Overview - The
Christian conquest of Spain was complete. Erosion of feudalism. In the Americas, the first
signs of Inca culture were showing in the Cuckoo Valley of Peru.
Technology - development of the English longbow; invention of
the wheelbarrow; spectacles and spinning wheel in common use. Refinement of distilling
techniques. Minting of gold coins in Italy. Coal mining at Liége.
Genghis Khan - In the first decades of the 13th century, the Mongol horsemen, united by
Genghis Kahn in 1206, conquered the empire of the China Tartars to the south of their
homelands, and advanced west through Muslim Asia as far as the Caucasus, thus creating the
nucleus of an empire that would become, under his grandson, Kublai Kahn,
larger than any the world has seen.
Marco Polo (1254 - 1324) - Was a traveler who described in writing the
people and places he saw. He saw things he had never dreamed of -- a civilization equal to,
if not beyond, his own. In China he saw people using paper money; he also saw block
printing, elaborate buildings, countless ships on great rivers and huge cities with thousands
of people. For the first time he saw coal burned and he saw asbestos, which would not burn
at all.
1202-1204 - The Fourth Crusade - Constantinople was captured and the Latin Empire
of the East (Romania) replaced the Greek Empire.
1203 - Cambodia captured South Vietnam.
1206 - India - founding of the dynasty of Slave Kings of Delhi by Aybak.
1212 - 300 rabbis/scholars from Europe settle in Jerusalem.
1215 - The Magna Carta
1217-1252 Ferdinand III ended the dynastic war in Castile and attacked the Moors in the
Guadalquivir Valley.
1218-1221 - The Fifth Crusade - Pope Innocent III - Egypt was the objective.
1221 - Treaty of 1221 - eight-year truce.
1228-1229 - The Sixth Crusade - Emperor Frederick II
1237-1241 - Mongol conquest of Russia, Poland and Hungary.
1244 - Seljuk Turks conquer Jerusalem.
1248-1254 - The Seventh Crusade - the first of King Louis IX of France.
1260 - Mamlukes of Egypt conquer Jerusalem, rule for two and a half centuries.
1261 - Re-conquest of Constantinople for Orthodoxy
1267 - Nachmanides arrives from Spain, reviving Jewish religious life.
1270 - The Eighth Crusade - the second of King Louis IX and Edward of England - attack on
Tunis, Louis died of a plague en route and the expedition led Charles of Anjou accomplished nothing.
1287 - Destruction of Pagan by Mongols
1291 - End of Christian presence in Holy Land.
1299 - Raids on northern India by the Mongols, but no permanent conquests.
1000's | 1100's | 1200's | 1300's | 1400's | 1500's | 1600's | 1700's | 1800's | 1900's | 2000's
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1100's