*An earlier version of this article was read at the "Fifth International Interdisciplinary Congress on Women" held at the University of Costa Rica in February 1993. Since then, it has been revised, and more information has been added to it. I wish to thank the Japanese and Japanese-Korean women's groups that provided me with information and stories about "comfort women," and E. Patricia Tsurumi and Edward Friedman of the Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars for their help with editing. We at the Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars also wish to thank Kevin Rooney, Kyung Menkick, and Alice Yun Chai for translating caption information for us, and Ito Takashi, Yun Chung-ok, Shimada Yoshiko, E. Patricia Tsurumi, Alice Chai, Joan Ericson, Brenda Stoltzfus, and Saundra Sturdevant for helping us obtain graphics for this article.

Jugun Ianfu Mondai Uriyosong Nettowaku (Military Comfort Women Issue Uriyosong Network), ed., Kono han o toku (To liberate this bitterness) (Tokyo, Jugun Ianfu Mondai Uriyosong Nettowaku, 1992); and Kaiho Shuppansha, ed., Kim Hak-soon-san no shogen (The testimony of Kim Hak-soon) (Tokyo: Kaiho Shuppansha, 1993). See the end of this article for a list of the names and addresses of twenty-three of the many organizations (thirteen mentioned in this article) that have dealt or are now dealing with comfort women and related issues.

Kim Iryumiyon, Tenno no guntai to Chosenjin ianfu (The emperor's army and Korean comfort women) (Tokyo: Sanichi Shobo, 1976); Suzuki Yuko, Jugun ianfu to Naisen kekkon (Military comfort women and marriage between Japanese and Koreans) (Tokyo: Miraisha, 1992); Suzuki Yuko, Chosenjin jugun ianfu (Korean military comfort women) (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1991); and Suzuki Yuko, "Jugun ianfu" mondai to sei boryoku ("Military comfort women" issues and sexual violence) (Tokyo: Miraisha, 1994).

Yun Chung-ok, "Chosenjin jugun ianfu" (Korean military comfort women), in Chosenjin jugun ianfu mondai shiryoshu 3 (Chongshindae resource collection 3) (Tokyo: Chosenjin Jugun Ianfu Mondai o Kangaeru Kai). This collection is a Japanese version of Yun Chung-ok, Chongshindae chaeryojip 3: chongshindae munje Ashia daehwee bokoso (Chongshindae resource collection 3: report of the Asian conference on the "comfort women" issue) (Seoul: Hankuk Chongshindae Munje Daechaek Hyopwihwe [literally the Committee to Resolve the Comfort Women Issue, but the name used in English is the Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan], July 1992).

Nishino Rumiko, Jugun ianfu: moto heishitachi no shogen (Military comfort women: testimony of former soldiers) (Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 1991), pp. 42-43. Jugun Ianfu Mondai Kodo Nettowaku (Military Comfort Women Issue Action Network), Jugun Ianfu Mondai Ajia Rentai Kaigi Hokokushu (Report on the Asian Association Conference on the Comfort Women Issue) (Tokyo: Baibaishun Mondai to Torikumu Kai [Association of Anti-Prostitution Activity], 1993); and Kim Iryumiyon, Tenno no guntai to Chosenjin ianfu, p. 17.

National Christian Council, ed., Report: The Asian Solidarity Forum on Militarism and Sexual Slavery (Nishi-Waseda, Tokyo: National Christian Council, 1994).

Zainichi no Ianfu Saiban o Sasaeru Kai (Support Group for the Lawsuit of Korean Former Comfort Women Resident in Japan), ed., Sojo (Written complaints) (Tokyo: Zainichi no Ianfu Saiban o Sasaeru Kai, 1993).

Kaiho Shuppansha, ed., Kim Hak-soon san no shogen; and Jugun Ianfu Mondai Uriyosong Nettowaku, ed., Kono han o toku.

Hirabayashi Hisae, Kyosei renko to jugun ianfu (Forced recruits and military comfort women) (Tokyo: Nihon Tosho Centa, 1992) p. 189.

Executive Committee, International Public Hearing Concerning Post War Compensation by Japan, ed., War Victimization and Japan: International Public Hearing Report (Tokyo: Toho Shuppan, 1993).

Jugun Ianfu Mondai Uriyosong Nettowaku Nyusuretta (The Military Comfort Women Issue Uriyosong Network newsletter), no.5 (April 1993); and the Zainichi no Ianfu Saiban o Sasaeru Kai, Sojo. This support group also published a booklet, Zainichi moto jugun ianfu, Song Siin-do (The story of Song Siin-do, Korean former "comfort woman" resident in Japan) (Tokyo: Zainichi no Ianfu Saiban o Sasaeru Kai, 1993).

Many books on Korean comfort women are available in Japanese. My report is based on Suzuki's three books (see n. 1) as well as her speeches.

Asahi Shinbun Sha, ed., Onnatachi no Taiheiyo Senso (Women's Pacific War) (Tokyo: Asahi Shinbun Sha, 1992).

Kankoku Teishintai Mondai Taisaku Kyogi Kai (the Japanese name for the Hankuk Chongshindae Munje Daechaek Hyopwihwe, in English the Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Sexual Slavery by Japan [see n. 3] ), ed., Shogen: Kyosei renko sareta Chosenjin gun ianfu tachi (Testimony: kidnapped Korean military comfort women) (Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 1993). This book was written in Korean and then translated into both Japanese and English.

Yun Chung-ok, Chosenjin jugun ianfu mondai shiryoshu 2-3, the Japanese version of Yun Chun-ok, Chongshindae chaeryojip 2-3 (Chongshindae resource collection 2-3).
Zainippon Chosenminshu Josei Domei (People's Republic of Korea Resident in Japan Women's Association), ed., Chosenjin "ianfu" (Korean "comfort women") (Tokyo, Zainippon Chosenminshu Josei Domei, 1992).

Kawada Ayako, Akagawara no ie (A house with a red roof) (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1989). Also see Asahi Shinbun Sha, ed., Onnatachi no Taiheiyo Senso.

Kim Iryumiyon, Jugun ianfu to Naisen kekkon; and Yun Chung-ok, ed., Chosenjin josei ga mita "ianfu mondai" (Korean women's view of the comfort women issue) (Tokyo: Sanichi Shobo, 1992).

Jugun Ianfu Mondai Uriyosong Nettowaku, Kono han o toku.

Yoshimi Yoshiaki, ed., Jugun ianfu shogen shu (A collection of trial documents of military comfort women) (Tokyo: Otsuki Shoten, 1992).

Suzuki, Chosenjin jugun ianfu.

Jugun Ianfu Mondai Kodo Nettowaku, ed., Jugun Ianfu Mondai Ajia Rentai Kaigi Hokokushu.

National Christian Council, ed., Report: The Asian Solidarity Forum on Militarism and Sexual Slavery.

Jugun Ianfu 110 Ban Henshu Iinkai (Military Comfort Women Hot Line Editorial Committee), ed., Jugun ianfu 110 ban (Military comfort women hot lines) (Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 1992).

Takagi Kenichi, Jugun ianfu to sengo hosho (Military comfort women and war compensation) (Tokyo: Sanichi Shobo, 1992).

Fukushima Mizuho, personal interview with the author, April 1992.

Suzuki, "Jugun ianfu" mondai to sei boryoku.

Hwangbou Kangja, "`Zaini' josei to Chosenjin jugun ianfu mondai" (The issue of forced military prostitution from the perspective of Korean women resident in Japan), Joseigaku Nenpo (Women's studies yearly report), vol. 13 (1992), pp. 36-45.

Reipu man (Rape man) is the title of a comic and the name of the central character, whose profession is to rape women.