, mighty," akin to ischus (see POWER, A, No. 3), is translated "powerful" in 2 Cor. 10:10, AV (RV, "strong"). See STRONG.

<B-1,Adverb,2159,eutonos>
signifies "vigorously, vehemently" (eu, "well," teino, "to stretch"), Luke 23:10, "vehemently," of the accusation of the chief priests and scribes against Christ; Acts 18:28, RV, "powerfully" (AV, "mightily"), of Apollos in confuting Jews. In the Sept., Josh. 6:8.

Note: For "is powerful," 2 Cor. 13:3, RV, see MIGHTY, C.

Practices * For PRACTICES see COVETOUS, B, No. 3

Practice <1,,4238,prasso>
is translated by the verb "to practice" in the RV in the following passages (the AV nowhere renders the verb thus): John 3:20 (marg.); 5:29 (marg.); Acts 19:19; Rom. 1:32 (twice); 2:1,2,3; 7:15,19; Gal. 5:21. See DO, No. 2.

Praetorium and Praetorian Guard * For PRAETORIUM and PRAETORIAN GUARD see PALACE

Praise <A-1,Noun,136,ainos>
primarily "a tale, narration," came to denote "praise;" in the NT only of praise to God, Matt. 21:16; Luke 18:43.

<A-2,Noun,1868,epainos>
a strengthened form of No. 1 (epi, upon), denotes "approbation, commendation, praise;" it is used (a) of those on account of, and by reason of, whom as God's heritage, "praise" is to be ascibed to God, in respect of His glory (the exhibition of His character and operations), Eph. 1:12; in Eph. 1:14, of the whole company, the church, viewed as "God's own possession" (RV); in Eph. 1:6, with particular reference to the glory of His grace towards them; in Phil 1:11, as the result of "the fruits of righteousness" manifested in them through the power of Christ; (b) of "praise" bestowed by God, upon the Jew spiritually (Judah == "praise"), Rom. 2:29; bestowed upon believers hereafter at the judgment seat of Christ, 1 Cor. 4:5 (where the definite article indicates that the "praise" will be exactly in accordance with each person's actions); as the issue of present trials, "at the revelation of Jesus Christ," 1 Pet. 1:7; (c) of whatsoever is "praiseworthy," Phil. 4:8; (d) of the approbation by churches of those who labor faithfully in the ministry of the Gospel, 2 Cor. 8:18; (e) of the approbation of well-doers by human rulers, Rom. 13:3; 1 Pet. 2:14.

<A-3,Noun,133,ainesis>
"praise" (akin to No. 1), is found in Heb. 13:15, where it is metaphorically represented as a sacrificial offering.

Notes: (1) In 1 Pet. 2:9, AV, arete, "virtue, excellence," is translated "praises" (RV, "excellencies"). (2) In the following the AV translates doxa, "glory," by "praise" (RV, "glory"); John 9:24, where "give glory to God" signifies "confess thy sins" (cp. Josh. 7:19, indicating the genuine confession of facts in one's life which gives glory to God); John 12:43 (twice); 1 Pet. 4:11.

<B-1,Verb,134,aineo>
"to speak in praise of, to praise" (akin to A, No. 1), is always used of "praise" to God, (a) by angels, Luke 2:13; (b) by men, Luke 2:20; 19:37; 24:53; Acts 2:20,47; 3:8,9; Rom. 15:11 (No. 2 In some texts); Rev. 19:5.

<B-2,Verb,1867,epaineo>
akin to A, No. 2, is rendered "praise," 1 Cor. 11:2,17,22: see COMMEND, No. 1.

<B-3,Verb,5214,humneo>
denotes (a) transitively, "to sing, to laud, sing to the praise of" (Eng., "hymn"), Acts 16:25, AV, "sang praises" (RV, "singing hymns"); Heb. 2:12, RV, "will I sing (Thy) praise," AV, "will I sing praise (unto Thee)," lit., "I will hymn Thee;" (b) intransitively, "to sing," Matt. 26:30; Mark 14:26, in both places of the singing of the paschal hymns (Ps. 113-118; 136), called by Jews the Great Hallel.

<B-4,Verb,5567,psallo>
primarily, "to twitch" or "twang" (as a bowstring, etc.), then, "to play" (a stringed instrument with the fingers), in the Sept., to sing psalms, denotes, in the NT, to sing a hymn, sing "praise;" in Jas. 5:13, RV, "sing praise" (AV, "sing psalms"). See MELODY, SING.

<B-5,Verb,1843,exomologeo>
in Rom. 15:9, RV, "will I give praise" (AV, and RV marg., "I will confess"): see CONFESS, A, No. 2 (c).

Note: In Luke 1:64, AV, eulogeo, "to bless," is translated "praised" (RV, "blessing").

Prate <1,,5396,phluareo>
signifies "to talk nonsense" (from phluo, "to babble;" cp. the adjective phluaros, "babbling, garrulous, tattlers," 1 Tim. 5:13), "to raise false accusations," 3 John 1:10.

Pray, Prayer <A-1,Verb,2172,euchomai>
"to pray (to God)," is used with this meaning in 2 Cor. 13:7; 2 Cor. 13:9, RV, "pray" (AV, "wish"); Jas. 5:16; 3 John 1:2, RV, "pray" (AV, wish). Even when the RV and AV translate by "I would," Acts 26:29, or "wished for," Acts 27:29 (RV, marg., "prayed"), or "could wish," Rom. 9:3 (RV, marg., "could pray"), the indication is that "prayer" is involved.

<A-2,Verb,4336,proseuchomai>
"to pray," is always used of "prayer" to God, and is the most frequent word in this respect, especially in the Synoptists and Acts, once in Rom. 8:26; Eph. 6:18; Phil. 1:9; 1 Tim. 2:8; Heb. 13:18; Jude 1:20. For the injunction in 1 Thess. 5:17, see CEASE, C.

<A-3,Verb,2065,erotao>
"to ask," is translated by the verb to pray in Luke 14:18,19; 16:27; John 4:31; 14:16; 16:26; 17:9,15,20; in Acts 23:18, RV, "asked" (AV "prayed"); in 1 John 5:16, RV, "should make request" (AV "shall pray"). See ASK, A, No. 2.

<A-4,Verb,1189,deomai>
"to desire," in 2 Cor. 5:20; 8:4, RV, "beseech" (AV, "pray"): see BESEECH, No. 3.

Notes: (1) Parakaleo, "to call to one's aid," is rendered by the verb "to pray" in the AV in the following: Matt. 26:53 (RV, "beseech"); so Mark 5:17,18; Acts 16:9; in Acts 24:4, RV, "intreat;" in Acts 27:34, RV, "beseech." See BESEECH, No. 1. (2) In 1 Thess. 5:23; 2 Tim. 4:16, there is no word in the original for "I pray," see the RV.

<B-1,Noun,2171,euche>
akin to A, No. 1, denotes "a prayer," Jas. 5:15; "a vow," Acts 18:18; 21:23. See VOW.

<B-2,Noun,4335,proseuche>
akin to A, No. 2, denotes (a) "prayer" (to God), the most frequent term, e.g., Matt. 21:22; Luke 6:12, where the phrase is not to be taken literally as if it meant, "the prayer of God" (subjective genitive), but objectively, "prayer of God." In Jas. 5:17, "He prayed fervently," RV, is lit., "he prayed with prayer" (a Hebraistic form); in the following the word is used with No. 3: Eph. 6:18; Phil. 4:6; 1 Tim. 2:1; 5:5; (b) "a place of prayer," Acts 16:13,16, a place outside the city wall, RV.

<B-3,Noun,1162,deesis>
primarily "a wanting, a need" (akin to A, No. 4), then, "an asking, entreaty, supplication," in the NT is always addressed to God and always rendered "supplication" or "supplications" in the RV; in the AV "prayer," or "prayers," in Luke 1:13; 2:37; 5:33; Rom. 10:1; 2 Cor. 1:11; 9:14; Phil. 1:4 (in the 2nd part, "request"); 1:19; 2 Tim. 1:3; Heb. 5:7; Jas. 5:16; 1 Pet. 3:12.

<B-4,Noun,1783,enteuxis>
is translated "prayer" in 1 Tim. 4:5; see INTERCESSION.

Notes: (1) Proseuche is used of "prayer" in general; deesis stresses the sense of need; it is used sometimes of request from man to man. (2) In the papyri enteuxis is the regular word for a petition to a superior. For the synonymous word aitema see PETITION; for hiketeria, Heb. 5:7, see SUPPLICATION.

(3) "Prayer is properly addressed to God the Father Matt. 6:6; John 16:23; Eph. 1:17; 3:14, and the Son, Acts 7:59; 2 Cor. 12:8; but in no instance in the NT is prayer addressed to the Holy Spirit distinctively, for whereas the Father is in Heaven, Matt. 6:9, and the Son is at His right hand, Rom. 8:34, the Holy Spirit is in and with the believers, John 14:16,17.

"Prayer is to be offered in the Name of the Lord Jesus, John 14:13, that is, the prayer must accord with His character, and must be presented in the same spirit of dependence and submission that marked Him, Matt. 11:26; Luke 22:42.

"The Holy Spirit, being the sole interpreter of the needs of the human heart, makes His intercession therein; and inasmuch as prayer is impossible to man apart from His help, Rom. 8:26, believers are exhorted to pray at all seasons in the Spirit, Eph. 6:18; cp. Jude 1:20; Jas. 5:16, the last clause of which should probably be read "the inwrought [i.e., by the Holy Spirit] supplication of righteous man availeth much' (or 'greatly prevails' ischuo, as in Acts 19:16,20).

"None the less on this account is the understanding to be engaged in prayer, 1 Cor. 14:15, and the will, Col. 4:12; Acts 12:5 (where 'earnestly' is, lit., 'stretched out') and so in Luke 22:44.

"Faith is essential to prayer, Matt. 21:22; Mark 11:24; Jas. 1:5-8, for faith is the recognition of, and the committal of ourselves and our matters to, the faithfulness of God.

"Where the Jews were numerous, as at Thessalonica, they had usually a Synagogue, Acts 17:1; where they were few, as at Philippi, they had merely a proseuche, or 'place of prayer,' of much smaller dimensions, and commonly built by a river for the sake of the water necessary to the preliminary ablutions prescribed by Rabbinic tradition, Acts 16:13,16." * [* From Notes on Thessalonians by Hogg and Vine, pp. 189,190.]

Preach, Preaching <A-1,Verb,2097,euangelizo>
is almost always used of "the good news" concerning the Son of God as proclaimed in the Gospel [exceptions are e.g., Luke 1:19; 1 Thess. 3:6, in which the phrase "to bring (or show) good (or glad) tidings" does not refer to the Gospel]; Gal. 1:8 (2nd part). With reference to the Gospel the phrase "to bring, or declare, good, or glad, tidings" is used in Acts 13:32; Rom. 10:15; Heb. 4:2. In Luke 4:18 the RV "to preach good tidings" gives the correct quotation from Isaiah, rather than the AV "to preach the Gospel." In the Sept. the verb is used of any message intended to cheer the hearers, e.g. 1 Sam. 31:9; 2 Sam. 1:20. See GOSPEL, B, No. 1.

<A-2,Verb,2784,kerusso>
signifies (a) "to be a herald," or, in general, "to proclaim," e.g., Matt. 3:1; Mark 1:45, "publish;" in Luke 4:18, RV, "to proclaim," AV, "to preach;" so Luke 4:19; Luke 12:3; Acts 10:37; Rom. 2:21; Rev. 5:2. In 1 Pet. 3:19 the probable reference is, not to glad tidings (which there is no real evidence that Noah preached, nor is there evidence that the spirits of antediluvian people are actually "in prison"), but to the act of Christ after His resurrection in proclaiming His victory to fallen angelic spirits; (b) "to preach the Gospel as a herald," e.g., Matt. 24:14; Mark 13:10, RV, "be preached" (AV, "be published"); Mark 14:9; 16:15,20; Luke 8:1; 9:2; 24:47; Acts 8:5; 19:13; 28:31; Rom. 10:14, present participle, lit., "(one) preaching," "a preacher;" Rom. 10:15 (1st part); 1 Cor. 1:23; 15:11,12; 2 Cor. 1:19; 4:5; 11:4; Gal. 2:2; Phil. 1:15; Col. 1:23; 1 Thess. 2:9; 1 Tim. 3:16; (c) "to preach the word," 2 Tim. 4:2 (of the ministry of the Scriptures, with special reference to the Gospel). See PROCLAIM, PUBLISH.

<A-3,Verb,4283,proeuangelizomai>
see GOSPEL, B, No. 2.

<A-4,Verb,4296,prokerusso>
lit., "to proclaim as a herald" (pro, before, and No. 2), is used in Acts 13:24, "had first preached." Some mss. have the verb in Acts 3:20; for the best see APPOINT, No. 12.

<A-5,Verb,3955,parrhesiazomai>
"to be bold in speech," is translated "to preach boldly" in Acts 9:27 (2nd part); in Acts 9:29, RV (AV, "he spake boldly"). See BOLD, A, No. 2.

Notes: (1) For diangello, translated "preach" in Luke 9:60, see DECLARE, A, No. 3. (2) Katangello, "to proclaim," is always so translated in the RV; the AV renders it by "to preach" in Acts 4:2; 13:5,38; 15:36; 17:3,13; 1 Cor. 9:14; Col. 1:28. (3) Laleo, "to speak," is translated "preached," Mark 2:2, AV, "preached" (RV, "spake"); in Acts 8:25, 1st part, AV (RV, "spoken"); so in Acts 13:42; 14:25; "preaching" in Acts 11:19, AV, but what is indicated here is not a formal "preaching" by the believers scattered from Jerusalem, but a general testimony to all with whom they came into contact; in Acts 16:6, RV, "to speak" (AV, "to preach"). (4) For dialegomai, in AV of Acts 20:7,9, see DISCOURSE. (5) For AV, "preached" in Heb. 4:2 (2nd part), see HEARING. (6) In Rom. 15:19 pleroo, "to fulfill" (RV, marg.), is rendered "I have fully preached."

<B-1,Noun,2782,kerugma>
"a proclamation by a herald" (akin to A, No. 2), denotes "a message, a preaching" (the substance of what is "preached" as distinct from the act of "preaching"), Matt. 12:41; Luke 11:32; Rom. 16:25; 1 Cor. 1:21; 2:4; 15:14; in 2 Tim. 4:17; Titus 1:3, RV, "message," marg., "proclamation," AV, "preaching." See MESSAGE. In the Sept., 2 Chron. 30:5; Prov. 9:3; Jonah 3:2.

Note: In 1 Cor. 1:18, AV, logos, "a word," is translated "preaching," RV, "the word (of the Cross)," i.e., not the act of "preaching," but the substance of the testimony, all that God has made known concerning the subject. For Heb. 4:2, AV, see HEAR, B, No. 1.

Preacher <1,,2783,kerux>
"a herald" (akin to A, No. 2 and B, above), is used (a) of the "preacher" of the Gospel, 1 Tim. 2:7; 2 Tim. 1:11; (b) of Noah, as a "preacher" of righteousness, 2 Pet. 2:5.

Notes: (1) For "a preacher," in Rom. 10:14, where the verb kerusso is used, see PREACH, A, No. 2. (2) Kerux indicates the "preacher" as giving a proclamation; euangelistes points to his message as glad tidings; apostolos suggests his relationship to Him by whom he is sent.

Precede <1,,5348,phthano>
"to anticipate, to come sooner," is translated "shall (in no wise) precede" in 1 Thess. 4:15, RV (AV, "prevent"), i.e., "shall in no wise obtain any advantage over" (the verb does not convey the thought of a mere succession of one event after another); the Apostle, in reassuring the bereaved concerning their departed fellow believers, declares that, as to any advantage, the dead in Christ will "rise first." See ATTAIN, No. 3, COME, No. 32.

Precept <1,,1785,entole>
"a commandment," is translated "precept" in Mark 10:5 (RV, "commandment"); so Heb. 9:19. See COMMANDMENT, No. 2.

<2,,1778,entalma>
is always translated "precepts" in the RV; see COMMANDMENT, No. 3.

Precious, Preciousness <1,,5093,timios>
translated "precious," e.g., in Jas. 5:7; 1 Pet. 1:19; 2 Pet. 1:4; in 1 Cor. 3:12, AV (RV, "costly"): see COSTLY, B, No. 1 DEAR, No. 1.

<2,,1784,entimos>
"precious," 1 Pet. 2:4,6: see DEAR, No. 2.

<3,,4185,poluteles>
"very expensive," translated "very precious" in Mark 14:3, AV (RV, "very costly"): see COSTLY, B, No. 2.

<4,,4186,polutimos>
"of great value;" comparative degree in 1 Pet. 1:7; see COSTLY, B, No. 3, DEAR, No. 1 (for a less authentic reading).

<5,,927,barutimos>
"of great value, exceeding precious" (barus, "weighty," time, value), is used in Matt. 26:7.

<6,,2472,isotimos>
"of equal value, held in equal honor" (isos, "equal," and time), is used in 2 Pet. 1:1, "a like precious (faith)," RV (marg., "an equally precious").

Note: In 1 Pet. 2:7, AV, the noun time, is translated "precious" (RV, "preciousness"). See HONOR, No. 1.

Predestinate <1,,4309,proorizo>
see DETERMINE.

Note: This verb is to be distinguished from proginosko, "to foreknow;" the latter has special reference to the persons foreknown by God; proorizo has special reference to that to which the subjects of His foreknowledge are "predestinated." See FOREKNOW, A and B.

Preeminence (to have the) <1,,4409,proteuo>
"to be first" (protos), "to be preeminent," is used of Christ in relation to the Church, Col. 1:18.

<2,,5383,philoproteuo>
lit., "to love to be preeminent" (philos, "loving"), "to strive to be first," is said of Diotrephes, 3 John 1:9.

Prefer, Preferring <1,,4285,proegeomai>
"to go before and lead," is used in Rom. 12:10, in the sense of taking the lead in showing deference one to another, "(in honor) preferring one another."

Notes: (1) In John 1:15,30, AV, ginomai, "to become," is translated "is preferred" (RV, "is become"); some mss. have it again in ver. 27. (2) For prokrima, 1 Tim. 5:21 (AV, "preferring one before another"), see PREJUDICE.

Prejudice <1,,4299,prokrima>
denotes "pre-judging" (akin to prokrino, "to judge beforehand"), 1 Tim. 5:21, RV, "prejudice" (marg., "preference"), preferring one person, another being put aside, by unfavorable judgment due to partiality.

Premeditate * Note: This is the AV rendering of meletao, "to care for," which occurs in some mss. in Mark 13:11, "(neither) do ye premeditate." It is absent from the best mss. See IMAGINE.

Preparation, Prepare, Prepared <A-1,Noun,2091,hetoimasia>
denotes (a) "readiness," (b) "preparation;" it is found in Eph. 6:15, of having the feet shod with the "preparation" of the Gospel of peace; it also has the meaning of firm footing (foundation), as in the Sept. of Ps. 89:14 (RV, "foundation"); if that is the meaning in Eph. 6:15, the Gospel itself is to be the firm footing of the believer, his walk being worthy of it and therefore a testimony in regard to it. See READY.

<A-2,Noun,3904,paraskeue>
denotes "preparation, equipment." The day on which Christ died is called "the Preparation" in Mark 15:42; John 19:31; in John 19:42 "the Jews' Preparation," RV; in John 19:14 it is described as "the Preparation of the Passover;" in Luke 23:54, RV, "the day of the Preparation (and the Sabbath drew on)." The same day is in view in Matt. 27:62, where the events recorded took place on "the day after the Preparation" (RV). The reference would be to the 6th day of the week. The title arose from the need of preparing food etc. for the Sabbath. Apparently it was first applied only to the afternoon of the 6th day; later, to the whole day. In regard to the phraseology in John 19:14, many hold this to indicate the "preparation" for the paschal feast. It probably means "the Preparation day," and thus falls in line with the Synoptic Gospels. In modern Greek and ecclesiastical Latin, Parasceve == Friday.

<B-1,Verb,2090,hetoimazo>
"to prepare, make ready," is used (I) absolutely, e.g., Mark 14:15; Luke 9:52; (II) with an object, e.g., (a) of those things which are ordained (1) by God, such as future positions of authority, Matt. 20:23; the coming Kingdom, Matt. 25:34; salvation personified in Christ, Luke 2:31; future blessings, 1 Cor. 2:9; a city, Heb. 11:16; a place of refuge for the Jewish remnant, Rev. 12:6; Divine judgments on the world, Rev. 8:6; 9:7,15; 16:12; eternal fire, for the Devil and his angels, Matt. 25:41; (2) by Christ: a place in Heaven for His followers, John 14:2,3; (b) of human "preparation" for the Lord, e.g., Matt. 3:3; 26:17,19; Luke 1:17 ("make ready"),76; 3:4, AV (RV, "make ye ready"); Luke 9:52 ("to make ready"); 23:56; Rev. 19:7; 21:2; in 2 Tim. 2:21, of "preparation" of oneself for "every good work;" (c) of human "preparations" for human objects, e.g., Luke 12:20, RV, "thou hast prepared" (AV, "provided"); Acts 23:23; Philem. 1:22.

<B-2,Verb,2675,katartizo>
"to furnish completely, prepare," is translated "didst Thou prepare" in Heb. 10:5 (AV, "hast Thou prepared"), of the body of the Lord Jesus. See FIT, B, No. 3.

<B-3,Verb,2680,kataskeuazo>
"to prepare, make ready" (kata, used intensively, skeue, "equipment"), is so translated in Matt. 11:10; Mark 1:2; Luke 1:17; 7:27; Heb. 9:2, RV (AV, "made"); Heb. 9:6, RV (AV, "were ... ordained"); 11:7; 1 Pet. 3:20. See BUILD, No. 5.

<B-4,Verb,3903,paraskeuazo>
"to prepare, make ready" (para, "beside"), is used of making ready a meal, Acts 10:10: in the Middle Voice, of "preparing" oneself for war, 1 Cor. 14:8, RV; in the Passive Voice, of "preparing" an offering for the needy, 2 Cor. 9:2, "hath been prepared," RV (AV, "ye was ready"); 2 Cor. 9:3, "ye may be prepared," RV (AV, "ye may be ready"). See READY.

<B-5,Verb,4282,proetoimazo>
"to prepare beforehand" (pro, "before," and No. 1), is used of good works which God "afore prepared," for fulfillment by believers, Eph. 2:10, RV (AV, "hath before ordained," marg., "prepared"); of "vessels of mercy," as "afore prepared" by God "unto glory," Rom. 9:23. See ORDAIN.

Notes: (1) Etymologically, the difference between hetoimazo and paraskeuazo, is that the former is connected with what is real (etumos) or ready, the latter with skeuos, an article ready to hand, an implement, vessel. (2) In Mark 14:15, AV, hetoimos, "ready," is translated "prepared" (RV, "ready"). It is absent in some mss. See READY.

Presbytery * For PRESBYTERY see ELDER, A and B

Presence <A-1,Noun,4383,prosopon>
see FACE, No. 1 (also APPEARANCE, No. 2).

<A-2,Noun,3952,parousia>
see COMING (Noun), No. 3.

<B-1,Adverb and Preposition,1715,emprosthen>
see BEFORE, A, No. 4.

<B-2,Adverb and Preposition,1799,enopion>
is translated "in the presence of" in Luke 1:19; 13:26; 14:10; 15:10; John 20:30; Rev. 14:10 (twice); in 1 Cor. 1:29 AV, "in His presence" (RV, "before God"): see BEFORE, A, No. 9.

<B-3,Adverb and Preposition,2714,katenopion>
kata, "down," and No. 2, "in the very presence of," is translated "before the presence of" in Jude 1:24. See BEFORE, A, No. 10.

<B-4,Adverb and Preposition,561,apenanti>
"over against, opposite to," is translated "in the presence of" in Acts 3:16. See BEFORE, A, No. 7.

Present (to be) <A-1,Verb,3918,pareimi>
signifies (a) "to be by, at hand or present," of persons, e.g., Luke 13:1; Acts 10:33; 24:19; 1 Cor. 5:3; 2 Cor. 10:2,11; Gal. 4:18,20; of things, John 7:6, of a particular season in the Lord's life on earth, "is (not yet) come," or "is not yet at hand;" Heb. 12:11, of chastening "(for the) present" (the neuter of the present participle, used as a noun); in Heb. 13:5 "such things as ye have" is, lit., "the things that are present;" 2 Pet. 1:12, of the truth "(which) is with (you)" (not as AV, "the present truth," as if of special doctrines applicable to a particular time); in 2 Pet. 1:9 "he that lacketh" is lit., "to whom are not present;" (b) "to have arrived or come," Matt. 26:50, "thou art come," RV; John 11:28; Acts 10:21; Col. 1:6.

<A-2,Verb,1764,enistemi>
"to set in," or, in the Middle Voice and perfect tense of the Active Voice, "to stand in, be present," is used of the present in contrast with the past, Heb. 9:9, where the RV correctly has "(for the time) now present" (for the incorrect AV, "then present"); in contrast to the future, Rom. 8:38; 1 Cor. 3:22; Gal. 1:4, "present;" 1 Cor. 7:26, where "the present distress" is set in contrast to both the past and the future; 2 Thess. 2:2, where the RV, "is now present" gives the correct meaning (AV, incorrectly, "is at hand"); the saints at Thessalonica, owing to their heavy afflictions, were possessed of the idea that "the day of the Lord," RV (not as AV, "the day of Christ"), had begun; this mistake the Apostle corrects; 2 Tim. 3:1, "shall come." See COME, No. 26.

<A-3,Verb,2186,ephistemi>
"to set over, stand over," is translated "present" in Acts 28:2. See ASSAULT, A, COME, No. 27.

<A-4,Verb,3854,paraginomai>
"to be beside" (para, "by," ginomai, "to become"), is translated "were present" in Acts 21:18. See COME, No. 13.

<A-5,Verb,3873,parakeimai>
"to lie beside" (para, and keimai, "to lie"), "to be near," is translated "is present" in Rom. 7:18,21.

<A-6,Verb,4840,sumpareimi>
"to be present with" (sun, with, and No. 1), is used in Acts 25:24.

<B-1,Adverb,737,arti>
"just, just now, this moment," is rendered "(this) present (hour)" in 1 Cor. 4:11; in 1 Cor. 15:6, RV, "now" (AV, "this present"). See NOW.

<B-2,Adverb,3568,nun>
"now," is translated "present," with reference to this age or period ("world"), in Rom. 8:18; 11:5; 2 Tim. 4:10; Titus 2:12. See HENCEFORTH, NOW.

Notes: (1) Endemeo, "to be at home," is so rendered in 2 Cor. 5:6 (AV and RV); in 2 Cor. 5:8,9, RV, "at home" (AV, "present"). See HOME. (2) In John 14:25, AV, meno, "to abide," is translated "being present" (RV, "abiding"). (3) In Luke 5:17 the RV has "with Him," for AV, italicized, "present."

Present (Verb) <1,,3936,paristemi>
denotes, when used transitively, "to place beside" (para, "by," histemi, "to set"), "to present," e.g., Luke 2:22; Acts 1:3, "He shewed (Himself);" 9:41; 23:33; Rom. 6:13 (2nd part), RV, "present," AV, "yield;" so Rom. 6:19 (twice); 12:1; 2 Cor. 4:14; 11:2; Eph. 5:27; Col. 1:22,28; 2 Tim. 2:15, RV (AV, "shew"). See SHEW.

<2,,3936,paristano>
a late present form of No. 1, is used in Rom. 6:13 (1st part) and Rom. 6:16, RV, "present" (AV, "yield").

Notes: (1) In Jude 1:24, AV, histemi, "to cause to stand, to set," is translated "to present" (RV, "to set"). (2) In Matt. 2:11, AV, prosphero, "to offer," is translated "presented" (RV, "offered").

Presently * For PRESENTLY see FORTHWITH, No. 1, and IMMEDIATELY, No. 1

Preserve <1,,5083,tereo>
is translated "to preserve" in 1 Thess. 5:23, where the verb is in the singular number, as the threefold subject, "spirit and soul and body," is regarded as the unit, constituting the person. The aorist or "point" tense regards the continuous "preservation" of the believer as a single, complete act, without reference to the time occupied in its accomplishment; in Jude 1:1, AV (RV, "kept"). See KEEP, No. 1.

<2,,4933,suntereo>
see KEEP, No. 3.

<3,,2225,zoogoneo>
"to preserve alive:" see LIVE, No. 6.

<4,,5442,phulasso>
"to guard, protect, preserve," is translated "preserved" in 2 Pet. 2:5, RV (AV, "saved"). See GUARD.

Note: In 2 Tim. 4:18, AV, sozo, "to save," is translated "will preserve" (RV, "will save").

Press (Noun) * For PRESS (Noun) see CROWD, A