Expletives
Topic: notes to self
On October 17, Mr. Eaton told us the definition of an expletive, which is a word that allows the writer to shift the stress of a sentence or embed one sentence in another. The word that is an example.

Notes from Class
Mood:  a-ok
Topic: Notes from Class
8-20-2005

phonetics are units of sound, syntax is the combined structure
there are 3 forms of Language: Latin (romance)which are English, French, Spanish, Italian; Germanic (gutteral) German, Russia, they are harsh to the ear; Tonal (Chinese Japanese)
English is flexible
Transformationalists-use of whole language
Structuralists-use of phonics to teach English
Cultural Expectations-appropriate tones and volume of voice. Distance rule-the emotional distance of the conversation is equal in proposition to the emotioanal closeness of the two. Grammar is the basis of communication and has a sociological aspect.
8 parts of speech: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction,preposition, pronoun, interjection

there are two subject types: implied and inverted
Five noun types: proper, common, abstract, concrete, collective
there are seven types of pronouns: relative, reciprocal, reflexive, intensive, personal. interrogative,demonstrative
a fragment is missing something that must be there to make a sentence
Cognitivism-thinking, automatic thought processes

September 28, 2005
Today we went over verb terms and passive useage. We also did an exercise out of the text. Page 65 part A
1. has worked
2. was working
3. has been playing
4. was being
5. is having
6. have had
7. has had
8. had been being
Eaton told us that has can be both past and present.

October 3, 2005
p. 69-70
1. subjective
Time, passive
2. Group responses

October 5, 2005
Subjunctive identified by two primary characteristics:
1. that
2. ed ending on the verb
habitual-all in active voice and present tense
present progressive-present action of lmtd. duration
Specific point in time-ed
past perfect: had and ed ending on verb
past progressive: was and ing ending on verb
Det. D.O. VP Past participal DO
The pizza was eaten by the boys.

The boys ate the pizza.
Det noun Verb det. D.O.

October 19, 2005
The word "that" acts as an expletive,
referentials are words which lead to another set or phrase.
passive sentences will make sentences longer as well as words like according to, since, due to the fact
Catanative verbs are links to transitive verbs that can take another verb as its object.
Ex: I decided to try to stop smoking.
I enjoy playing the piano. In this sentence, the verb phrase is playing the piano, and I is the pronoun and enjoy is the verb

These are the sentence types:
Imperative-a command
Declarative-ends in a .
Exclamatory-ends in !
Interrogative-ends in ?

October 24, 2005
Interrogative
1.These sentences ask the question who? or where?
2.The subject comes at the end of a sentence.
3.Ends in a ?
4. passive voice

Declarative
1. ends in a . , or an ! or a ? (when the sentence is rhetorical.
2. The sentence makes a statement.
3. Subject is at beginning of sentence
4. convey most human emotive range

Comparative
1. the sentence compares items
2. can be positive or negative
3. then, and/or superlatives (better, best) or both
4. compound sentence is not a simple sentence, usually longer
5. similies & metaphors
6. by looking at the sentence context, one can learn what the reader takes away from the piece of writing.

Imperative
1. Implied subject (you)
2. 1 word sentence
3. ends in a ! or a period.
4. the context is usually demanding.

autoantidisestablishmentarianism is an abstract noun, means to rebel

October 17, 2005
we discussed noun phrase functions (nominals)
a fragment is incomplete, has no subject and verb together

Run on. The implied (you) is the subject and the verb somes first
subject, verb, D.O + IO

A clause has a subject and predicate
A sentence is a word or group of words that and ends with terminating puctuation.

An expletive is a worde that allows the writer
to shift the stress of a sentence or embed one sentence in another.

November 13, 2005
Chapter 14
Sentence Rhythm-cantatative
rhetoric-speech
rhythm-intonation, emotive purpose
controlling rhythm-convey a message in a certain way.
cleft-where you will stress the sentence

use of the passive voice-use it so that we don't betray the agent (who it is) according to , "I was told that", the passive voice is more emotionally distant

Mood:  hug me
Topic: Important People
Noam Chomsky1957, an educator who claimed that we are prewired to speak.
Piageta French scholar who focused much of his work on understanding cognitive behaviors of children. His research, while called into question because of his methods, still serves as a basis from which methods as a basis from which education attempts to tailor knowledge because it is through Piaget that we are given a series of "probable steps" for human growth.

Key Terms
Mood:  cool
Topic: notes to self
Adjectival-describes, identifies, or characterizes the subject Adjective-describes a noun adverb-usually tells "how" or in "what manner." adverbial-a modifier of a verb be patterns-words such as am, are, is, or was that take the place of an action verb, otherwise known as a linking verb pattern clause-a group of words with a subject and a predicate complement-also known as a direct object,a noun phrase following a verb, has a referent different from that of the subject determiner-an article that marks or signals a noun direct object-a nominal slot in the predicate of the transitive sentence patterns, the objective or receiver of the verb's action headwordthe main noun,the word that fills the noun slot in a noun phrase indirect object-the recipient of the things being given Intransitive verb-the verbs of Pattern VI sentences, most of which requires no complement to be complete. linking verb-verbs that require a subject complement to be complete. noun phrase-the noun headword with all of its attendant pre and postnoun modifiers object complement optional slot-the adverbial information that can be added to all the sentence patterns; such information is not required for grammaticality. particle-a word that combines with a verb to form a phrasal verb: look up, look into, or put up with phrasal verb-a verb-particle combination that produces a meaning that cannot be predicted from the meaning of its parts: look up,put up with, or make up phrase-a combination of words that constitutes a unit of a sentence predicate-one of two principal parts of a sentence, the comment made made about the subject. The predicate includes the verb, together with its complements and modifiers. predicating verb-the function of the verb slot slot in the sentence patterns, consisting of the main verb with its auxilaries. The verb expansion rule in chapter 3 accounts for the two auxilary verb combinations of the predicating verb. Preposition-A structure-class word found in pre-position to-that is, preceding a nominal. Prepositions can be classed can classed according to their form as simple (above, at, in, of, ete.) or phrasal (according to, instead of, etc.) Prepositional Phrase-the combination of a preposition and a nominal, which is known as the object of a preposition. pronoun-A word that substitutes for a noun-or more accurately, for a nominal-in the sentence. Reciprocal Pronoun-The pronouns each other and one another, which refer to previous named nouns. Referent-The thing (or person,event, concept, action, etc.)-in other words, the reality-that a word stands for. Reflexive pronoun-A pronoun formed by adding -self or selves-to a form of the personal pronoun, used as an object in the sentence to refer to a previously named noun or pronoun: I gave myself a haircut." Sentence patterns-the simple skeletal sentences, made up of two or three or four required elements that underlieour sentences, even the most complex among them. SubjectThe opening slot in the sentence patterns, filled by a noun phrase or other nominal, that functions as the topic of the sentence. Subject complementThe nominal or adjectival in Pattern II, III, IV, and V sentences following the verb, which renames or modifies the subject. The passive version of a Pattern IX or X sentence will also have a subject complement , the nominal or adjectival that in the active voice functions as the object complement. Transitive verbThe verbs of Patterns VII through X, which require at least one complement, the direct object, to be complete. With only a few exceptions, transitive verbs are those that can be transformed into the passive voice. VerbOne of the four form classes, traditionally thought of as the action word in a sentence. A better way to recognize the verb, however, is by its form , its -s and -ing ending; verbs also have an -ed and an -en form, although in the case of some irregular verbs these forms are not readily apparent. And every verb, without exception , can be marked by auxilaries. Many verbs also have characteristic deviational forms, such as -ify (typify),-ize interrogative termsA sentence that is a question in form. The term interrogative also refers to the whwords in their roles as pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs introducing questions and nominal clauses. Case-A feature of nouns and pronouns that denotes their relationship to other words in a sentence. Pronouns have 3 case distinctions: subjective (eg. I, they, or who; possessive (eg. my, their, their, whose); and objective (eg. me, them, and whom. Nouns have only one case inflection, the possessive (John's, the cat's)The case of nouns other than the possessive is sometimes referred to as common case. Cleft sentence-A sentence variation that provides a way of shifting the stress or matter of focus of the sentence: "A careless bicyclist caused the accident" > "It was a careless bicyclist who caused the acccident"; "What caused the accident was a careless bicyclist." Imperative sentence-The sentence in the form of a command. The imperative sentence includes the base form of the verb includes the base form of the varb and usually and usually and understood subject (you): Eatyour spinach";Finishyour report as soon as possible";You go on without me." Interrogative sentence-A sentence in that is a question in form: "Are you leaving now?""When are you leaving?"