The Earth orbits around the Sun, and the Moon orbits around the Earth. The Earth also rotates about an axis as it spins, which you can also see, because the green city appears to rotate.

The Earth orbits around the Sun, and the Moon orbits around the Earth. The Earth also rotates about an axis as it spins, which you can also see, because the green city appears to rotate.

TIDES

The tides at a given place in the Earth's oceans occur about an hour later each day. Since the Moon passes overhead about an hour later each day, it was long suspected that the Moon was associated with tides.

The Forces
The Moon exerts a gravitational force on every object on and in the Earth. Tides occur because some parts of the Earth are closer to the Moon than other parts, and those parts experience a larger gravitational tug from the Moon than parts that are further away.
 

The body of the Earth is rather rigid, so effects are small. However, the fluid in the Earth's oceans is much more easily deformed and this leads to significant tidal effects.

A Simple Tidal Model
We may illustrate the basic idea with a simple model of a planet completely covered by an ocean of uniform depth. The gravitational attraction of the Moon produces two tidal bulges on opposite sides of the Earth.
 

There are two bulges because of the gravitational forces. The liquid at point A is closer to the Moon and experiences a larger gravitational force than the Earth at point B or the ocean at point C. Because it experiences a larger attraction, it is pulled away from the Earth, toward the Moon, thus producing the bulge on the right side. The bulge on the left side rises because the Earth is pulled away from the water on that side because the gravitational force exerted by the Moon at point B is larger than that exerted at point C. Then, as our Earth rotates under these bulges, a given point on the surface will experience two high and two low tides for each rotation of the planet.

Spring Tides and Neap Tides
Another complication is that not only the Moon, but other objects in the Solar System, influence the Earth's tides. For most their tidal forces are negligible on Earth, but the gravitational force of the Sun does influence our tides to some degree (the effect of the Sun on Earth tides is less than half that of the Moon).
(more information- http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/moon/Tides.shtml)

There is competition between the Sun and Moon in producing tides.     Graph of Tide Cycles
 

	When the Moon is located at right angles to the Earth-Sun line, the Sun and Moon interfere with each other in producing tidal bulges and tides are generally weaker; these are called neap tides.
	Particularly large tides are experienced in the Earth's oceans when the Sun and the Moon are lined up with the Earth at new and full phases of the Moon. These are called spring tides (the name is not associated with the season of Spring). The amount of enhancement in Earth's tides is about the same whether the Sun and Moon are lined up on opposite sides of the Earth  or on the same side.

A Solar Eclipse Here is an animation of a solar eclipse.   It might look like this:  (but never look directly at a solar eclipse)

A Lunar Eclipse   Here is an animation of a lunar eclipse.

(During a total lunar eclipse the Moon takes on a dark red color because it is being lighted slightly by sunlight passing through the Earth's atmosphere.)

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/tides.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/eclipses.html
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/eclipses_lunar.html

We see phases of the moon because the earth and the moon do not sit still in space. The moon's period of revolution around the earth is 27.3 days.  The sun shines on both the earth and the moon.  When we see moonlight, we are really seeing the sunlight that is reflecting off the surface of the moon.  When we see phases of the moon, we are seeing parts of the moon.

The phases of the moon  have the shape they do because the moon is a sphere (like a globe)and because of our location on the earth when we view the moon.  Half of the moon is always lit, but we cannot always see all that is lit because the lit part of the moon is not always directly facing the earth.
 

Actually the earth, the moon, and the sun aren't always lined up.  If they were, then we would see an eclipse of the moon every month.  Partial eclipses happen, however, only about twice a year.

Links: Graph of Tide Cycles Moon phase calendar http://www.learnwhatsup.com/astro/ How do the phases get their names? Moon phases investigation

Earthrise (as seen from the moon)