<2,,326,anazao>
"to live again" (ana, "and" zao, "to live"), "to regain life," is used of moral "revival," Luke 15:24, "is alive again;" (b) of sin, Rom. 7:9, "revived," lit., "lived again" i.e., it sprang into activity, manifesting the evil inherent in it; here sin is personified, by way of contrast to the man himself. Some mss. have it in Rom. 14:9, for zao, as in the RV, which italicizes "again."

Reward (Noun and Verb) <A-1,Noun,3408,misthos>
primarily "wages, hire," and then, generally, "reward," (a) received in this life, Matt. 5:46; 6:2,5,16; Rom. 4:4; 1 Cor. 9:17,18; of evil "rewards," Acts 1:18; see also HIRE; (b) to be received hereafter, Matt. 5:12; 10:41 (twice),42; Mark 9:41; Luke 6:23,35; 1 Cor. 3:8,14; 2 John 1:8; Rev. 11:18; 22:12. Seee WAGES.

Notes: (1) In Luke 23:41, axios, "worthy, befitting," used in the plur., is rendered "the due reward," lit., "things worthy." (2) For antapodosis, rendered "reward" in Col. 3:24, AV, see RECOMPENSE. (3) For katabrabeuo, "to rob of a reward," Col. 2:18, see BEGUILE, Note and ROB.

<B-1,Verb,591,apodidomi>
"to give back," is nowhere translated "to reward" in the RV; AV, Matt. 6:4,6,18 (see RECOMPENSE, B. No. 2); Matt. 16:27; 2 Tim. 4:14; Rev. 18:6 (see RENDER).

Rewarder <1,,3406,misthapodotes>
"one who pays wages" (misthos, "wages," apo, "back," didomi, "to give"), is used by metonymy in Heb. 11:6, of God, as the "Rewarder" of those who "seek after Him" (RV). Cp. misthapodosia, "recompence."

Rich, Riches, Richly, Rich man <A-1,Adjective,4145,plousios>
akin to B, C, No. 1, "rich, wealthy," is used (I) literally, (a) adjectivally (with a noun expressed separately) in Matt. 27:57; Luke 12:16; 14:12; 16:1,19; (without a noun), 18:23; 19:2; (b) as a noun, singular, a "rich" man (the noun not being expressed), Matt. 19:23,24; Mark 10:25; 12:41; Luke 16:21,22; 18:25; Jas. 1:10,11, "the rich," "the rich (man);" plural, Mark 12:41, lit., "rich (ones);" Luke 6:24 (ditto); 21:1; 1 Tim. 6:17, "(them that are) rich," lit., "(the) rich;" Jas. 2:6, RV, "the rich;" Jas. 5:1, RV, "ye rich;" Rev. 6:15; 13:16, RV, "the rich;" (II) metaphorically, of God, Eph. 2:4 ("in mercy"); of Christ, 2 Cor. 8:9; of believers, Jas. 2:5, RV, "(to be) rich (in faith);" Rev. 2:9, of spiritual "enrichment" generally; Rev. 3:17, of a false sense of "enrichment."

<B-1,Verb,4147,plouteo>
"to be rich," in the aorist or point tense, "to become rich," is used (a) literally, Luke 1:53, "the rich," present participle, lit., "(ones or those) being rich;" 1 Tim. 6:9,18; Rev. 18:3,15,19 (all three in the aorist tense); (b) metaphorically, of Christ, Rom. 10:12 (the passage stresses the fact that Christ is Lord; see Rom. 10:9, and the RV); of the "enrichment" of believers through His poverty, 2 Cor. 8:9 (the aorist tense expressing completeness, with permanent results); so in Rev. 3:18, where the spiritual "enrichment" is conditional upon righteousness of life and conduct (see GOLD, No. 2); of a false sense of "enrichment," 1 Cor. 4:8 (aorist), RV, "ye are become rich" (AV, "ye are rich"); Rev. 3:17 (perfect tense, RV, "I ... have gotten riches," AV, "I am ... increased with goods"), see GOODS, Note (3); of not being "rich" toward God, Luke 12:21.

<B-2,Verb,4148,ploutizo>
"to make rich, enrich," is rendered "making (many) rich" in 2 Cor. 6:10 (metaphorical of "enriching" spiritually). See ENRICH.

<C-1,Noun,4149,ploutos>
is used in the singular (I) of material "riches," used evilly, Matt. 13:22; Mark 4:19; Luke 8:14; 1 Tim. 6:17; Jas. 5:2; Rev. 18:17; (II) of spiritual and moral "riches," (a) possessed by God and exercised towards men, Rom. 2:4, "of His goodness and forbearance and longsuffering;" Rom. 9:23 and Eph. 3:16, "of His glory" (i.e., of its manifestation in grace towards believers); Rom. 11:33, of His wisdom and knowledge; Eph. 1:7; 2:7, "of His grace;" Eph. 1:18, "of the glory of His inheritance in the saints;" Eph. 3:8, "of Christ;" Phil. 4:19, "in glory in Christ Jesus," RV; Col. 1:27, "of the glory of this mystery ... Christ in you, the hope of glory;" (b) to be ascribed to Christ, Rev. 5:12; (c) of the effects of the gospel upon the Gentiles, Rom. 11:12 (twice); (d) of the full assurance of understanding in regard to the mystery of God, even Christ, Col. 2:2, RV; (e) of the liberality of the churches of Macedonia, 2 Cor. 8:2 (where "the riches" stands for the spiritual and moral value of their liberality); (f) of "the reproach of Christ" in contrast to this world's treasures, Heb. 11:26.

<C-2,Noun,5536,chrema>
"what one uses or needs" (chraomai, "to use"), "a matter, business," hence denotes "riches," Mark 10:23,24; Luke 18:24; see MONEY, No. 2.

<D-1,Adverb,4146,plousios>
"richly, abundantly," akin to A, is used in Col. 3:16; 1 Tim. 6:17; Titus 3:6, RV, "richly" (AV, "abundantly"); 2 Pet. 1:11 (ditto).

Rid * For RID see CARE, A, No. 1, Note

Ride <1,,1910,epibaino>
"to go upon" (epi, "upon," baino, "to go"), is used of Christ's "riding" into Jerusalem, Matt. 21:5, RV, "riding" (AV, "sitting"). See COME, No. 16.

Right (not wrong--Noun and Adjective), Rightly <A-1,Noun,1849,exousia>
"authority, power," is translated "right" in the RV, for AV, "power," in John 1:12; Rom. 9:21; 1 Cor. 9:4,5,6,12 (twice),18; 2 Thess. 3:9, where the "right" is that of being maintained by those among whom the ministers of the gospel had labored, a "right" possessed in virtue of the "authority" given them by Christ, Heb. 13:10; Rev. 22:14.

Exousia first denotes "freedom to act" and then "authority for the action." This is first true of God, Acts 1:7. It was exercised by the Son of God, as from, and in conjunction with, the Father when the Lord was upon earth, in the days of His flesh, Matt. 9:6; John 10:18, as well as in resurrection, Matt. 28:18; John 17:2. All others hold their freedom to act from God (though some of them have abused it), whether angels, Eph. 1:21, or human potentates, Rom. 13:1. Satan offered to delegate his authority over earthly kingdoms to Christ, Luke 4:6, who, though conscious of His "right" to it, refused, awaiting the Divinely appointed time. See AUTHORITY, No. 1, and for various synonyms see DOMINION, No. 1, Note.

<B-1,Adjective,1342,dikaios>
"just, righteous, that which is in accordance with" dike, "rule, right, justice," is translated "right" in Matt. 20:4; Matt. 20:7, AV only (RV omits, according to the most authentic mss. the clause having been inserted from ver. 4, to the detriment of the narrative); Luke 12:57; Acts 4:19; Eph. 6:1; Phil. 1:7, RV (AV, "meet"); 2 Pet. 1:13 (AV, "meet"). See JUST, RIGHTEOUS.

<B-2,Adjective,2117,euthus>
"straight," hence, metaphorically, "right," is so rendered in Acts 8:21, of the heart; Acts 13:10, of the ways of the Lord; 2 Pet. 2:15. See STRAIGHT.

<C-1,Adverb,3723,orthos>
"rightly" (akin to orthos, "straight, direct"), is translated "plain" in Mark 7:35; in Luke 7:43; 20:21, "rightly;" in Luke 10:28, "right."

Notes: (1) For "right mind" see MIND, B, No. 5. (2) For the AV, "rightly" in 2 Tim. 2:15, see DIVIDE, A, No. 8.

Right (opp. to left), Right hand, Right side <1,,1188,dexios>
an adjective, used (a) of "the right" as opposite to the left, e.g., Matt. 5:29,30; Rev. 10:5, RV, "right hand;" in connection with armor (figuratively), 2 Cor. 6:7; with en, followed by the dative plural, Mark 16:5; with ek, and the genitive plural, e.g., Matt. 25:33,34; Luke 1:11; (b) of giving the "right hand" of fellowship, Gal. 2:9, betokening the public expression of approval by leaders at Jerusalem of the course pursued by Paul and Barnabas among the Gentiles; the act was often the sign of a pledge, e.g. 2 Kings 10:15; 1 Chron. 29:24, marg.; Ezra 10:19; Ezek. 17:18; figuratively, Lam. 5:6; it is often so used in the papyri; (c) metaphorically of "power" or "authority," Acts 2:33; with ek, signifying "on," followed by the genitive plural, Matt. 26:64; Mark 14:62; Heb. 1:13; (d) similarly of "a place of honor in the messianic kingdom," Matt. 20:21; Mark 10:37.

Righteous, Righteously <A-1,Adjective,1342,dikaios>
signifies "just," without prejudice or partiality, e.g., of the judgment of God, 2 Thess. 1:5,6; of His judgments, Rev. 16:7; 19:2; of His character as Judge, 2 Tim. 4:8; Rev. 16:5; of His ways and doings, Rev. 15:3. See further under JUST, A, No. 1, RIGHT, B, No. 1.

In the following the RV substitues "righteous" for the AV "just;" Matt. 1:19; 13:49; 27:19,24; Mark 6:20; Luke 2:25; 15:7; 20:20; 23:50; John 5:30; Acts 3:14; 7:52; 10:22; 22:14; Rom. 1:17; 7:12; Gal. 3:11; Heb. 10:38; Jas. 5:6; 1 Pet. 3:18; 2 Pet. 2:7; 1 John 1:9; Rev. 15:3.

<B-1,Adverb,1346,dikaios>
is translated "righteously" in 1 Cor. 15:34, RV, "(awake up) righteously," AV, "(awake to) righteousness;" 1 Thess. 2:10, RV (AV, "justly"); Titus 2:12; 1 Pet. 2:23. See JUSTLY.

Notes: (1) In Rev. 22:11 the best texts have dikaiosune, "righteousness," with poieo, "to do," RV, "let him do righteousness;" the AV follows those which have the Passive Voice of dikaioo and renders it "let him be righteous," lit., "let him be made righteous." (2) Dikaiokrisia, "righteous judgement" (dikaios, and krisis), occurs in Rom. 2:5.

Righteousness <1,,1343,dikaiosune>
is "the character or quality of being right or just;" it was formerly spelled "rightwiseness," which clearly expresses the meaning. It is used to denote an attribute of God, e.g., Rom. 3:5, the context of which shows that "the righteousness of God" means essentially the same as His faithfulness, or truthfulness, that which is consistent with His own nature and promises; Rom. 3:25,26 speaks of His "righteousness" as exhibited in the Death of Christ, which is sufficient to show men that God is neither indifferent to sin nor regards it lightly. On the contrary, it demonstrates that quality of holiness in Him which must find expression in His condemnation of sin.

"Dikaiosune is found in the sayings of the Lord Jesus, (a) of whatever is right or just in itself, whatever conforms to the revealed will of God, Matt. 5:6,10,20; John 16:8,10; (b) whatever has been appointed by God to be acknowledged and obeyed by man. Matt. 3:15; 21:32; (c) the sum total of the requirements of God, Matt. 6:33; (d) religious duties, Matt. 6:1 (distinguished as almsgiving, man's duty to his neighbor, Matt. 6:2-4, prayer, his duty to God, Matt. 6:5-15, fasting, the duty of self-control, Matt. 6:16-18).

"In the preaching of the Apostles recorded in Acts the word has the same general meaning. So also in Jas. 1:20; 3:18, in both Epp. of Peter, 1st John and the Revelation. In 2 Pet. 1:1, 'the righteousness of our God and Savior Jesus Christ,' is the righteous dealing of God with sin and with sinners on the ground of the Death of Christ. 'Word of righteousness,' Heb. 5:13, is probably the gospel, and the Scriptures as containing the gospel, wherein is declared the righteousness of God in all its aspects.

"This meaning of dikaiosune, right action, is frequent also in Paul's writings, as in all five of its occurrences in Rom. 6; Eph. 6:14, etc. But for the most part he uses it of that gracious gift of God to men whereby all who believe on the Lord Jesus Christ are brought into right relationship with God. This righteousness is unattainable by obedience to any law, or by any merit of man's own, or any other condition than that of faith in Christ ... The man who trusts in Christ becomes 'the righteousness of God in Him,' 2 Cor. 5:21, i.e., becomes in Christ all that God requires a man to be, all that he could never be in himself. Because Abraham accepted the Word of God, making it his own by that act of the mind and spirit which is called faith, and, as the sequel showed, submitting himself to its control, therefore God accepted him as one who fulfilled the whole of His requirements, Rom. 4:3. ...

"Righteousness is not said to be imputed to the believer save in the sense that faith is imputed ("reckoned' is the better word) for righteousness. It is clear that in Rom. 4:6,11, 'righteousness reckoned' must be understood in the light of the context, 'faith reckoned for righteousness,' Rom. 4:3,5,9,22. 'For' in these places is eis, which does not mean 'instead of,' but 'with a view to.' The faith thus exercised brings the soul into vital union with God in Christ, and inevitably produces righteousness of life, that is, conformity to the will of God." * [* From Notes on Galatians, by Hogg and Vine, pp. 246, 247.]

<2,,1345,dikaioma>
is the concrete expression of "righteousness:" see JUSTIFICATION, A, No. 2.

Note: In Heb. 1:8, AV, euthutes, "straightness, uprightness" (akin to euthus "straight, right"), is translated "righteousness" (RV, "uprightness;" AV, marg., "rightness, or straightness").

Ring <1,,1146,daktulios>
"a finger ring," occurs in Luke 15:22.

Note: Chrusodaktulios, an adjective signifying "with a gold ring," "a gold-ringed (person)," from chrusos, "gold," and daktulos, "a finger," occurs in Jas. 2:2.

Ringleader <1,,4414,protostates>
"one who stands first" (protos, "first," histemi, "to cause to stand"), was used of soldiers, one who stands in the front rank; hence, metaphorically, "a leader," Acts 24:5.

Riot, Rioting, Riotous, Riotously <A-1,Noun,810,astia>
"prodigality, a wastefulness, profligacy" (a negative, sozo, "to save") is rendered "riot" in Eph. 5:18, RV (AV, "excess"); Titus 1:6; 1 Pet. 4:4 (AV and RV, "riot"). The corresponding verb is found in a papyrus writing, telling of "riotous living" (like the adverb asotos, see B). In the Sept., Prov. 28:7. Cp. the synonymous word aselgeia (under LASCIVIOUSNESS).

<A-2,Noun,2970,komos>
"a revel," is rendered "rioting" in Rom. 13:13, AV: See REVEL.

<A-3,Noun,5172,truphe>
"luxuriousness," is rendered "riot" in 2 Pet. 2:13, AV; see DELICATELY, REVEL.

<A-4,Noun,4714,stasis>
primarily "a standing" (akin to histemi, "to caused to (stand)," then "an insurection," is translated "riot" in Acts 19:40, RV (AV, "uproar"). See DISSENSION, INSURRECTION, SEDITION, UPROAR.

<B-1,Adverb,811,asotos>
"wastefully" (akin to A, No. 1), is translated "with riotous living" in Luke 15:13; though the word does not necessarily signify "dissolutely," the parable narrative makes clear that this is the meaning here. In the Sept., Prov. 7:11.

Note: The verb ekchuno, a Hellenistic form of ekcheo (though the form actually used is the regular classical aorist Passive of ekcheo), "to pour out, shed," is translated "ran riotously" in Jude 1:11, RV (AV, "ran greedily"); see POUR, SHED.

Ripe (to be fully) <1,,187,akmazo>
"to be at the prime" (akin to akme, "a point"), "to be ripe," is translated "are fully ripe" in Rev. 14:18.

<2,,3583,xeraino>
"to dry up, wither," is used of "ripened" crops in Rev. 14:15, RV, "overripe," AV, "ripe" (marg., "dried"). See DRY, B, OVERRIPE, WITHER.

<3,,3860,paradidomi>
"to give over, commit, deliver," etc., also signifies "to permit;" in Mark 4:29, of the "ripe" condition of corn, RV, and AV marg., "is ripe;" RV marg., "alloweth" (the nearest rendering); AV, "is brought forth."

Rise, Rising * Notes: (1) For the various verbs anistemi, exanistemi, egeiro, anabaino, anatello, sunephistemi, see under ARISE. (2) For the AV, "should rise" in Acts 26:23, See RESURRECTION. (3) Exanistemi, transitively, "to raise up" (ek, "out, from, out of"), is used intransitively in Acts 15:5, "there rose up," i.e., from the midst of a gathered company. See RAISE. (4) For the AV and RV of sunegeiro, "to raise together with," and in the Passive Voice in Col. 2:12; 3:1, see RAISE. (5) For the word "rising," which is used to translate the verbs anatello in Mark 16:2, and anistemi, in Mark 9:10, see under ARISE, Nos. 9 and 1 respectively. (6) For katephistemi, Acts 18:12, RV, See INSURRECTION, B. (7) Epanistamai, "to rise up against," occurs in Matt. 10:21; Mark 13:12. (8) Anastasis, is rendered "rising up" in Luke 2:34, RV.

River <1,,4215,potamos>
denotes (a) "a stream," Luke 6:48,49; (b) "a flood or floods," Matt. 7:25,27; (c) "a river," natural, Matt. 3:6, RV; Mark 1:5; Acts 16:13; 2 Cor. 11:26, RV (AV, "waters"); Rev. 8:10; 9:14; 16:4,12; symbolical, Rev. 12:15 (1st part), RV, "river" (AV, "flood"); so Rev. 12:16; 22:1,2 (cp. Gen. 2:10; Ezek. 47); figuratively, John 7:38, "the effects of the operation of the Holy Spirit in and through the believer." See FLOOD, WATER.

Note: For potamophoretos in Rev. 12:15, see FLOOD, B.

Roar, Roaring <A-1,Verb,3455,mukaomai>
properly of oxen, an onomatopeic word, "to low, bellow," is used of a lion, Rev. 10:3.

<A-2,Verb,5612,oruomai>
"to howl" or "roar," onomatopoeic, of animals or men, is used of a lion, 1 Pet. 5:8, as a simile of Satan.

<B-1,Noun,2279,echos>
"a noise" or "sound" (Eng., "echo"), is used of the "roaring" of the sea in Luke 21:25, in the best mss., "for the roaring (of the sea and the billows)," RV; some mss. have the present participle of echeo, "to sound," AV, "(the sea and the waves) roaring. See RUMOR, SOUND.

Rob <1,,4813,sulao>
"to plunder, spoil," is translated "I robbed" in 2 Cor. 11:8. Cp. sulagogeo, "to make spoil of," Col. 2:8.

<2,,2603,katabrabeuo>
"to give judgment against, to condemn" (kata, "against," and brabeus, "an umpire;" cp. brabeion, "a prize in the games," 1 Cor. 9:24; Phil. 3:14, and brabeuo, "to act as an umpire, arbitrate," Col. 3:15), occurs in Col. 2:18, RV, "let (no man) rob (you) of your prize" (AV, "... beguile ... of your reward"), said of false teachers who would frustrate the faithful adherence of the believers to the truth, causing them to lose their reward. Another rendering closer to the proper meaning of the word, as given above, is "let no man decide for or against you" (i.e., without any notion of a prize); this suitably follows the word "judge" in ver. 16, i.e., "do not give yourselves up to the judgment and decision of any man" (AV, marg., "judge against").

Robber <1,,3027,lestes>
"a robber, brigand" (akin to leia, "booty"), "one who plunders openly and by violence" (in contrast to kleptes, "a thief," see below), is always translated "robber" or "robbers" in the RV, as the AV in John 10:1,8; 18:40; 2 Cor. 11:26; the AV has "thief" or "thieves" in Matt. 21:13, and parallel passages; Matt. 26:55, and parallel passages; Matt. 27:38,44; Mark 15:27; Luke 10:30,36; but "thief" is the meaning of kleptes. See THIEF.

<2,,2417,hierosulos>
an adjective signifying "robbing temples" (hieron, "a temple," and sulao, "to rob"), is found in Acts 19:37. Cp. hierosuleo, "to rob a temple," Rom. 2:22, AV, "commit sacrilege."

Robbery * For ROBBERY see PRIZE

Robe <1,,4749,stole>
for which see CLOTHING, No. 8, is translated "robe" in Mark 16:5, RV (AV, "garment"); "long robes" in Luke 20:46.

<2,,5511,chlamus>
"a cloak," is translated "robe" in Matt. 27:28,31. See CLOTHING, Note (4).

<3,,2440,himation>
is translated "robe" in the AV of John 19:2,5 (RV, "garment"). See APPAREL, No. 2, CLOTHING, No. 2, GARMENT.

<4,,2066,esthes>
"apparel," is translated "robe" in Luke 23:11 (RV, "apparel"). See APPAREL, No. 1.

Rock <1,,4073,petra>
denotes "a mass of rock," as distinct from petros, "a detached stone or boulder," or a stone that might be thrown or easily moved. For the nature of petra, see Matt. 7:24,25; 27:51,60; Mark 15:46; Luke 6:48 (twice), a type of a sure foundation (here the true reading is as in the RV, "because it had been well builded"); Rev. 6:15,16 (cp. Isa. 2:19,ff.; Hos. 10:8); Luke 8:6,13, used illustratively; 1 Cor. 10:4 (twice), figuratively, of Christ; in Rom. 9:33; 1 Pet. 2:8, metaphorically, of Christ; in Matt. 16:18, metaphorically, of Christ and the testimony concerning Him; here the distinction between petra, concerning the Lord Himself, and Petros, the Apostle, is clear (see above).

<2,,4694,spilas>
"a rock or reef," over which the sea dashes, is used in Jude 1:12, "hidden rocks," RV, metaphorical of men whose conduct is a danger to others. A late meaning ascribed to it is that of "spots," (AV), but that rendering seems to have been influenced by the parallel passage in 2 Pet. 2:13, where spiloi, "spots," occurs.

Rocky <1,,4075,petrodes>
"rock-like" (petra, "a rock," eidos, "a form, appearance"), is used of "rock" underlying shallow soil, Matt. 13:5,20, RV, "the rocky places" (AV, "stony places"); Mark 4:5, RV, "the rocky ground" (AV, "stony ground"); Mark 4:16, RV, "rocky places" (AV, "stony ground").

Note: In Acts 27:29, AV, the phrase tracheis topoi, lit., "rough places," is translated "rocks" (RV, "rocky ground").

Rod <A-1,Noun,4464,rhabdos>
"a staff, rod, scepter," is used (a) of Aaron's "rod," Heb. 9:4; (b) a staff used on a journey, Matt. 10:10, RV, "staff" (AV, "staves"); so Luke 9:3; Mark 6:8, "staff;" Heb. 11:21, "staff;" (c) a ruler's staff, a "scepter," Heb. 1:8 (twice); elsewhere a "rod," Rev. 2:27; 12:5; 19:15; (d) a "rod" for chastisement (figuratively), 1 Cor. 4:21; (e) a measuring "rod," Rev. 11:1. See STAFF.

<B-1,Verb,4463,rhabdizo>
"to beat with a rod," is used in Acts 16:22, RV, "to beat ... with rods;" 2 Cor. 11:25. The "rods" were those of the Roman lictors or "serjeants" (rhabdouchoi, lit., "rod-bearers"); the Roman beating with "rods" is distinct from the Jewish infliction of stripes. In the Sept., Jud., 6:11; Ruth 2:17. Cp. Matt. 26:67, RV marg.; John 18:22 (AV marg., and RV marg.); 19:3, RV marg.; see SMITE.

Roll (Noun and Verb) <A-1,Verb,617,apokulio | apokulizo> "to roll away" (apo, "from," kulio, "to roll;" cp. Eng., "cylinder," etc.), is used of the sepulchre stone, Matt. 28:2; Mark 16:3 (ver. 4 in some mss.; see No. 2); Luke 24:2. In the Sept., Gen. 29:3,8,10.

<A-2,Verb,303 2947,anakulio>
"to roll up or back" (ana), is found in the best texts, in Mark 16:4 (see No. 1).

<A-3,Verb,4351,proskulio>
"to roll up or to" (pros), is used in Matt. 27:60; Mark 15:46, of the sepulchre stone.

<A-4,Verb,1507,heilisso | helisso> "to roll," or "roll up," is used (a) of the "rolling" up of a mantle, illustratively of the heavens, Heb. 1:12, RV; (b) of the "rolling" up of a scroll, Rev. 6:14, illustratively of the removing of the heaven.

<A-5,Verb,1794,entulisso>
"to wrap up, roll round or about," is translated "rolled up" in John 20:7, RV, of the cloth or "napkin" that had been wrapped around the head of the Lord before burial. Both the RV and the AV, "wrapped together," might suggest that this cloth had been "rolled" or wrapped up and put in a certain part of the tomb at the Lord's resurrection, whereas, as with the body wrappings, the head cloth was lying as it had been "rolled" round His head, an evidence, to those who looked into the tomb, of the fact of His resurrection without any disturbance of the wrappings either by friend or foe or when the change took place. It is followed by en, "in," and translated "wrapped" in Matt. 27:59, a meaning and construction which Moulton and Milligan illustrate from the papyri; in Luke 23:53 it is followed by the dative of the noun sindon, "linen cloth," used instrumentally. See WRAP.

<B-1,Noun,2777,kephalis>
lit., "a little head" (a diminutive of kephale, "a head;" Lat., capitulum, a diminutive of caput), hence, "a capital of a column," then, "a roll" (of a book), occurs in Heb. 10:7, RV, "in the roll" (AV, "in the volume"), lit., "in the heading of the scroll" (from Ps. 40:7).

Roman <1,,4514,rhomaios>
occurs in John 11:48; Acts 2:10, RV, "from Rome" (AV, "of Rome"); 16:21,37,38; 22:25-27,29; 23:27; 25:16; 28:17. For a note on Roman citizenship see CITIZEN, No. 3.

Roof <1,,4721,stege>
"a covering" (stego, "to cover"), denotes "a roof," Mark 2:4; said of entering a house, Matt. 8:8; Luke 7:6.

Room <A-1,Noun,5117,topos>
"a place," is translated "room" in Luke 2:7; 14:22, i.e., "place;" in the AV in Luke 14:9,10, RV, "place" (of a couch at a feast); of a position or condition which a person occupies, 1 Cor. 14:16 (RV, "place"). See OPPORTUNITY, PLACE.

<A-2,Noun,4411,protoklisia>
"the chief reclining place at table," is rendered "uppermost rooms," in Matt. 23:6, AV (RV, "chief place"); in Mark 12:39, "uppermost rooms," AV (RV, "chief places"); in Luke 14:7, "chief rooms," AV (RV, "chief seats"); in Luke 14:8, AV, "highest room" (RV, "chief seat"); in Luke 20:46, AV, "highest seats" (RV, "chief seats"). See CHIEF, B, No. 7, PLACE, No. 5.

<A-3,Noun,508,anagaion | anogeon> "an upper room" (ana, "above," ge, "ground"), occurs in Mark 14:15; Luke 22:12, "a chamber," often over a porch, or connected with the roof, where meals were taken and privacy obtained.

<A-4,Noun,5253,huperoon>
the neuter of the adjective huperoos, "upper" (from huper, "above"), used as a noun, denoted in classical Greek "an upper story" or "room" where the women resided; in the Sept. and the NT, "an upper chamber, a roof-chamber," built on the flat "roof" of the house, Acts 1:13, RV, "upper chamber" (AV "upper room"); see CHAMBER, No. 2.

<B-1,Verb,5562,choreo>
"to make room," is translated "there was ... room" in Mark 2:2. See CONTAIN, No. 1

<C-1,Preposition,473,anti>
"in place of, instead of," is translated "in the room of" in Matt. 2:22.

Notes: (1) In Luke 12:17, AV, pou, "anywhere" or "where," with a negative, is translated "no room" (RV, "not where"). (2) In Acts 24:27, AV, diadochos, "a successor," with lambano, "to receive," is translated "came into (Felix') room," RV, "(Felix) was succeeded by." Diadochos often meant a deputy, a temporary successor."

Root <A-1,Noun,4491,rhiza>
is used (a) in the natural sense, Matt. 3:10; 13:6,21; Mark 4:6,17; 11:20; Luke 3:9; 8:13; (b) metaphorically (1) of "cause, origin, source," said of persons, ancestors, Rom. 11:16-18 (twice); of things, evils, 1 Tim. 6:10, RV, of the love of money as a "root" of all "kinds of evil" (marg., "evils;" AV, "evil"); bitterness, Heb. 12:15; (2) of that which springs from a "root," a shoot, said of offspring, Rom. 15:12; Rev. 5:5; 22:16.

<B-1,Verb,4492,rhizoo>
"to cause to take root," is used metaphorically in the Passive Voice in Eph. 3:17, of being "rooted" in love; Col. 2:7, in Christ, i.e., in the sense of being firmly planted, or established. In the Sept., Isa. 40:24; Jer. 12:2.

<B-2,Verb,1610,ekrizoo>
"to root out or up" (ek, "out," and No. 1), is rendered "to root up" in Matt. 13:29; 15:13; see PLUCK.

Rope <1,,4979,schoinion>
a diminutive of schoinos, "a rush," is used of the small cords of which Christ made a scourge, John 2:15; of the "ropes" of a boat, Acts 27:32. See CORD.

Rose * For ROSE see RISE

Rough <1,,4672,skleros>
"hard," is translated "rough" in Jas. 3:4, RV, of winds (AV, "fierce"). See AUSTERE, FIERCE, Note (1).

<2,,5138,trachus>
"rough, uneven," is used of paths, Luke 3:5; of rocky places, Acts 27:29. See ROCKY.

Round, Round about <1,,2943,kuklothen>
from kuklos, "a circle, ring" (Eng., "cycle," etc.), occurs in Rev. 4:3,4; in Rev 4:8, RV, "round about," with reference to the eyes.

<2,,3840,panothen>
"on all sides" (from pas, "all"), is translated "round about" in Heb. 9:4. See EVERYWHERE, No. 3.

<3,,4038,perix>
from the preposition peri, "around," occurs in Acts 5:16, "round about" (of cities).

<4,,2945,kuklo>
the dative case of the noun kuklos, "a ring," is used as an adverb, and translated "round about" in Mark 3:34, AV (RV, "round"); 6:6,36; Luke 9:12; Rom. 15:19; Rev. 4:6; 7:11.

Note: For combinations with other words see, e.g., COME, No. 38, COUNTRY, A, No. 6, A, No. 4, DWELL, No. 5, GO, No. 9, HEDGE, LOOK, A, No. 3, REGION, SHINE, STAND, B, No. 5.

Rouse <1,,1853,exupnos>
"roused out of sleep" (ek, "out of," hupnos, "sleep"), occurs in Acts 16:27. Cp. exupnizo, AWAKE, No. 4.

Row (Verb) <1,,1643,elauno>
"to drive," is used of "rowing" or sailing a boat, Mark 6:48; John 6:19. See DRIVE.

Royal <1,,934,basileios>
from basileus, "a king," is used in 1 Pet. 2:9 of the priesthood consisting of all believers. Cp. Luke 7:25, for which see COURT, No. 3. In the Sept., Ex. 19:6; 23:22; Deut. 3:10.

<2,,937,basilikos>
"belonging to a king," is translated "royal" in Acts 12:21; Jas. 2:8. See KING B, No. 2 NOBLEMAN.

Rub <1,,5597,psocho>
"to rub, to rub to pieces," is used in Luke 6:1.

Rudder <1,,4079,pedalion>
"a rudder" (akin to pedos, "the blade of an oar"), occurs in Jas. 3:4, RV, "rudder" (AV, "helm"), and Acts 27:40, plural, RV, "(the bands of) the rudders," AV, "the rudder (bands)." The pedalia were actually steering paddles, two of which were used as "rudders" in ancient ships.

Rude <1,,2399,idiotes>
for which see IGNORANT, No. 4, is translated "rude" in 2 Cor. 11:6.

Rudiments <1,,4747,stoicheion>
"one of a row or series," is translated "rudiments" in the RV of Gal. 4:3,9; Heb. 5:12, and the AV and RV of Col. 2:8,20. See ELEMENTS.

Rue <1,,4076,peganon>
a shrubby plant with yellow flowers and a heavy smell, cultivated for medicinal purposes, is mentioned in Luke 11:42.

Ruin <1,,4485,rhegma>
akin to rhegnumi, "to break," denotes "a cleavage, fracture" (so in the Sept., e.g., 1 Kings 11:30,31); by metonymy, that which is broken, "a ruin," Luke 6:49.

<2,,2690,katestrammena>
the neuter plural, perfect participle, Passive, of katastrepho, "to overturn," is translated "ruins" in Acts 15:16; cp. DIG, No. 3. See OVERTHROW.

Rule (Noun and Verb) <A-1,Noun,746,arche>
"a beginning," etc., denotes "rule," Luke 20:20, RV, "rule" (AV, "power"); 1 Cor. 15:24; Eph. 1:21, RV, "rule" (AV, "principality"). See BEGINNING, B.

<A-2,Noun,2583,kanon>
is translated "rule" in the AV of 2 Cor. 10:13,15; in Gal. 6:16, AV and RV; in Phil. 3:16, AV (RV, in italics): see PROVINCE, No. 2.

<B-1,Verb,756,archo>
(akin to A, No. 1), in the Active Voice denotes "to rule," Mark 10:42; Rom. 15:12, RV, "to rule" (AV, "to reign"). See BEGIN, A, No. 1.

<B-2,Verb,3616,oikodespoteo>
from oikos, "a house," and despotes, "a master," signifies "to rule the household;" so the RV in 1 Tim. 5:14 (AV, "guide the house"). See GUIDE, B, Note (1). Cp. oikodespotes, "a householder."

<B-3,Verb,4291,proistemi>
lit., "to stand before," hence, "to lead, attend to" (indicating care and diligence), is translated "to rule" (Middle Voice), with reference to a local church, in Rom. 12:8; perfect Active in 1 Tim. 5:17; with reference to a family, 1 Tim. 3:4,12 (Middle Voice); 1 Tim. 3:5 (2nd aorist, Active). See MAINTAIN.

<B-4,Verb,2233,hegeomai>
"to lead," is translated "to rule" in Heb. 13:7,17,24 (AV marg., in the first two, "are the guides" and "guide."

<B-5,Verb,4165,poimaino>
"to act as a shepherd, tend flocks," is translated "to rule" in Rev. 2:27; 12:5; 19:15, all indicating that the governing power exercised by the Shepherd is to be of a firm character; in Matt. 2:6, AV, "shall rule" (RV, "shall be shepherd of"). See FEED.

<B-6,Verb,1018,brabeuo>
properly, "to act as an umpire" (brabeus), hence, generally, "to arbitrate, decide," Col. 3:15, "rule" (RV, marg., "arbitrate"), representing "the peace of Christ" (RV) as deciding all matters in the hearts of believers; some regard the meaning as that of simply directing, controlling, "ruling." Cp. katabrabeuo; see ROB.

Ruler <1,,758,archon>
"a ruler, chief, prince," is translated "rulers," e.g., in 1 Cor. 2:6,8, RV (AV, "princes"); "ruler," Rev. 1:5 (AV, "prince"). See MAGISTRATE, PRINCE, No. 2.

<2,,746,arche>
"a rule, sovereignty," is rendered "rulers" in Luke 12:11, RV (AV, "magistrates"). See BEGINNING.

<3,,2888,kosmokrator>
denotes "a ruler of this world" (contrast pantokrator, "almighty"). In Greek literature, in Orphic hymns, etc., and in rabbinic writings, it signifies a "ruler" of the whole world, a world lord. In the NT it is used in Eph. 6:12, "the world rulers (of this darkness)," RV, AV, "the rulers (of the darkness) of this world." The context ("not against flesh and blood") shows that not earthly potentates are indicated, but spirit powers, who, under the permissive will of God, and in consequence of human sin, exercise satanic and therefore antagonistic authority over the world in its present condition of spiritual darkness and alienation from God. The suggested rendering "the rulers of this dark world" is ambiguous and not phraseologically requisite. Cp. John 12:31; 14:30; 16:11; 2 Cor. 4:4.

<4,,4173,politarches>
"a ruler of a city" (polis, "a city," archo, "to rule"), "a politarch," is used in Acts 17:6,8, of the magistrates in Thessalonica, before whom the Jews, with a mob of market idlers, dragged Jason and other converts, under the charge of showing hospitality to Paul and Silas, and of treasonable designs against the emperor. Thessalonica was a "free" city and the citizens could choose their own politarchs. The accuracy of Luke has been vindicated by the use of the term, for while classical authors use the terms poliarchos and politarchos of similar "rulers," the form used by Luke is supported by inscriptions discovered at Thessalonica, one of which mentions Sosipater, Secundus, and Gaius among the politarchs, names occurring as those of Paul's companions. Prof. Burton of Chicago, in a paper on "The Politarchs," has recorded 17 inscriptions which attest their existence, thirteen of which belong to Macedonia and five presumably to Thessalonica itself, illustrating the influence of Rome in the municipal organization of the place.

<5,,755,architriklinos>
denotes "the superintendent of a banquet," whose duty lay in arranging the tables and food (arche, "ruler," triklinos, lit., "a room with three couches"), John 2:8,9.

Notes: (1) In Mark 13:9; Luke 21:12, AV, hegemon, "a leader, a governor of a province," is translated "ruler" (RV, "governor"). See Gov. ERNOR, PRINCE, No. 3. (2) For "ruler" of the synagogue, see SYNAGOGUE. (3) In Matt. 24:45, AV, kathistemi, "to appoint," is translated "hath made ruler" (RV, "hath set"); so in Matt. 24:47; 25:21,23; Luke 12:42,44.

Rumor <1,,189,akoe>
"a hearing," is translated "rumor" in Matt. 24:6; Mark 13:7. See HEARING, B, No. 1.

<2,,2279,echos>
"a noise, sound," is translated "rumor" in Luke 4:37, RV (AV, "fame"). See ROAR, SOUND.

Note: In Luke 7:17, AV, logos, "a word," is translated "rumor" (RV, "report").

Run, Ran <1,,5143,trecho>
"to run," is used (a) literally, e.g., Matt. 27:48 (dramon, an aorist participle, from an obsolete verb dramo, but supplying certain forms absent from trecho, lit., "having run, running," expressive of the decisiveness of the act); the same form in the indicative mood is used, e.g., in Matt. 28:8; in the Gospels the literal meaning alone is used; elsewhere in 1 Cor. 9:24 (twice in 1st part); Rev. 9:9, AV, "running" (RV, "rushing"); (b) metaphorically, from the illustration of "runners" in a race, of either swiftness or effort to attain an end, Rom. 9:16, indicating that salvation is not due to human effort, but to God's sovereign right to exercise mercy; 1 Cor. 9:24 (2nd part), and 1 Cor. 9:26, of persevering activity in the Christian course with a view to obtaining the reward; so Heb. 12:1; in Gal. 2:2 (1st part), RV, "(lest) I should be running," continuous present tense, referring to the activity of the special service of his mission to Jerusalem; (2nd part), "had run," aorist tense, expressive of the continuous past, referring to the activity of his antagonism to the Judaizing teachers at Antioch, and his consent to sumbit the case to the judgment of the church in Jerusalem; in Gal. 5:7 of the erstwhile faithful course doctrinally of the Galatian believers; in Phil. 2:16, of the Apostle's manner of life among the Philippian believers; in 2 Thess. 3:1, of the free and rapid progress of "the word of the Lord."

<2,,4370,prostrecho>
"to run to" (pros, "to," and No. 1), is used in Mark 9:15; 10:17; Acts 8:30.

<3,,4063,peritrecho>
"to run about" (peri "around," and No. 1), is used in Mark 6:55, RV, "ran round about" (AV, "ran through).

<4,,4936,suntrecho>
"to run together with" (sun, "with"), is used (a) literally, Mark 6:33; Acts 3:11; (b) metaphorically, 1 Pet. 4:4, of "running" a course of evil with others. In the Sept., Ps. 50:18.

<5,,4390,protrecho>
"to run before," Luke 19:4: see OUTRUN.

<6,,1532,eistrecho>
"to run in" (eis, "in"), occurs in Acts 12:14.

<7,,5295,hupotrecho>
"to run under" (hupo, "under"), is used nautically in Acts 27:16.

<8,,1998,episuntrecho>
"to run together again" (epi, "upon, or again," and No. 4), occurs in Mark 9:25.

<9,,1632,ekchunno | ekchuno> "to shed," is translated "ran riotously" in Jude 1:11, RV (AV, "ran greedily"). See RIOTOUSLY, Note. See SHED, SPILL.

<10,,5240,huperekchunno>
a late form of huperekcheo, "to overflow," is rendered "running over" in Luke 6:38.

<11,,2207,epikello | epokello> "to drive upon," is used in Acts 27:41 of "running" a ship ashore.

Notes: (1) Hormao, "to set in motion urge on," but intransitively, "to hasten on, rush," is always translated "to rush" in the RV: AV, "ran violently," Matt. 8:32; Mark 5:13; Luke 8:33; "ran," Acts 7:57; "rushed," Acts 19:29. See RUSH. (2) In Acts 21:30, sundrome, "a running together," with ginomai, "to become, take place," is translated "ran together," lit., "a running together took place." (3) In Matt. 9:17, AV ekcheo, "to pour out," used in the Passive Voice (RV, "is spilled"), is translated "runneth out. (4) In Acts 14:14, RV, ekpedao, "to spring forth," is translated "sprang forth" (this verb is found in the papyri); the AV, "ran in" translates the mss. which have eispedao, "to spring in." (5) Katatrecho, "to run down," occurs in Acts 21:32.

Rush, Rushing <1,,3729,hormao>
for which see RUN, Note (1), with refs., is akin to horme (see ASSAULT) and hormema, "a rushing" (see VIOLENCE).

<2,,5342,phero>
"to bear," is used in the present participle, Passive Voice, in Acts 2:2, and translated "rushing" RV, "the rushing (of a mighty wind)," AV "a rushing (mighty wind)" lit "a violent wind borne (along)."

<3,,5143,trecho>
"to run," is translated "rushing (to war)" in Rev. 9:9, RV, AV, "running (to battle)."

Rust (Noun and Verb) <A-1,Noun,1035,brosis>
"an eating" (akin to bibrosko, "to eat"), is used metaphorically to denote "rust" in Matt. 6:19,20. See EAT, B, No. 1, FOOD, MEAT, MORSEL.

<A-2,Noun,2447,ios>
"poison," denotes "rust" in Jas. 5:3. See POISON.

<B-1,Verb,2728,katioo>
an intensive form of ioo, "to poison" (akin to A, No. 2), strengthened by kata, "down," "to rust over," and in the Passive Voice, "to become rusted over," occurs in Jas. 5:3, RV, "are rusted" (AV, "are cankered"). Cp. gangraina, "a gangrene," 2 Tim. 2:17, RV.

Sabachthani <1,,4518,sabachthanei>
an Aramaic word signifying "Thou hast forsaken Me," is recorded as part of the utterance of Christ on the Cross, Matt. 27:46; Mark 15:34, a quotation from Ps. 22:1. Recently proposed renderings which differ from those of the AV and RV have not been sufficiently established to require acceptance.

Sabaoth <1,,4519,sabaoth>
is the transliteration of a Hebrew word which denotes "hosts" or "armies," Rom. 9:29; Jas. 5:4. While the word "hosts" probably had special reference to angels, the title "the Lord of hosts" became used to designate Him as the One who is supreme over all the innumerable hosts of spiritual agencies, or of what are described as "the armies of heaven." Eventually it was used as equivalent to "the Lord all-sovereign." In the prophetical books of the OT the Sept. sometimes has Kurios Sabaoth as the equivalent of "the LORD of hosts," sometimes Kurios Pantokrator, in Job, it uses Pantokrator to render the Hebrew Divine title Shadday (see ALMIGHTY).