Canadian Scientists Report On Pain Research At NIDCR's 60th Anniversary Symposium

Nearly everyone has experienced acute, short-lived pain that occurs after a mild injury, but recent surveys reveal that more than 20% of population has a chronic pain condition ( i. e. , pain that has lasted for 3 months or more ) and for which treatment is often not very effective ( e. g. , low back pain, fibromyalgia, migraine headaches ) . Acute and chronic pain conditions have huge socio-economic costs. For example, in addition to personal suffering and reduced quality of life that a chronic pain patient may experience, economic burden ( treatment costs, lost productivity, etc. ) amounts to over $80 billion/year in USA and close to $8 billion/year in Canada.

To help improve our understanding and treatment approaches of pain, the US National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, which celebrates its 60th anniversary this year, has played a lead role in funding pain research in North America. Today, during the 86th General Session of International Association for Dental Research, a Symposium will highlight the many contributions and recent advances made in pain research by Canadian scientists supported by NIDCR.

Doctor Barry Sessle ( University of Toronto ) will provide an overview of this Canadian-based research, including his own studies that have focused on mechanisms underlying pain in face and mouth. His studies have provided important insights into brain pathways and processes that help explain many features of the common pain conditions of toothache, headache, and temporomandibular ( 'TMJ' ) disorders. Doctor Catherine Bushnell ( McGill University ) has been a pioneer in application of brainimaging techniques to unravel mysteries of human brain function in several pain conditions. Her recent imaging studies have found that remarkable structural and neurochemical changes occur in the brains of patients suffering from several different types of chronic pain, and that there may be differences between young and old adults in these changes. The studies of Doctor Ze'ev Seltzer ( University of Toronto ) have focused on the role of genetic and environmental factors in influencing the expression of pain. Dr. Seltzer will give examples showing that diet and certain genes can exert important influences on development and maintenance of several acute and chronic pain conditions. He'll also address potential improvements in therapeutic approaches that may flow from studies of pain genetics. The research of Doctor Jeffrey Mogil ( McGill University ) has also included pioneering studies showing importance of environmental and genetic influences in pain. His presentation will highlight, in particular, his recent research success in improving animal pain models so that they reflect more closely mechanisms underlying pain conditions seen clinically in humans, and thus will be more useful in providing insights into these conditions.

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About the International Association for Dental Research

The International Association for Dental Research ( IADR ) is a non-profit organization with more than 10, 800 individual members worldwide, dedicated to: ( 1 ) advancing research and increasing knowledge to improve oral health, ( 2 ) supporting oral health research community, and ( 3 ) facilitating communication and application of research findings for the improvement of oral health worldwide.

To learn more about the IADR, visit http: //www. iadr. org/.

This is a summary of a session entitled " NIDCR's 60th Anniversary Symposium: Contributions of Canadian Pain Research', held during 86th General Session of the International Association for Dental Research.

Source: Linda Hemphill International & American Association for Dental Research

The right way for being beauty

Citalopram? For what?

uses of Citalopram

Citalopram is an antidepressant ( selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-SSRI ) used to treat depression. It works by restoring balance of certain natural substances ( neurotransmitters such as serotonin ) in the brain. Citalopram may improve your feelings of well-being and energy level.

how to use of Citalopram

Read Medication Guide provided by your pharmacist before you start using Citalopram and each time we get a refill. If we have any questions, consult your doctor or pharmacist.

Take Citalopram once daily in morning or evening, with or without food or as directed by your doctor. The dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment. If we are using liquid form of Citalopram, measure dose carefully using a special measuring device/spoon. Don't use a household spoon because we mayn't get correct dose.

To reduce your risk of side effects, your doctor may direct you to start taking Citalopram at a low dose and gradually increase your dose. Follow your doctor's instructions carefully. Don't take more or less medication or take it more frequently than prescribed. Your condition won't improve any faster, and your risk of side effects will increase. Use this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. To help we remember, use it at same time each day.

It is important to continue taking Citalopram even if we feel well. Don't stop taking Citalopram without consulting your doctor. Some conditions may become worse when drug is suddenly stopped. Your dose may need to be gradually decreased.

Citalopram may cause dependence, especially if it has been used regularly for an extended time or if it has been used in high doses. In such cases, withdrawal reactions ( e. g. , nervousness, headache, numbness, tingling, trouble sleeping, nightmares ) may occur while use Citalopram if we suddenly stop this drug. To prevent withdrawal when stopping extended/regular treatment with this drug, gradually reduce dosage as directed. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for more details, and report any withdrawal reactions immediately.

It may take 1 to 2 weeks to feel a benefit from Citalopram and 4 weeks to feel the full benefit of Citalopram. Tell your doctor if your condition persists or worsens.

other used of Citalopram

This section contains uses of Citalopram that aren't listed in the approved professional labeling for drug but that may be prescribed by your health care professional. Use Citalopram for a condition that's listed in this section only if it has been so prescribed by your health care professional.

Citalopram is also used to treat other mental conditions ( obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder ) .

side effects of Citalopram

See also Warning section.

Nausea, dry mouth, trouble sleeping, loss of appetite, weakness, tiredness, drowsiness, dizziness, increased sweating, blurred vision, or yawning may occur while use Citalopram. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor promptly.

Remember that your doctor has prescribed Citalopram because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than risk of side effects. Many people using Citalopram don't have serious side effects.

Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur:

Tell your doctor immediately if any of these rare but very serious side effects occur:

Citalopram may rarely cause a very serious condition called serotonin syndrome. The risk increases when Citalopram is used with certain other drugs such as " triptans " used to treat migraine headaches ( e. g. , sumatriptan, eletriptan ) , certain antidepressants including other SSRIs ( e. g. , fluoxetine, paroxetine ) and SNRIs ( e. g. , venlafaxine ) , lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, or a certain drug to treat obesity ( sibutramine ) . See also Drug Interactions section. Before taking Citalopram, tell your doctor if we take any of these medications. Serotonin syndrome may be more likely when we start or increase dose of any of these medications. Seek immediate medical attention if we develop some of the following symptoms:

For males, in the very unlikely event we have a painful or prolonged erection lasting 4 or more hours, stop using Citalopram and seek immediate medical attention, or permanent problems could occur.

A very serious allergic reaction to Citalopram is rare. However, seek immediate medical attention if we notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including:

This isn't a complete list of possible side effects. If we notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

precautions of Citalopram

Before taking Citalopram, tell your doctor or pharmacist if we are allergic to it; or to esCitalopram; or if you have any other allergies.

Before using Citalopram, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of:

Citalopram may make we dizzy or drowsy. Use caution while driving, using machinery, or doing any other activity that requires alertness. Avoid alcoholic beverages.

Caution is advised when using Citalopram in the elderly because they may be more sensitive to its effects. The elderly are more likely to lose too much salt ( hyponatremia ) , especially if they are also taking " water pills " ( diuretics ) with Citalopram.

Citalopram isn't recommended for use during pregnancy. It may harm an unborn baby. Also, babies born to mothers who have used Citalopram during last 3 months of pregnancy may infrequently develop withdrawal symptoms such as feeding/breathing difficulties, seizures, muscle stiffness, or constant crying. If you notice any of these symptoms in your newborn, tell doctor promptly.

Since untreated depression can be a serious condition, do not stop taking Citalopram unless directed by your doctor. If we are planning pregnancy, become pregnant, or think you may be pregnant, immediately discuss benefits and risks of using Citalopram during pregnancy with your doctor.

Citalopram passes into breast milk and may have undesirable effects on a nursing infant. Breast-feeding isn't recommended while using Citalopram. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

interactions of Citalopram

Your doctor or pharmacist may already be aware of any possible drug interactions and may be monitoring we for them. Do not start, stop, or change dosage of any medicine before checking with your doctor or pharmacist first.

Taking certain medications with Citalopram could result in serious ( rarely fatal ) drug interactions. Avoid taking MAO inhibitors ( e. g. , furazolidone, isocarboxazid, linezolid, moclobemide, phenelzine, procarbazine, rasagiline, selegiline, tranylcypromine ) with Citalopram for 2 weeks before treatment, during treatment, or for 2 weeks after your last dose of Citalopram.

Citalopram shouldn't be used with the following medications because very serious interactions may occur while use Citalopram:

If we are currently using any of these medications, tell your doctor or pharmacist before starting Citalopram.

Before using Citalopram, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and nonprescription/herbal products we may use, especially of:

Aspirin can increase risk of bleeding when used with Citalopram ( see above ) . If your doctor has directed we to take low-dose aspirin for heart attack or stroke prevention ( usually at dosages of 81-325 milligrams a day ) , we should continue taking it unless your doctor instructs we otherwise. Discuss risks and benefits with your doctor.

Also tell your doctor if you take any other drugs that increase serotonin, such as buspirone, dextromethorphan, lithium, meperidine, propoxyphene, phentermine, other SSRIs ( e. g. , paroxetine ) , SNRIs ( e. g. , duloxetine ) , tryptophan, St. John's wort, drugs used to treat migraines such as " triptans " and dihydroergotamine, street drugs such as MDMA/ " ecstasy, " amphetamine. ( See also Side Effects section. )

Tell your doctor or pharmacist if we also take drugs that cause drowsiness, such as certain antihistamines ( e. g. , diphenhydramine ) , anti-seizure drugs ( e. g. , carbamazepine ) , medicine for sleep or anxiety ( e. g. , lorazepam, zolpidem ) , muscle relaxants, narcotic pain relievers ( e. g. , codeine ) , psychiatric medicines ( e. g. , chlorpromazine, quetiapine, nortriptyline, trazodone ) . Check labels on all your medicines ( e. g. , cough-and-cold products ) because they may contain ingredients that cause drowsiness.

Cimetidine is a nonprescription drug that's commonly used to treat extra stomach acid. Because it may cause undesirable interactions when used with Citalopram, ask your pharmacist about other products to treat stomach acid.

This document doesn't contain all possible interactions. Therefore, before using Citalopram, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the products we use. Keep a list of all your medications with you, and share list with your doctor and pharmacist.

overdose of Citalopram

If overdose of Citalopram is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately. US residents can call the US National Poison Hotline at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center.

notes of Citalopram

Don't share Citalopram with others.

Psychiatric/medical check-ups and possibly lab tests should be done periodically to monitor your progress or check for side effects. Consult your doctor for more details.

missed dose of Citalopram

If you miss a dose Citalopram, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near time of the next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Don't double the dose of Citalopram to catch up.

storage of Citalopram

Store Citalopram at room temperature at 77 degrees F ( 25 degrees C ) away from light and moisture. Brief storage between 59-86 degrees F ( 15-30 degrees C ) is permitted. Don't store Citalopram in the bathroom. Keep all medicines away from children and pets.

Properly discard Citalopram when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product.

warning of Citalopram

Antidepressant medications are used to treat a variety of conditions, including depression and other mental/mood disorders. These medications can help prevent suicidal thoughts/attempts and provide other important benefits. However, studies have shown that a small number of people ( especially children/teenagers ) who take antidepressants for any condition may experience worsening depression, other mental/mood symptoms, or suicidal thoughts/attempts. Therefore, it's very important to talk with the doctor about risks and benefits of antidepressant medication ( especially for children/teenagers ) , even if treatment isn't for a mental/mood condition.

Tell doctor immediately if we notice worsening depression/other psychiatric conditions, unusual behavior changes ( including possible suicidal thoughts/attempts ) , or other mental/mood changes ( including new/worsening anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, irritability, hostile/angry feelings, impulsive actions, severe restlessness, very rapid speech ) . Be especially watchful for these symptoms when a new antidepressant is started or when dose is changed.

Price comparison for Citalopram

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