Disciple <A-1,Noun,3101,mathetes>
lit., "a learner" (from manthano, "to learn," from a root math---, indicating thought accompanied by endeavor), in contrast to didaskalos, "a teacher;" hence it denotes "one who follows one's teaching," as the "disciples" of John, Matt. 9:14; of the Pharisees, Matt. 22:16; of Moses, John 9:28; it is used of the "disciples" of Jesus (a) in a wide sense, of Jews who became His adherents, John 6:66; Luke 6:17, some being secretly so, John 19:38; (b) especially of the twelve Apostles, Matt. 10:1; Luke 22:11, e.g.; (c) of all who manifest that they are His "disciples" by abiding in His Word, John 8:31; cp. John 13:35; 15:8; (d) in the Acts, of those who believed upon Him and confessed Him, John 6:1,2,7; 14:20,22,28; 15:10; 19:1, etc.

A "disciple" was not only a pupil, but an adherent; hence they are spoken of as imitators of their teacher; cp. John 8:31; 15:8.

<A-2,Noun,3102,mathetria>
"a female disciple," is said of Tabitha, Acts 9:36.

<A-3,Noun,4827,summathetes>
means "a fellow disciple" (sun, with, and No. 1), John 11:16.

Note: In Acts 1:15, the RV translates the mss. which have adelphon, "brethren;" in 20:7, RV, "we," for AV, "disciples."

<B-1,Verb,3100,matheteuo>
is used in the Active Voice, intransitively, in some mss., in Matt. 27:57, in the sense of being the "disciple" of a person; here, however, the best mss. have the Passive Voice, lit., "had been made a disciple," as in Matt. 13:52, RV, "who hath been made a disciple." It is used in this transitive sense in the Active Voice in Matt. 28:19; Acts 14:21.

Discipline <1,,4995,sophronismos>
from sophron, lit., "saving the mind," from saos, "contracted to" sos, "safe" (cp. sozo, "to save"), phren, "the mind," primarily, "an admonishing or calling to soundness of mind, or to self-control," is used in 2 Tim. 1:7, AV, "a sound mind;" RV, "discipline." Cp. sophroneo ("to be of sound mind"), sophronizo ("to admonish"), sophronos ("soberly"), and sophron, "of sound mind." See MIND. Cp. CHASTISEMENT.

Discourage (-d) <1,,120,athumeo>
"to be disheartened, dispirited, discouraged" (a, negative, thumos, "spirit, courage," from the root thu---, found in thuo, "to rush," denoting "feeling, passion;" hence Eng., "fume"), is found in Col. 3:21.

Discourse <1,,1256,dialegomai>
primarily denotes "to ponder, resolve in one's mind" (dia, "through," lego, "to say"); then, "to converse, dispute, discuss, discourse with;" most frequently, "to reason or dispute with." In Heb. 12:5 the RV, "reasoneth with" is to be preferred to the AV, "speaketh unto." The AV translates it "preached," in Acts 20:7,9; this the RV corrects to "discoursed," lit., "dialogue," i.e., not by way of a sermon, but by a "discourse" of a more conversational character. See DISPUTE, PREACH, REASON, SPEAK. In the Sept., Exod. 6:27; Judg. 8:1; Isa. 63:1

Discover * Two verbs are translated by the verb "to discover," in the AV. The RV translates differently in each case.

<1,,398,anaphaino>
see APPEAR, A, No. 3.

<2,,2657,katanoeo>
"to perceive distinctly, discern clearly, descry," is translated "discovered" in Acts 27:39, AV, of finding a bay with a creek (RV, "perceived"). See BEHOLD.

Discreet, Discreetly <A-1,Adjective,4998,sophron>
"of sound mind, self-controlled" (for the derivation, see DISCIPLINE), is translated "sober-minded," in its four occurrences in the RV, 1 Tim. 3:2 (AV, "sober"); Titus 1:8 (AV, "ditto"); Titus 2:2 (AV, "temperate"); Titus 2:5 (AV, "discreet"). See SOBER, TEMPERATE.

<B-1,Adverb,3562,nounechos>
lit., "mind-possessing" (nous, "mind, understanding," echo, "to have"), hence denotes "discreetly, sensibly, prudently." Mark 12:34.

Disease, Diseased (be) <A-1,Noun,769,astheneia>
lit., "lacking strength" (a negative, sthenos, "strength"), "weakness, infirmity," is translated "diseases" in Matt. 8:17, RV, for AV, "sicknesses," and in Acts 28:9. Its usual rendering is "infirmity" or "infirmities;" "sickness," in John 11:4. Cp. B, No. 1. See INFIRMITY, SICKNESS, WEAKNESS.

<A-2,Noun,3119,malakia>
primarily denotes "softness" (cp. malakos, "soft," Matt. 11:8, etc.); hence, "debility, disease." It is found in Matthew only, Matt. 4:23; 9:35; 10:1. It is frequent in the Sept., e.g., Gen. 42:4; 44:29; Deut. 7:15; 28:61; Isa. 38:9; 53:3.

<A-3,Noun,3554,nosos>
akin to Lat. nocere, "to injure" (Eng., "nosology"), is the regular word for "disease, sickness," Matt. 4:23; 8:17; 9:35; 10:1, RV, "disease," AV, "sickness;" in Matt. 4:24; Mark 1:34; Luke 4:40; 6:17; 9:1; Acts 19:12, AV and RV render it "diseases." In Luke 7:21, AV has "infirmities." The most authentic mss. omit the word in Mark 3:15. See SICKNESS.

<A-4,Noun,3553,nosema>
an alternative form of No. 3, is found in some mss. in John 5:4. Cp. noseo, "to dote about, have a diseased craving for," 1 Tim. 6:4.

<B-1,Verb,770,astheneo>
akin to A, No. 1, "to lack strength, to be weak, sick," is translated "were diseased" in John 6:2, AV (RV, "were sick"). See IMPOTENT, SICK, WEAK.

<B-2,Verb,2192 2560,echo kakos> lit., "to have badly," i.e, "to be ill or in an evil case," is used in Matt. 14:35 (AV, "were diseased," RV, "were sick"); so in Mark 1:32; Luke 7:2. See SICK.

Disfigure <1,,853,aphanizo>
primarily means "to cause to disappear," hence (a) "to make unsightly, to disfigure," as of the face, Matt. 6:16; (b) "to cause to vanish away, consume," Matt. 6:19,20; (c) in the Passive Voice, "to perish," Acts 13:41, or "to vanish away," Jas. 4:14. See CONSUME.

Dish <1,,5165,trublion>
denotes "a bowl," somewhat deep, Matt. 26:23; Mark 14:20; among the Greeks it was a measure in medical prescriptions.

Dishonesty <1,,152,aischune>
"shame," so the RV in 2 Cor. 4:2 (for AV, "dishonesty"), is elsewhere rendered "shame," Luke 14:9; Phil. 3:19; Heb. 12:2; Jude 1:13; Rev. 3:18. See SHAME.

Dishonor <A-1,Noun,819,atimia>
from a, negative, time, "honor," denotes "dishonor, igominy, disgrace," in Rom. 1:26, "vile passions" (RV), lit., "passions of dishonor," in Rom. 9:21, "dishonor," of vessels designed for meaner household purposes (in contrast to time, "honor," as in 2 Tim. 2:20); in 1 Cor. 11:14, said of long hair, if worn by men, RV, "dishonor," for AV, "shame," in contrast to doxa, glory, ver. 15; so in 1 Cor. 15:43, of the "sowing" of the natural body, and in 2 Cor. 6:8, of the Apostle Paul's ministry. In 2 Cor. 11:21 he uses it in self-disparagement, AV, "reproach," RV, "disparagement." See DISPARAGEMENT, REPROACH, SHAME, VILE.

<B-1,Adjective,820,atimos>
akin to A: see DESPISE, B.

<C-1,Verb,818,atimazo>
akin to A, signifies "to dishonour, treat shamefully, insult," whether in word, John 8:49, or deed, Mark 12:4; Luke 20:11, RV "handled (him) shamefully," (RV "entreated entreated ... shamefully"); Rom. 1:24; 2:23, "dishonorest;" Jas. 2:6, RV, "ye have dishonored (the poor)," (AV, "despised"); in the Passive Voice, to suffer dishonor, Acts 5:41 (AV, "suffer shame"). See DESPISE, A, Note (2).

Note: Atimao is found in some mss. in Mark 12:4.

<C-2,Verb,2617,kataischuno>
see ASHAMED, No. 3.

Dismiss (-ed) <1,,630,apoluo>
lit., "to loose from" (apo, "from," luo, "to loose"), is translated "dismiss" in Acts 15:30,33, RV (AV, "let go") and Acts 19:41. See DEPART, DIVORCE, FORGIVE, GO, LIBERTY, LOOSE, PUT, No. 16, RELEASE, SEND.

Disobedience, Disobedient <1,,543,apeitheia>
lit., "the condition of being unpersuadable" (a, negative, peitho, "to persuade"), denotes "obstinacy, obstinate rejection of the will of God;" hence, "disobedience;" Eph. 2:2; 5:6; Col. 3:6, and in the RV of Rom. 11:30,32 and Heb. 4:6,11 (for AV, "unbelief"), speaking of Israel, past and present. See UNBELIEF.

<2,,3876,parakoe>
primarily, "hearing amiss" (para, "aside," akouo, "to hear"), hence signifies "a refusal to hear;" hence, "an act of disobedience," Rom. 5:19; 2 Cor. 10:6; Heb. 2:2. It is broadly to be distinguished from No. 1, as an act from a condition, though parakoe itself is the effect, in transgression, of the condition of failing or refusing to hear. Carelessness in attitude is the precursor of actual "disobedience." In the OT "disobedience" is frequently described as "a refusing to hear," e.g., Jer. 11:10; 35:17; cp. Acts 7:57. See Trench, Syn. xvi.

<A-1,Adjective,545,apeithes>
akin to A, No. 1, signifies "unwilling to be persuaded, spurning belief, disobedient," Luke 1:17; Acts 26:19; Rom. 1:30; 2 Tim. 3:2; Titus 1:16; 3:3.

Note: In 1 Tim. 1:9 anupotaktos, "insubordinate, unsubjected" (a, negative, n, euphonic, hupo, "under," tasso, "to order"), is translated "disobedient" in the AV; the RV has "unruly," as in Titus 1:6,10; in Heb. 2:8, "not subject" (RV), "not put under" (AV). See PUT, UNRULY.

<B-1,Verb,544,apeitheo>
akin to A, No. 1, and B, "to refuse to be persuaded, to refuse belief, to be disobedient," is translated "disobedient," or by the verb "to be disobedient," in the RV of Acts 14:2 (AV, "unbelieving"), and Acts 19:9 (AV, "believed not"); it is absent from the most authentic mss. in Acts 17:5; in John 3:36 "obeyeth not," RV (AV, "believeth not"); in Rom. 2:8 "obey not;" in Rom. 10:21, "disobedient;" in Rom. 11:30,31, "were disobedient" (AV, "have not believed"); so in Rom. 15:31; Heb. 3:18; 11:31; in 1 Pet. 2:8, "disobedient;" so in 1 Pet. 3:20; in 1 Pet. 3:1; 4:17, "obey not." In 1 Pet. 2:7 the best mss. have apisteo, "to disbelieve." See OBEY, B, No. 4, UNBELIEVING.

Disorderly <A-1,Adjective,813,ataktos>
signifies "not keeping order" (a, negative, tasso, "to put in order, arrange"); it was especially a military term, denoting "not keeping rank, insubordinate;" it is used in 1 Thess. 5:14, describing certain church members who manifested an insubordinate spirit, whether by excitability or officiousness or idleness. See UNRULY.

<B-1,Adverb,814,ataktos>
signifies "disorderly, with slackness" (like soldiers not keeping rank), 2 Thess. 3:6; in ver. 11 it is said of those in the church who refused to work, and became busy-bodies (cp. 1 Tim. 5:13).

<C-1,Verb,812,atakteo>
signifies "to be out of rank, out of one's place, undisciplined, to behave disorderly:" in the military sense, "to break rank;" negatively in 2 Thess. 3:7, of the example set by the Apostle and his fellow missionaries, in working for their bread while they were at Thessalonica so as not to burden the saints. See BEHAVE.

Disparagement * For this RV translation of atimia in 2 Cor. 11:21, see DISHONOR, A.

Dispensation <1,,3622,oikonomia>
primarily signifies "the management of a household or of household affairs" (oikos, "a house," nomos, "a law"); then the management or administration of the property of others, and so "a stewardship," Luke 16:2-4; elsewhere only in the Epistles of Paul, who applies it (a) to the responsibility entrusted to him of preaching the Gospel, 1 Cor. 9:17 (RV, "stewardship," AV, "dispensation"); (b) to the stewardship commited to him "to fulfill the Word of God," the fulfillment being the unfolding of the completion of the Divinely arranged and imparted cycle of truths which are consummated in the truth relating to the Church as the Body of Christ, Col. 1:25 (RV and AV, "dispensation"); so in Eph. 3:2, of the grace of God given him as a stewardship ("dispensation") in regard to the same "mystery;" (c) in Eph. 1:10; 3:9, it is used of the arrangement or administration by God, by which in "the fullness of the times" (or seasons) God will sum up all things in the heavens and on earth in Christ. In Eph. 3:9 some mss. have koinonia, "fellowship," for oikonomia, "dispensation." In 1 Tim. 1:4 oikonomia may mean either a stewardship in the sense of (a) above, or a "dispensation" in the sense of (c). The reading oikodomia, "edifying," in some mss., is not to be accepted. See STEWARDSHIP.

Note: A "dispensation" is not a period or epoch (a common, but erroneous, use of the word), but a mode of dealing, an arrangement, or administration of affairs. Cp. oikonomos, "a steward," and oikonomeo, "to be a steward."

Disperse, Dispersion <A-1,Verb,1262,dialuo>
"to dissolve," is used in Acts 5:36 of the breaking up and dispersion of a company of men, RV, "dispersed," AV, "scattered." See SCATTER.

<A-2,Verb,4650,skorpizo>
"to scatter" (probably from a root, skarp---, signifying "to cut asunder," akin to skorpios, "a scorpion"), is used in Matt. 12:30; Luke 11:23; John 10:12; 16:32; in the RV of 2 Cor. 9:9, "scattered abroad" (AV, "he hath dispersed abroad"), of one who liberally dispenses benefits. See SCATTER.

<A-3,Verb,1287,diaskorpizo>
dia, "through," and No. 2, signifies "to scatter abroad," in Matt. 26:31; Mark 14:27, metaphorically of sheep; in Luke 1:51, of the proud; in John 11:52, of the "scattering" of the children of God; in Acts 5:37, of the followers of Judas of Galilee (AV, "were dispersed"); cp. No. 1, re ver. 36; of "scattering" grain by winnowing, Matt. 25:24,26; in Luke 15:13; 16:1, it signifies "to waste." See SCATTER, STRAWED, WASTE.

<A-4,Verb,1289,diasperio>
"to scatter abroad" (dia, "through," speiro, "to sow"), is used in Acts 8:1,4; 11:19.

<B-1,Noun,1290,diaspora>
akin to A, No. 4, "a scattering, a dispersion," was used of the Jews who from time to time had been scattered among the Gentiles, John 7:35; later with reference to Jews, so "scattered," who had professed, or actually embraced, the Christian faith, "the Dispersion," Jas. 1:1, RV; especially of believers who were converts from Judaism and "scattered" throughout certain districts, "sojourners of the Dispersion," 1 Pet. 1:1, RV. In the Sept., of Israelites, "scattered" and exiled, e.g., Deut. 28:25; 30:4; Neh. 1:9.

Displeased <1,,23,aganakteo>
from agan, "much," and achomai, "to grieve," primarily meant "to feel a violent irritation, physically;" it was used, too, of the fermenting of wine; hence, metaphorically, "to show signs of grief, to be displeased, to be grieved, vexed;" it is translated "sore displeased" in Matt. 21:15, AV; "much displeased," in Mark 10:14; the RV always renders it "to be moved with, or to have indignation," as the AV elsewhere, Matt. 20:24; 26:8; Mark 14:4; Luke 13:14. See INDIGNATION.

<2,,4360,prosochthizo>
"to be wroth or displeased with" (pros, "toward," or "with," ochtheo, "to be sorely vexed"), is used in Heb. 3:10,17 (AV, "grieved;" RV, "displeased"). "Grieved" does not adequately express the righteous anger of God intimated in the passage. See GRIEVE.

<3,,2371,thumomacheo>
lit., "to fight with great animosity" (thumos, "passion," machomai, "to fight"), hence, "to be very angry, to be highly displeased," is said of Herod's "displeasure" with the Tyrians and Sidonians, Acts 12:20.

Disposed (to be) <1,,1014,boulomia>
"to wish, to purpose, to will deliberately," indicating a predisposition acting through the deliberate will, is translated "was disposed" in Acts 18:27, AV (RV, "was minded"). It expresses more strongly than thelo (No. 2) the deliberate exercise of the will. See DESIRE, B, No. 7.

<2,,2309,thelo>
means "to will;" it signifies more especially the natural impulse or volition, and indicates a less formal or deliberate purpose than No. 1. It is translated "are disposed" in 1 Cor. 10:27. See DESIRE, B, No. 6.

Disposition <1,,1296,diatage>
an ordinance, e.g., Rom 13:2 (cp. diatasso, "to appoint, ordain"), is rendered "disposition" in Acts 7:53; RV, "as it (the law) was ordained by angels" (marg., "as the ordinance of angels;" lit., "unto ordinances of angels"). Angels are mentioned in connection with the giving of the Law of Moses in Deut. 33:2. In Gal. 3:19; Heb. 2:2 the purpose of the reference to them is to show the superiority of the Gospel to the Law. In Acts 7:53 Stephen mentions the angels to stress the majesty of the Law. See ORDAIN, ORDINANCE.

Disputation <1,,2214,zetesis>
denotes, firstly, "a seeking" (zeteo, "to seek"), then, "a debate, dispute, questioning," Acts 15:2,7 (some texts have suzetesis, "reasoning," in both verses), RV, "questioning," for AV, "disputation" and "disputing;" for John 3:25; Acts 25:20; 1 Tim. 1:4; 6:4; 2 Tim. 2:23; Titus 3:9, see QUESTION, QUESTIONING.

<2,,1261,dialogismos>
is translated "disputations" in Rom. 14:1. See below.

Dispute, Disputer, Disputing <A-1,Noun,1261,dialogimos>
denotes, primarily, "an inward reasoning, an opinion" (dia, "through," suggesting separation, logismos, "a reasoning"), e.g., Luke 2:35; 5:22; 6:8; then, "a deliberating, questioning," Luke 24:38; (more strongly) "a disputing," Phil. 2:14; 1 Tim. 2:8 (AV, "doubtings"); in Rom. 14:1, "disputations;" marg., "(not for decisions) of doubts" (lit., "not unto discussions or doubts," which is perhaps a suitable rendering). Cp. dialogizomai, "to reason." See DOUBTING, IMAGINATION, REASONING, THOUGHT.

<A-2,Noun,3055,logomachia>
denotes "a dispute about words" (logos, "a word," mache, "a fight"), or about trivial things, 1 Tim. 6:4, RV, "disputes," AV, "strifes," See STRIFE.

<A-3,Noun,3859,diaparatribe>
denotes "a constant or incessant wrangling" (dia, "through," para, "beside," tribo, "to wear out," suggesting the attrition or wearing effect of contention), 1 Tim. 6:5, RV, "wranglings," AV, "perverse disputings." Some mss. have the word paradiatribe, in the opposite order of the prefixed prepositions. See WRANGLING.

<A-4,Noun,485,antilogia>
denotes "a gainsaying, contradiction" (anti, "against," lego, "to speak"), Heb. 6:16 (AV, "strife," RV, "dispute"); Heb. 7:7, "a gainsaying" (RV, "dispute;" AV, "contradiction"); Heb. 12:3 (RV, "gainsaying;" AV, "contradiction"); Jude 1:11 ("gainsaying"). See CONTRADICTION, B.

<A-5,Noun,4804,suzetetes>
from sun, "with," zeteo, "to seek," denotes "a disputer," 1 Cor. 1:20, where the reference is especially to a learned "disputant," a sophist.

<B-1,Verb,1256,dialegomai>
akin to A, No. 1, primarily signifies "to think different things with oneself, to ponder;" then, with other persons, "to converse, argue, dispute;" it is translated "to dispute" in Mark 9:34 (for ver. 33, see No. 2), the RV and AV "had disputed" is somewhat unsuitable here, for the delinquency was not that they had wrangled, but that they had reasoned upon the subject at all; in Acts 17:17, AV (RV, "reasoned," as in the AV of 18:4,19); in 19:8,9 (RV, "reasoning"); in 24:12, "disputing;" in Jude 1:9, "disputed." See DISCOURSE.

<B-2,Verb,1260,dialogizomai>
akin to A, No. 1, "to bring together different reasons, to reckon them up, to reason, discuss," in Mark 9:33 is translated "ye disputed among yourselves," AV; RV, "were reasoning." See CAST, No. 15, REASON.

<B-3,Verb,4802,suzeteo>
akin to A, No. 5, lit., "to seek or examine together," signifies "to discuss," but is translated "to dispute" in Acts 6:9; 9:29; elsewhere only in Mark and Luke. See INQUIRE, QUESTION, REASON.

Disrepute <1,,557,apelegmos>
from apo, "from," and elencho, "to refute," denotes "censure, repudiation" (of something shown to be worthless), hence, "contempt," "disrepute," Acts 19:27, RV, "(come into) disrepute," for AV, "(to be) set at nought." It is akin to apelencho, "to convict, refute" (not in the NT), elencho, "to convict," elenxis, "rebuke," and elegmos, "reproof." See NOUGHT.

Dissemble * For DISSEMBLE see DISSIMULATION

Dissension <1,,4714,stasis>
akin to histemi, "to stand," denotes (a) "a standing, stability," Heb. 9:8, "(while as the first tabernacle) is yet standing;" (b) "an insurrection, uproar," Mark 15:7; Luke 23:19,25; Acts 19:40; 24:5; (c) "a dissension," Acts 15:2; 23:7,10. See INSURRECTION, SEDITION, STANDING, UPROAR.

Dissimulation, Dissemble <A-1,Noun,5272,hupokrisis>
primarily, "a reply," came to mean "the acting of a stage-player," because such answered one another in dialogue; hence the meaning "dissembling or pretense." It is translated "dissimulation" in Gal. 2:13 (see B). See HYPOCRISY.

<B-1,Verb,4942,sunupokrinomai>
sun, "with," hupokrinomai, akin to A, "to join in acting the hypocrite," in pretending to act from one motive, whereas another motive really inspires the act. So in Gal. 2:13, Peter with other believing Jews, in separating from believing Gentiles at Antioch, pretended that the motive was loyalty to the Law of Moses, whereas really it was fear of the Judaizers.

<C-1,Adjective,505,anupokritos>
from a, negative, n, euphonic, and an adjectival form corresponding to A, signifies "unfeigned;" it is said of love, 2 Cor. 6:6; 1 Pet. 1:22; Rom. 12:9, AV, "without dissimulation," RV, "without hypocrisy;" of faith, 1 Tim. 1:5; 2 Tim. 1:5, "unfeigned;" of the wisdom that is from above, Jas. 3:17, "without hypocrisy." See HYPOCRISY.

Dissolve <1,,3089,luo>
"to loose," is used of the future demolition of the elements or heavenly bodies, 2 Pet. 3:10-12; in ver. 10, AV, "shall melt," RV, "shall be dissolved;" in verses 11,12, AV and RV, "dissolved." See BREAK.

<2,,2647,kataluo>
see DESTROY, A, No. 5.

Distinction (diastole) * For DISTINCTION (diastole) see DIFFERENCE

Distraction (without) <1,,563,aperispastos>
from a, negative, perispao, "to draw around, draw away, distract" (see CUMBER), is found in 1 Cor. 7:35.

Distress, Distressed <A-1,Noun,318,ananke>
denotes (a) "a necessity," imposed whether by external circumstances, e.g., Luke 23:17, or inward pressure, e.g., 1 Cor. 9:16; (b) "straits, distress," Luke 21:23 (in ver. 25 "distress" translates No. 3); 1 Cor. 7:26; 1 Thess. 3:7; the last two refer to the lack of material things. See NECESSARY, NECESSITY, NEEDS.

<A-2,Noun,4730,stenochoria>
see ANGUISH.

<A-3,Noun,4928,sunoche>
see ANGUISH.

<A-4,Noun,2347,thlipsis>
see AFFLICTION, B, No. 5.

<B-1,Verb,928,basanizo>
properly signifies "to test by rubbing on the touchstone" (basanos, "a touchstone"), then, "to question by applying torture;" hence "to vex, torment;" in the Passive Voice, "to be harassed, distressed;" it is said of men struggling in a boat against wind and waves, Matt. 14:24, RV, "distressed" (AV, "tossed"); Mark 6:48, RV, "distressed" (AV, "toiling"). See PAIN, TOIL, TORMENT, VEX.

<B-2,Verb,4660,skullo>
primarily signifies "to skin, to fly;" then "to rend, mangle;" hence, "to vex, trouble, annoy;" it is found in the most authentic mss. in Matt. 9:36, RV, "distressed" (of the multitudes who applied to the Lord for healing); AV, "fainted," translating the alternative reading, ekluo, lit., "to loosen out." It is also used in Mark 5:35; Luke 7:6; 8:49. See TROUBLE.

<B-3,Verb,4729,stenochoreo>
see ANGUISH.

<B-4,Verb,2669,kataponeo>
primarily, "to tire down with toil, exhaust with labor" (kata, "down," ponos, "labor"), hence signifies "to afflict, oppress;" in the Passive Voice, "to be oppressed, much distressed;" it is translated "oppressed" in Acts 7:24, and "sore distressed" in 2 Pet. 2:7, RV, (AV, "vexed"). See OPPRESS, VEX.

Distribute, Distribution <A-1,Verb,1239,diadidomi>
lit., "to give through," (dia, "through," didomi, "to give"), as from one to another, "to deal out," is said of "distributing" to the poor, Luke 18:22; Acts 4:35, "distribution was made," or to a company of people, John 6:11. It is translated "divideth" in Luke 11:22. In Rev. 17:13 the most authentic mss. have the verb didomi, to give, instead of the longer form.

<A-2,Verb,3307,merizo>
is translated "hath distributed" in 1 Cor. 7:17, and in the AV of 2 Cor. 10:13, where, however, this rendering is unsuitable, as it is not a case of distributing among a number, but apportioning a measure to the Apostle and his co-workers; hence the RV, "apportioned." See DIFFER, A, No. 2.

Note: Koinoneo, "to share in common with," is translated "distributing" in Rom. 12:13, AV. The verb does not mean "to distribute;" hence RV, "communicating." Similarly koinonia, "fellowship, communion," is translated "distribution" in 2 Cor. 9:13, AV; RV, "contribution."

<B-1,Adjective,2130,eumetadotos>
"ready to impart" (eu, "well," meta, "with," didomi, "to give:" see A, No. 1), is used in 1 Tim. 6:18, "ready to distribute."

District <1,,3310,meris>
denotes "a part" (akin to merizo, DISTRIBUTE, A, No. 2), Luke 10:42; Acts 8:21; 2 Cor. 6:15; Col. 1:12 (lit., "unto the part," or share, of the inheritance). In Acts 16:12 the RV translates it "district," with reference to Macedonia. See PART.

Ditch <1,,999,bothunos>
any kind of "deep hole or pit" (probably connected with bathos, "deep"), is translated "ditch" in the AV of Matt. 15:14; Luke 6:39, RV, "pit" in each place, as in both versions of Matt. 12:11. See PIT.

Divers <A-1,Adjective,1313,disphoros>
is rendered "divers" in Heb. 9:10. See DIFFER, C.

<A-2,Adjective,4164,poikilos>
denotes "parti-colored, variegated" (poikillo means "to make gay:" the root of the first syllable is pik---, found in Eng., "picture"), hence "divers," Matt. 4:24; Mark 1:34; Luke 4:40; 2 Tim. 3:6; Titus 3:3; Heb. 2:4 (RV, "manifold"); 13:9; Jas. 1:2 (RV, "manifold"); in 1 Pet. 1:6; 4:10, "manifold," both AV and RV. See MANIFOLD.

Notes: (1) Cp. polupoikilos, Eph. 3:10, "manifold" (lit., "much varied").

(2) The pronoun tines, "some" (the plural of tis, "someone"), is translated "divers" in the AV of Mark 8:3; Acts 19:9; RV, "some."

(3) In 1 Cor. 12:28, genos, in the plural, is rendered "divers kinds." See DIVERSITIES.

<B-1,Adverb,4187,polutropos>
means "in many ways" (polus, "much," tropos, "a manner, way;" Eng., "trope"), "in divers manners," Heb. 1:1.

Note: The phrase kata topous, lit., "throughout places" (kata, "down, or throughout," in a distributive sense, topos, "a place"), is translated "in divers places," in Matt. 24:7; Mark 13:8; Luke 21:11.

Diversity, Diversities <1,,1243,diairesis>
See DIFFER, B, No. 1.

Note: Genos, "a kind, class, sort" (Eng., "genus"), is translated "diversities" in the AV of 1 Cor. 12:28 (marg., "kinds"); RV, "divers kinds."

Divide, Divider, Dividing <A-1,Verb,873,aphorizo>
lit., "to mark off by boundaries or limits" (apo, "from," horizo, "to determine, mark out"), denotes "to separate;" "divideth," Matt. 25:32, AV; RV, "separateth," as in the preceding part of the verse. See SEPARATE, SEVER.

<A-2,Verb,1244,diaireo>
lit., "to take asunder" (see DIFFER, B, No. 1), "to divide into parts, to distribute," is found in Luke 15:12; 1 Cor. 12:11.

<A-3,Verb,1239,diadidomi>
see DISTRIBUTE, A, No. 1.

<A-4,Verb,1252,diakrino>
"to separate," discriminate, hence, "to be at variance with oneself, to be divided in one's mind," is rendered "divided" in Jas. 2:4, RV; AV, "partial." See DISCERN.

<A-5,Verb,1096,ginomai>
"to become," is translated "was divided" in Rev. 16:19 (of "the great city"), lit., "became into three parts."

<A-6,Verb,3307,merizo>
akin to meros, "a part, to part, divide into," in the Middle Voice means "to divide anything with another, to share with." The usual meaning is "to divide," Matt. 12:25,26; Mark 3:24-26; 6:41; Luke 12:13 (Middle Voice); Rom. 12:3, "hath dealt" 1 Cor. 1:13; Heb. 7:2, RV (AV, "gave a part"). Elsewhere with other meanings, 1 Cor. 7:17,34; 2 Cor. 10:13. See DEAL, DIFFER, A, No. 2, DISTRIBUTE, A, No. 2, GIVE.

<A-7,Verb,1266,diamerizo>
dia, "through," and No. 6, "to divide through," i.e., "completely, to divide up," is translated "to divide" in Luke 11:17,18; 12:52,53; 22:17; "parted" in Matt. 27:35; Mark 15:24; Luke 23:34; John 19:24; Acts 2:45; in Acts 2:3, AV, "cloven," RV, "parting asunder." See CLOVEN.

<A-8,Verb,3718,orthotomeo>
lit., "to cut straight" (orthos, "straight," temno, "to cut"), is found in 2 Tim. 2:15, AV, "rightly dividing," RV, "handling aright" (the word of truth); the meaning passed from the idea of cutting or "dividing," to the more general sense of "rightly dealing with a thing." What is intended here is not "dividing" Scripture from Scripture, but teaching Scripture accurately. In the Sept., of directing one's paths, Prov. 3:6; 11:5 ("righteousness traces out blameless paths").

Note: In Acts 13:19, the AV, "He divided their land ... by lot," represents the verb kataklerodoteo, from kata, suggesting "distribution," kleros, "a lot," didomi, "to give." The most authentic mss. have katakleronomeo, "to distribute," as an inheritance, from kleronomia, "an inheritance;" hence RV, "He gave them their land for an inheritance." For schizo, Acts 14:4; 23:7, see BREAK, No. 12.

<B-1,Noun,3312,meristes>
"a divider," is found in Luke 12:14.

<B-2,Noun,3311,merismos>
akin to No. 1, primarily denotes "a division, partition" (meros, "a part"); hence, (a) "a distribution," Heb. 2:4, "gifts" (marg. of RV, "distributions"); (b) "a dividing or separation," Heb. 4:12, "dividing" (AV, "dividing asunder"). Some take this in the Active sense, "as far as the cleaving asunder or separation of soul and spirit;" others in the Passive sense, "as far as the division (i.e., the dividing line) between soul and spirit," i.e., where one differs from the other. The former seems more in keeping with the meaning of the word. See GIFT.

Divination <1,,4436,puthon>
(Eng., "python"), in Greek mythology was the name of the Pythian serpent or dragon, dwelling in Pytho, at the foot of mount Parnassus, guarding the oracle of Delphi, and slain by Apollo. Thence the name was transferred to Apollo himself. Later the word was applied to diviners or soothsayers, regarded as inspired by Apollo. Since demons are the agents inspiring idolatry, 1 Cor. 10:20, the young woman in Acts 16:16 was possessed by a demon instigating the cult of Apollo, and thus had "a spirit of divination."

Divine <A-1,Adjective,2304,theios>
"Divine" (from theos, "God"), is used of the power of God, 2 Pet. 1:3, and of His nature, ver. 4, in each place, as that which proceeds from Himself. In Acts 17:29 it is used as a noun with the definite article, to denote "the Godhead," the Deity (i.e., the one true God). This word, instead of theos, was purposely used by the Apostle in speaking to Greeks on Mars Hill, as in accordance with Greek usage. Cp. DIVINITY. In the Sept., Exod. 31:3; 35:31; Job 27:3; 33:4; Prov. 2:17.

<B-1,Noun,2999,latreia>
akin to latreuo, "to serve," primarily, any service for hire, denotes in Scripture the service of God according to the requirements of the Levitical Law, Rom. 9:4; Heb. 9:1,6, "Divine service." It is used in the more general sense of service to God, in John 16:2; Rom. 12:1. See SERVICE.

Divinity <1,,2305,theiotes>
"divinity," the RV rendering in Rom. 1:20 (AV, "Godhead"), is derived from theios (see DIVINE, A), and is to be distinguished from theotes, in Col. 2:9, "Godhead." In Rom. 1:20 the Apostle "is declaring how much of God may be known from the revelation of Himself which He has made in nature, from those vestiges of Himself which men may everywhere trace in the world around them. Yet it is not the personal God whom any man may learn to know by these aids; He can be known only by the revelation of Himself in His Son; ... But in the second passage (Col. 2:9), Paul is declaring that in the Son there dwells all the fullness of absolute Godhead; they were no mere rays of Divine glory which gilded Him, lighting up His Person for a season and with a splendor not His own; but He was, and is, absolute and perfect God; and the Apostle uses theotes to express this essential and personal Godhead of the Son" (Trench, Syn. ii). Theotes indicates the "Divine" essence of Godhood, the personality of God; theiotes, the attributes of God, His "Divine" nature and properties. See GODHEAD.

Division <1,,1267,diamerismos>
primarily, "a parting, distribution," denotes "a discussion, dissension, division or discord, breaking up as of family ties" (dia, "asunder," meros, "a part"), it is found in Luke 12:51, where it is contrasted with eirene, "peace." Cp. DIVIDE, A, No. 7.

<2,,1307,dichostasia>
lit., "a standing apart" (diche, "asunder, apart," stasis, "a standing;" the root di--- indicating "division," is found in many words in various languages), is used in Rom. 16:17, where believers are enjoined to mark those who cause "division" and to turn away from them; and in Gal. 5:20, RV (AV, "seditions"), where "divisions" are spoken of as "works of the flesh." Some mss. have this noun in 1 Cor. 3:3.

<3,,4978,schisma>
(Eng., "schism"), denotes "a cleft, a rent," Matt. 9:16; Mark 2:21; then, metaphorically, "a division, dissension," John 7:43; 9:16; 10:19; 1 Cor. 1:10; 11:18; in 1 Cor. 12:25 it is translated "schism" (marg., "division"). The root is skid---, seen in the corresponding verb schizo, "to cleave" (Lat. scindo). See SCHISM. Cp. hairesis, a sect.

Divorce, Divorcement <A-1,Verb,630,apoluo>
"to let loose from, let go free" (apo, "from," luo, "to loose"), is translated "is divorced" in the AV of Matt. 5:32 (RV, "is put away"); it is further used of "divorce" in Matt. 1:19; 19:3,7-9; Mark 10:2,4,11; Luke 16:18. The Lord also used it of the case of a wife putting away her husband, Mark 10:12, a usage among Greeks and Romans, not among Jews. See DISMISS.

<B-1,Noun,647,apostasion>
primarily, "a defection," lit., "a standing off" (apo, "from," stasis, "a standing;" cp. aphistemi, "to cause to withdraw"), denotes, in the NT, "a writing or bill of divorcement," Matt. 5:31; 19:7; Mark 10:4. In Sept., Deut. 24:3; Isa. 50:1; Jer. 3:8.

Do, Done * In English the verb "to do" serves the purpose of a large number of verbs, and has a large variety of meanings. It therefore translates a considerable number of Greek verbs. These, with their specific meanings, are as follows:

<1,,4160,poieo>
signifies (a) "to make," (b) "to do," i.e., to adopt a way of expressing by act the thoughts and feelings. It stands for a number of such acts, chiefly "to make, produce, create, cause," e.g., Matt. 17:4. See ABIDE, APPOINT, BEAR, BRING, CAUSE, COMMIT, CONTINUE, DEAL, EXECUTE, EXERCISE, FULFILL, GAIN, GIVE, HOLD, KEEP, MAKE, MEAN, OBSERVE, ORDAIN, PERFORM, PROVIDE, PURPOSE, PUT, SHOW, SHOOT FORTH, SPEND, TAKE, TARRY, WORK, YIELD.

<2,,4238,prasso>
signifies "to practice," though this is not always to be pressed. The Apostle John, in his Epistles, uses the continuous tenses of poieo, to indicate a practice, the habit of doing something, e.g., 1 John 3:4 (the AV, "committeth" and "commit" in 1 John 3:8,9, e.g., is wrong; "doeth," RV, in the sense of "practicing", is the meaning). He uses prasso twice in the Gospel, 3:20; 5:29. The Apostle Paul uses prasso in the sense of practicing, and the RV so renders the word in Rom. 1:32; 2:2, instead of AV, "commit," though, strangely enough, the RV translates it "committed," instead of "practiced," in 2 Cor. 12:21.

Generally speaking, in Paul's Epistles poieo denotes "an action complete in itself," while prasso denotes "a habit." The difference is seen in Rom. 1:32, RV. Again, poieo stresses the accomplishment, e.g., "perform," in Rom. 4:21; prasso stresses the process leading to the accomplishment, e.g., "doer," in 2:25. In Rom. 2:3 he who does, poieo, the things mentioned, is warned against judging those who practice them, prasso.

The distinction in John 3:20,21 is noticeable: "Every one that doeth (prasso, practiceth) ill ... he that doeth (poieo) the truth." While we cannot draw the regular distinction, that prasso speaks of doing evil things, and poieo of doing good things, yet very often "where the words assume an ethical tinge, there is a tendency to use the verbs with this distinction" (Trench, Syn., xcvi). See COMMIT, EXACT, KEEP, REQUIRE, USE.

<3,,1096,ginomai>
"to become," is sometimes translated "do" or "done," e.g., Luke 4:23, "done (at Capernaum)," followed by poieo in the next clause. In Matt. 21:42; Mark 12:11, this verb is translated, in the AV, "(the Lord's) doing;" RV, "this was from the Lord." See BECOME.

<4,,2038,ergazomai>
denotes "to work" (ergon, "work"). In Gal. 6:10 the RV renders it "let us work," for AV, "let us do;" in 3 John 5, "thou doest." See COMMIT, LABOR, MINISTER, TRADE, WORK.

<5,,2716,katergazomai>
kata (intensive), is a more emphatic verb than No. 4. In Rom. 2:9 the RV has "worketh" for AV, "doeth." In Rom. 7:15,17, both translate it "I do" (RV marg., "work"); so in ver. 20, "I that do." In 1 Cor. 5:3 the RV has "wrought," for AV, "done." In Eph. 6:13 both render it "having done (all); more suitably, "having wrought" (all); the AV marg. "having overcome" does not give the correct meaning. See CAUSE, B, Note (2), PERFORM, WORK, WROUGHT.

<6,,2480,ischuo>
signifies "to be strong, to prevail." It is translated "I can do," in Phil. 4:13. See ABLE, etc.

<7,,3930,parecho>
lit. means "to hold near" (para, "beside," and echo, "to have"), i.e., "to present, offer, supply." It is translated "do for" in Luke 7:4. See BRING, No. 21.

Notes: (1) In Phil. 2:13 energeo, "to work," is translated "to do," AV; RV, "to work." (2) In Luke 13:32 apoteleo, "to complete, perform," is translated "I ... do," AV; RV, "I perform" (some mss. have epiteleo here). (3) In Acts 15:36, echo, "to have, to hold," sometimes used to express the condition in which a person is, how he is faring, is translated "(how) they do," AV; RV, "how they fare." It is often used of a physical condition, e.g., Matt. 4:24 (see SICK). (4) In Acts 25:9 katatithemi, "to deposit, or lay up, for future use, to lay up favor for oneself with a person," is translated "to do (the Jews a pleasure)," AV: RV, "to gain (favor with the Jews)," (5) In John 16:2 prosphero, "to bring near, offer, present," is translated "doeth (service)," AV; RV, "offereth (service)." (6) In Heb. 4:13 the phrase hemin ho logos, rendered "(with whom) we have to do," is, lit., "(with whom is) the account to us." (7) In 1 Cor. 13:10, katargeo, "to render inactive, abolish," so is translated "shall be done away;" 2 Cor. 3:7, AV, "was to be done away," RV, "was passing away;" ver. 11. See ABOLISH, DESTROY. (8) For "done aforetime," Rom. 3:25, RV, see PAST. For "did," 2 Tim. 4:14, AV, see SHOW, No. 3. For "do good" see GOOD.

Doing * For DOING see DEED, No. 3, DO, No. 3

Doctor <1,,1320,didaskalos>
a teacher (from didasko, "to teach"), cp. didaskalia, "teaching, doctrine, instruction," is translated "doctors," with reference to the teachers of the Jewish religion, Luke 2:46. Cp. paideutes, "a teacher." See MASTER, TEACHER.

<2,,3547,nomodidaskalos>
"a teacher of the Law" (nomos, "a law," and No. 1), with reference to the teachers of the Mosaic Law, is used in the same sense as No. 1, Luke 5:17; Acts 5:34; also of those who went about among Christians, professing to be instructors of the Law, 1 Tim. 1:7. See TEACHER. See under LAW.

Doctrine <1,,1322,didache>
akin to No. 1, under DOCTOR, denotes "teaching," either (a) that which is taught, e.g., Matt. 7:28, AV, "doctrine," RV, "teaching;" Titus 1:9, RV; Rev. 2:14,15,24, or (b) the act of teaching, instruction, e.g., Mark 4:2, AV, "doctrine," RV, "teaching;" the RV has "the doctrine" in Rom. 16:17. See NOTE (1) below.

<2,,1319,didaskalia>
denotes, as No. 1 (from which, however, it is to be distinguished), (a) "that which is taught, doctrine," Matt. 15:9; Mark 7:7; Eph. 4:14; Col. 2:22; 1 Tim. 1:10; 4:1,6; 6:1,3; 2 Tim. 4:3; Titus 1:9 ("doctrine," in last part of verse: see also No. 1); Titus 2:1,10; (b) "teaching, instruction," Rom. 12:7, "teaching;" Rom. 15:4, "learning;" 1 Tim. 4:13, AV, "doctrine," RV, "teaching;" ver. 16, AV, "the doctrine," RV, (correctly) "thy teaching; 1 Tim. 5:17, AV, "doctrine," RV "teaching;" 2 Tim. 3:10,16 (ditto); Titus 2:7, "thy doctrine." Cp. No. 1, under DOCTOR. See LEARNING.

Notes: (1) Whereas didache is used only twice in the Pastoral Epistles, 2 Tim. 4:2; Titus 1:9, didaskalia occurs fifteen times. Both are used in the Active and Passive senses (i.e., the act of teaching and what is taught), the Passive is predominant in didache, the Active in didaskalia; the former stresses the authority, the latter the act (Cremer). Apart from the Apostle Paul, other writers make use of didache only, save in Matt. 15:9; Mark 7:7 (didaskalia).

(2) In Heb. 6:1, logos, "a word," is translated "doctrine," AV; the RV margin gives the lit. rendering, "the word (of the beginning of Christ)," and, in the text, "the (first) principles (of Christ)."

Doer <1,,4163,poietes>
akin to poieo, see DO, No. 1, signifies "a doer," Rom. 2:13; Jas. 1:22,23,25; 4:11. Its meaning "poet" is found in Acts 17:28.

Notes: (1) For prasso, rendered "doer" in Rom. 2:25, see DO, No. 2.

(2) In 2 Tim. 2:9, kakourgos is rendered "evil doer" (RV, "malefactor").

Dog <1,,2965,kuon>
is used in two senses, (a) natural, Matt. 7:6; Luke 16:21; 2 Pet. 2:22; (b) metaphorical, Phil. 3:2; Rev. 22:15, of those whose moral impurity will exclude them from the New Jerusalem. The Jews used the term of Gentiles, under the idea of ceremonial impurity. Among the Greeks it was an epithet of impudence. Lat., canis, and Eng., "hound" are etymologically akin to it.

<2,,2952,kunarion>
a diminutive of No. 1, "a little dog, a puppy," is used in Matt. 15:26,27; Mark 7:27,28.

Dominion (have ... over) <A-1,Noun,2904,kratos>
"force, strength, might," more especially "manifested power," is derived from a root kra---, "to perfect, to complete:" "creator" is probably connected. It also signifies "dominion," and is so rendered frequently in doxologies, 1 Pet. 4:11; 5:11; Jude 1:25; Rev. 1:6; 5:13 (RV); in 1 Tim. 6:16, and Heb. 2:14 it is translated "power." See MIGHT, POWER, STRENGTH.

Note: Synonymous words are bia, "force," often oppressive, dunamis, "power," especially "inherent power;" energeia, "power" especially in exercise, operative power; exousia, primarily "liberty of action," then "authority" either delegated or arbitrary; ischus, "strength," especially physical, power as an endowment.

<A-2,Noun,2963,kuriotes>
denotes "lordship" (kurios, "a lord"), "power, dominion," whether angelic or human, Eph. 1:21; Col. 1:16; 2 Pet. 2:10 (RV, for AV, "government"); Jude 1:8. In Eph. and Col. it indicates a grade in the angelic orders, in which it stands second.

<B-1,Verb,2961,kurieuo>
"to be lord over, rule over, have dominion over" (akin to A, No. 2), is used of (a) Divine authority over men, Rom. 14:9, "might be Lord;" (b) human authority over men, Luke 22:25, "lordship," 1 Tim. 6:15, "lords" (RV, marg., "them that rule as lords"); (c) the permanent immunity of Christ from the "dominion" of death, Rom. 6:9; (d) the deliverance of the believer from the "dominion" of sin, Rom. 6:14; (e) the "dominion" of law over men, Rom. 7:1; (f) the "dominion" of a person over the faith of other believers, 2 Cor. 1:24 (RV, "lordship"). See LORD.

<B-2,Verb,2634,katakurieuo>
kata, "down" (intensive), and No. 1, "to exercise, or gain, dominion over, to lord it over," is used of (a) the "lordship" of gentile rulers, Matt. 20:25, AV, "exercise dominion," RV, "lord it;" Mark 10:42, AV, "exercise lordship," RV, "lord it;" (b) the power of demons over men, Acts 19:16, AV, "overcame," RV, "mastered;" (c) of the evil of elders in "lording" it over the saints under their spiritual care, 1 Pet. 5:3. See LORDSHIP, OVERCOME.

Note: For authenteo, "to have dominion," 1 Tim. 2:12, RV, see AUTHORITY, No. 3.

Doomed * For RV in 1 Cor. 4:9, see APPOINT (Note at end), DEATH, B.