¤ NOTE 051303
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Argument
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► Premise(s) = Reason(s)
► Conclusion
When P is True → Conclusion is True.
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► VALID (P → C: every time guaranteed)
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→ Sound Argument (Premise True)
→ Unsound Argument (Premise NOT True)
► INVALID
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→ Premises are irrelevant
Example) It is Tuesday so it will rain tonight.
→ Premise(s) or Conclusion
→ Ad Hominem: Premises are irrelevant
Example) Mill’s Utilitarianism Book Chapter.2
Modern Moral Philosophy
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►► Two main branches:
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► Consequentialism (Judge by effect: Mill, Bentham - Utilitarianism)
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→ Egoism
☼ Psychological – instinct, self-preservation
☼ Ethical – should/ must/ have to do whichever needed to be done
→ Hedonism
☼ Hedore: Somebody who seeks pleasure all the time
☼ Social Hedonism:
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→ give pleasure to everybody
→ Utilitarianism (Bentham, Mill)
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☺ Maximize pleasure and minimize pain for maximum people concerned
► NonConsequentialism (Emanuel Kant – Duty Ethics)
→ intention to do right thing
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► Divine Command → Authoritarian
► Duty
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→ military: plane/ ordinary command: following orders of a superior
→ Categorical Imperative (Kant):
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☺ Categorical = autonomy, by oneself, …….
☺ Every adult can make one’s own decision and behave based on what they choose so.
☺ Means Test, Universalizability Test (Check note051403)
►► Third branch (or Additional Branch):
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Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics
Teleological → purpose of human life
Intrinsic/ Internal vs. Extrinsic/ External
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► Intrinsic – NonConsequentialism
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Example) 10 Commendments → to be happy in after life
► Intrinsic – Virtue
► Extrinsic - Consequentialism
Jeremy Bentham
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► Social Economist
► Weirdo ☺
► Pan Optican (See: Optican, All: Pan)
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Architectural Idea where one can see the whole view → Feature Control
► Hedonistic Calculus
→ Maximize pleasure and minimize pain for the maximum people concerned
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1. INTENSITY
2. PROPINQUINTY/ PROXING/ NEARRESS
3. DURATION → how long the pleasure will last
4. CERTAINTY
5. EXTENT → how it affect others
Criticism
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Internal vs. External
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External) 1. It doesn’t address Justice & Promises.
Internal) 2. If followed, requires self sacrifice
3. Assuming PLEASURE & PAIN are opposites
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PLEASURE = GOOD vs. PAIN = BAD
