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Journal of Applied Animal Research |
Volume 19 - No. 2
June 2001 |
(Abstracted/indexed in AGRIS Database, Biosis Database, CAB Abstracts,Chemical Abstracts, CURRENT
CONTENTS (AB and ES), Food Science and Technology Abstracts, Indian Science
Abstracts, RESEARCH ALERT, SCISEARCH) |
TOPIC |
AUTHOR |
Nutrient content and in
vitro dry matter digestibility of silages made from various grain
sorghum cultivars |
M. Lema, A. Felix, S. Salako,
E. Cebert and U. Bishnoi (USA) |
Muscular trauma treatment
with the diode laser : an experimental in vivo study in rabbit |
G.A. Guzzardella, G. Morrone,
G. Giavaresi, M. Rocca, P. Torricelli,
M. Fini and R.Giardino (Italy) |
Effect of different
dietary CP levels on the growth, nutrient utilization and carcass
characteristics of finishing barrows and gilts reared in phase feeding
regimen |
J.H. Lee, J.D. Kim, J.H. Kim,
I.H. Kim and In K. Han (Korea) |
Nutrient intake and
digestibility of cotton gin trash treated with hypochlorite oxidant or
extruded |
J.K. Bernard, A. Woldeghebriel
and T.C. Mueller (USA) |
Possible release to the
wild of the captive-bred crested ibis, Nipponia nippon |
Y. M. Xi and N. Fujihara
(Japan) |
Effects of haemoglobin and
transferrin polymorphisms on the performance of Awassi and crossbred ewes
under subtropic environment |
Nazan Darcan and Okan Güney
(Turkey) |
Use of soybean hulls in
broiler litter-based diets fed to beef cattle |
N.K. Gurung, and D.L. Rankins,
Jr. (USA) |
Mortality caused by
Staphylococcus xylosus in red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) fish |
D. Padilla, F. Acosta, F.
Rodríguez, V. Gómez, S. Déniz and F. Real (Spain) |
Seasonal dynamics of dry
matter, crude protein and cell wall digestion in total plant, leaves and
stems of common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) |
R.G. Ramírez, R. Foroughbackhch,
L. Hauad, J. Alba-Avila, C.G. García-Castillo and M. Espinosa-Vázquez
(Mexico) |
Relationship of body
weight at sexual maturity with body weights at various ages in lines of
Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), unselected and selected
for four-week body weight |
I. Oguz, Y. Akbas and Ö. Altan
(Turkey) |
Ultrastructural aspects of
buffalo submandibular glands |
S.H. Mansouri and J. Mehrabi
(Iran) |
Determination of sheep pox
circulating neutralizing antibodies in immunized sheep and goats in the
North Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
S.M. Rashwan, H.N.Al-Khalaf,
M.I. Al-Hamad, M.H. Abdal-Baki and A.H. Ajab (S. Arabia) |
Ultrastructural Characteristics of Alginate-Induced Reddish
Purple Stained Cells (ARPC) in Mouse Peritoneal Cavity |
Wei He, Kazuhiro Fujiki, Noboru
Fujihara |
Economic
analysis of calving interval of hungarian dairy cattle |
A. M.
Safiullah, R. Prabaharan, P. Sadasivam (India) |
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Nutrient
Content and in vitro Dry Matter Digestibility of Silages made from
Various Grain Sorghum Cultivars
M. Lema, A. Felix, S. Salako, E. Cebert, U. Bishnoi
Department of Food and Animal Sciences
Alabama A & M University
Normal, AL 35762, USA
(Revised received November 6, 2000; accepted January 10,
2001)
Abstract
Lema, M., Felix, A., Salako, S., Cebert, E. and Bishnoi,
U. 2001. Nutrient content and in vitro dry matter digestibility of
silages made from various grain sorghum cultivars. J. Appl. Anim. Res.,
19: 129-136.
In the tropics, grain sorghum is an important grain and
forage crop. Silages made from eleven grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor
(L.) Moench] varieties were studied to determine the effect of grain
sorghum variety on nutrient content and in vitro dry matter
digestibility (IVDMD). Results from silage analysis revealed significant
(P<0.05) varietal differences in crude protein (CP), Ca, P, Mg, K, Na,
gross energy (GE), ash, neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), acid-detergent
lignin (ADL), cellulose, hemicellulose contents and IVDMD among grain
sorghum varieties.
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Muscular
Trauma Treatment with the Diode Laser : An Experimental in vivo Study
in Rabbit
G.A. Guzzardella, G. Morrone, G. Giavaresi,
M. Rocca, P. Torricelli, M. Fini, R. Giardino
Department of Experimental Surgery
Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute and Chair of Surgical Pathophysiology
University of Bologna, Bologna-40136, Italy
(Received July 9, 2000; accepted January 16, 2001)
Abstract
Guzzardella, G.A., Morrone, G., Giavaresi, G., Rocca, M.,
Torricelli, P., Fini, M. and Giardino, R. 2001. Muscular trauma treatment
with the diode laser: An experimental in vivo study in rabbit. J.
Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 137-144.
An experimental rabbit model of traumatic muscular lesion
treated using the low-power laser was assessed using histomorphometric and
laboratory tests. Twenty adult New Zealand male rabbits were subjected to
muscular trauma under general anaesthesia. Four days after trauma, rabbits
in A group started a daily laser therapy, while healing occurred
spontaneously in group B animals. The following parameters were analysed on
muscular samples: qualitative histological aspect and quantitative
histomorphometric evaluation of muscular damage and tissue repair. Results
showed a better qualitative and quantitative healing process in traumatised
muscles treated with the diode Ga-Al-As low-power laser, if compared to
muscles where healing occurred spontaneously. The significant results
achieved, demonstrated a relationship between traumatised muscular tissues
and stimulation properties of the laser device, and the rabbit proved to be
a valid experimental animal model for transferring data into clinical
practice.
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Effect of
Different Dietary CP Levels on the Growth, Nutrient Utilization and
Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Barrows and Gilts Reared in Phase
Feeding Regimen#
J.H. Lee*, J.D. Kim2, J.H. Kim3,
I.H. Kim4, In K. Han1
Department of Animal Science and Technology
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Seoul National University, Suweon 441-744, Korea
(Received August 28, 2000; accepted January 20, 2001)
Abstract
Lee, J. H., Kim, J. D., Kim, J. H., Kim, I. H., Han, In K.
2001. Effect of different dietary CP levels on the growth, nutrient
utilization and carcass characteristics of finishing barrows and gilts
reared in phase feeding regimen. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 145-163.
This experiment was to investigate the effects of
different crude protein (CP) sequences on growth performance, nutrients
utilization and carcass characteristics of finishing barrows and gilts under
three phase feeding regimen. A total of 120 finishing pigs (Landrace×Large
White×Duroc) averaging 53.3±0.91 kg of body weight and 30 pigs
(averaging 52.5±0.57, 81.8±0.79 and 100.7±0.89, respectively) were assigned
to the feeding and the metabolic trial, respectively. Experiment was
arranged as a 2×3 factorial design, barrows and gilts and three dietary
treatments. Each treatment had four replicates with five pigs per replicate.
Finishing period (53 to 107 kg) was divided into three phases (53 to 69 kg,
69 to 88 kg and 88 to 107 kg). Dietary treatments included 1) 17%-15%-13%
(high CP), 2) 16%-14%-12% (medium CP), 3) 15%-13%-11% (low CP) sequence for
finishing period. During the overall experimental period (53 to 107 kg),
there was no interaction between sexes and dietary CP levels on growth
performances. Barrows consumed more feed (p<0.01) and grew faster (p<0.01)
than gilts did. ADG of pigs fed on high dietary CP feeding group was
improved significantly than that of pigs fed on low dietary CP feeding group
(p<0.05). Average values of essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino
acids (NEAA) and total amino acids digestibilities were generally not
influenced by dietary CP levels and sexes. However, fecal daily nitrogen (N)
excretion averaged over all periods was significantly higher in high dietary
CP feeing group than in medium and low dietary CP feeding groups (p<0.05).
Averaged blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was greater (p<0.05) in
barrows than in gilts and was increased as dietary CP concentration
increased (p<0.05). Backfat (BF) thickness was greater in barrows than in
gilts (p<0.05). Longissimus muscle area (LEA) was greater in gilts than in
barrows (p<0.01) and was greater in high and medium dietary CP feeding
regimens than in low dietary CP feeding regimen (p<0.05). It is concluded
that 16%-14%-12% dietary CP sequence is desirable in respect of economics
and environment for practical three phase feeding regimen for gilts and
barrows during finishing period.
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Nutrient Intake
and Digestibility of Cotton Gin Trash Treated with Hypochlorite Oxidant or
Extruded1
J.K. Bernard1,2, A. Woldeghebriel3,
T.C. Mueller4
Department of Animal Science
The University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN 37901-1071, USA
(Received September 6, 2000; accepted December 18, 2000)
Abstract
Bernard, J.K., Woldeghebriel, A. and Mueller, T.C. 2001.
Nutrient intake and digestibility of cotton gin trash treated with
hypochlorite oxidant or extruded. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 165-176.
To determine the effect of hypochlorite oxidant and
extrusion on nutrient intake and digestibility of gin trash (GT) and compare
GT with pelleted cottonseed hull (PCSH), two trials were conducted.
Treatments included PCSH, untreated (CONT), predigested with a hypochlorite
oxidant (PD), extruded (EXT) and predigested and extruded (P&E) byproduct.
Five Holstein heifers were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design and fed diets
containing 25% GT or PCSH. Dry matter (DM) intake of heifers was not
different among treatments but intake of diets containing GT was 17% lower
than PCSH. Apparent digestibility of DM, OM, and NDF was similar for all
treatments; however, ADF digestibility was lowest for PCSH compared to CONT,
PD and P&E. Ruminal NH3-N concentration was highest for P&E
compared to PCSH, CONT and PD. Extrusion decreased molar proportions of
acetate (A) and increased propionate (P) resulting in lower A:P ratios.
Molar proportions of butyrate was greatest for CONT and P&E and molar
proportions of isovalerate was greatest for PCSH and PD. Concentrations of
plasma urea-N (PUN) and glucose were not different among treatments. In
situ digestibility of DM and NDF was greatest for GT compared to PCSH.
Treatment of GT with the mixed oxidant or extruding the GT did not improve
DM or NDF digestibility at 48 and 96 h compared to CONT. All GT treatments
were digested equally at 192h. Extrusion improved bulk density of GT by 63%
but did not improve DM intake or apparent digestibility. Extruding the
material treated with the mixed oxidant in the current study appeared to
eliminate any potential increase in apparent digestibility compared with the
PD byproduct. This may in part be attributed to the potential loss of
solublized components resulting in increased concentration of less
digestible fraction in the remaining material.
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Possible
Release to the Wild of the Captive-Bred Crested Ibis, Nipponia nippon
Y. M. Xi, N. Fujihara*
Division of Animal Resource Science
School of Agriculture
Graduate School Kyushu University
Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
(Received February 1, 2001; accepted March 25, 2001)
Abstract
Xi, Y. M. and Fujihara, N. 2001. Possible release to the
wild of the captive-bred crested ibis, Nipponia nippon. J. Appl. Anim.
Res., 19: 177-186.
The present study was designed to try a possible release
to the wild of the captive-bred crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) using
an aviary (flight cage). A special attention was paid to ensure parental
characteristics of human-hand-reared birds. Successful result was obtained
when parental birds (male and female) were kept far from other breeding
birds in captivity. This experiment suggests a possibility of releasing of
human-hand-reared birds to the wild which may contribute to the increase of
population size of the crested ibis in the future.
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Effects of
Haemoglobin and Transferrin Polymorphisms on the Performance of Awassi
and Crossbred Ewes Under Subtropic Environment
Nazan Darcan, Okan Güney
Department of Animal Science
Faculty of Agriculture
Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
(Revised received December 16, 2000; accepted January 25,
2001)
Abstract
Darcan, N. and Güney, O. 2000. Effects of haemoglobin and
transferrin polymorphisms on the performance of Awassi and crossbred ewes
under subtropic environment. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 187-192.
Performance (lactation milk yield, prolificacy, fertility
and litter size) and polymorphisms of two biochemical systems (haemoglobin
and transferrin) of pure Awassi and Çukurova Assaf (Ç. Assaf, 5/8 Awassi +
3/8 East Friesian) and influences of Hb, Tf titred groups on performances of
two genotypes were examined. Performance of Awassi and Ç. Assaf ewes were
significantly different. Furthermore, there was significant difference
between lamb weights at birth and weaning (P<0.01), while no significant
differences between haemoglobin and transferrin types of pure Awassi and Ç.
Assaf (P>0.05) were found. It was confirmed that haemoglobin and transferrin
polymorphisms were found to be effective on the performances of Awassi and
Çukurova Assaf breeds.
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Use of Soybean
Hulls in Broiler Litter-Based Diets Fed to Beef Cattle1
N.K. Gurung2, D.L. Rankins, Jr.3
Department of Animal & Dairy Sciences
Auburn University
Alabama 36849, USA
(Revised received June 7, 2000; accepted December 23, 2000)
Abstract
Gurung, N.K. and Rankins, Jr., D.L. 2001. Use of soybean
hulls in broiler litter-based diets fed to beef cattle. J. Appl. Anim. Res.,
19: 193-201.
Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of
replacing corn with soybean hulls (SH) in broiler litter (BL)-based diets on
nutrient digestibilities and growth rate. Trial 1: 32 predominantly Angus
steers (initial body weight = 274±16 kg) were fed one of four diets over a
112-day period (four steers/pen; two pens/diet). The diets were as follows:
1) 500 g/kg BL and 500 g/kg cracked corn (corn), 2) 500 g/kg BL, 375 g/kg
corn and 125 g/kg SH, 3) same as # 2 and 4) 500 g/kg BL, 250 g/kg corn and
250 g/kg SH. Diets 1, 3 and 4 were supplemented with 1.55 kg of chopped
Coastal Bermuda grass hay per steer per day. Diet 2 received no hay. Total
daily dry matter intake and average daily gains were increased by hay
supplementation (P<0.05). Addition of soybean hulls increased average daily
gains in a linear manner (P<0.05). Soybean hull addition had a quadratic
effect on apparent digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, gross
energy, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and crude protein
(P<0.05). Trial 2: 60 Angus X Charolais heifers (initial body weight
= 193±14 kg) were allotted to one of the following five diets (four
heifers/pen, three pens/diet): 1) 500 g/kg BL and 500 g/kg corn, 2) 500 g/kg
BL, 375 g/kg corn and 125 g/kg SH, 3)500 g/kg BL, 250 g/kg corn and 250 g/kg
SH, 4) 500 g/kg BL, 125 g/kg corn and 375 g/kg SH, and 5) 500 g/kg BL and
500 g/kg SH. There were no differences in total daily feed intakes between
diets (P>0.05) and average daily gains were also similar between treatments
(P>0.05).
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Mortality
Caused by Staphylococcus xylosus in Red Porgy (Pagrus pagrus)
Fish
D. Padilla, F. Acosta, F. Rodríguez, V. Gómez,
S. Déniz, F. Real
Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Trasmontaña s/n. Arucas. 35416
Canary Islands, Spain
(Received July 24, 2000; accepted January 16, 2001)
Abstract
Padilla, D., Acosta, F., Rodríguez, F., Gómez, V., Déniz, S.
and Real, F. 2001. Mortality caused by Staphylococcus xylosus in red
porgy (Pagrus pagrus) fish. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 203-208.
In a group of experimental red porgy breeders from the
Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas de Taliarte (Las Palmas, Spain),
displaying haemorrhages and sudden death, Staphylococcus xylosus was
isolated in pure culture from internal organs showing most prominent lesions
of hepatitis and nephritis. Two trials were carried out to show the
virulence of this isolated strain by two fish species, gilthead seabream (Sparus
aurata) and red porgy (Pagrus pagrus). Similar clinicopathologic
effects resulted from these trials and the red porgies used were the most
affected fishes.
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Seasonal
Dynamics of Dry Matter, Crude Protein and Cell Wall Digestion in Total
Plant, Leaves and Stems of Common Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris)
R.G. Ramírez1*, R. Foroughbackhch1, L.
Hauad1
J. Alba-Avila1, C.G. García-Castillo2
M. Espinosa-Vázquez2
1Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
apartado Postal 142, Sucursal F
San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L. 66450, México
2Departamento de Ganadería
Colegio de Posgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México.
(Revised received October 31, 2000; accepted January 3,
2001)
Abstract
Ramírez, R.G., Foroughbackhch, R., Hauad, L., Alba-Avila,
J., García-Castillo, C.G. and Espinosa-Vázquez, M. 2001. Seasonal
dynamics of dry matter, crude protein and cell wall digestion in total
plant, leaves and stems of common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). J.
Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 209-218.
This study was conducted to estimate and compare,
seasonally, the nutrient content and the rate and extent of digestion of dry
matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and cell wall (CW) of total plant (TP),
leaves (L) and stems (S) of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L). Plants
were sampled in a four-ha pasture at Marin, N.L. County, Mexico, during fall
of 1998, winter, spring and summer of 1999. The in situ technique was
used to estimate effective degradability of DM (EDDM), crude protein (EDCP)
and cell wall (EDCW), using rumen fistulated sheep. Crude protein content in
forage was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons; however,
cell wall and its derivatives (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were
significantly lower in summer. Crude protein content was higher in L than S,
but CW was lower in L than in S. Moreover, EDDM, EDCP and EDCW were
significantly higher in summer than in other seasons and also were higher in
L than in S. Highly significant correlation coefficients between CP, CW and
effective degradability data may indicate that when CP increased and CW
decreased, EDDM, EDCP and EDCW increased. The nutrient content and digestion
parameters of digestion of buffelgrass varied among seasons, being summer
and fall higher in nutrient digestion and spring and winter lower.
Furthermore, leaves of buffelgrass should be considered different entities
than stems when determining nutritional quality.
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Relationship
of Body Weight at Sexual Maturity with Body Weights at Various Ages in Lines
of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), Unselected and
Selected for Four-Week Body Weight
I. Oguz, Y. Akbas, Ö. Altan
Department of Animal Science
Faculty of Agriculture
Aegean University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
(Revised received February 26, 2001; accepted March 20,
2001)
Abstract
Oguz, I., Akbas, Y. and Altan, Ö. 2001. Relationship of body
weight at sexual maturity with body weights at various ages in lines of
Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), unselected and selected
for four-week body weight. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 219-223.
To evaluate the relationship between body weights at
sexual maturity and at various ages in two lines of Japanese quail,
unselected and selected for four-week body weight for ten generation, body
weights of female quails were measured at different days. Selection for
increased 4-week body weight resulted in changes in weights at various ages
and increased the body weight at sexual maturity. In two lines, correlations
between body weights at various ages and body weight at sexual maturity, and
regression of body weight at various ages on weight at the sexual maturity
were generally positive and significantly different from zero. Selection for
increased 4-week body weight in Japanese quail resulted in a delay in age at
sexual maturity and body weights at sexual maturity were highly related to
juvenile body weights in both Japanese quail lines.
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Ultrastructural Aspects of Buffalo Submandibular Glands
S.H. Mansouri, J. Mehrabi
Department of Anatomical Sciences
School of Veterinary Medicine
Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345-1144, Iran
(Revised received September 11, 2000; accepted January 24,
2001)
Abstract
Mansouri, S.H. and Mehrabi, J. 2001. Ultrastructural aspects
of buffalo submandibular glands. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 225-232.
Submandibular glands of five adult male buffaloes were
examined by conventional electron microscopic technique. The glands were
compound tubulo-acinar in nature and consisted of serous, mucous and
seromucous secretory units. Mucous secretory cells were predominant. Few
microvilli were seen at the luminal surface of the secretory units of the
gland. The mucous cells contained scattered mitochondria, parallel and
nondilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, non-developed Golgi
apparatus and a large number of the secretory granules, mostly fused. The
secretory serous cells and demilunes consisted of a large number of
electron-lucent secretory granules and a few secretory granules with
electron dense matrix. In addition, the cells contained rough endoplasmic
reticulum and free ribosomes. Other organelles were sparse. Basal striations
were the main characteristics of the submandibular striated duct cells.
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Determination of
Sheep Pox Circulating Neutralizing Antibodies in Immunized Sheep and
Goats in the North Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
S. M. Rashwan, H. N. Al Khalaf, M. I. Al Hammad,
M. H. Abdel-Baky, A. H. Azab
Veterinary Vaccine Production Center
Riyadh 11454-15831, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
(Received April 28, 2000; accepted September 28, 2000)
Abstract
Rashwan, S. M., Al Khalaf, H. N., Al Hammad, M. I.,
Abdel-Baky, M. H. and Azab, A. H. 2001. Determination of sheep pox
circulating neutralizing antibodies in immunized sheep and goats in the
North Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19:
233-235.
As a first field trial to evaluate the sheep pox vaccine
efficacy under farm conditions, sheep pox virus-neutralizing antibodies were
determined in vaccinated sheep and goats of different breeds, ages and sexes
in one of the biggest mutton farms in the north region of the Kingdom. The
results exhibited 100% post-vaccinal serum neutralizing antibodies with a
titre range of 1.2 to 2.1 log 10 in sheep and 1.2 to 1.8 log 10 in goats.
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Ultrastructural Characteristics of
Alginate-Induced Reddish Purple Stained Cells (ARPC) in
Mouse Peritoneal Cavity
Wei He, Kazuhiro Fujiki, Noboru Fujihara
Animal Resource Science Section
Division of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences
College of Agriculture
Graduate School Kyushu University
Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
(Received May 24, 2000; accepted January 27, 2001)
Abstract
He, W., Fujiki, K. and Fujihara, N. 2001. Ultrastructural
characteristics of alginate-induced reddish purple stained cells (ARPC) in
mouse peritoneal cavity. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 20: 15-26.
To characterize microscopic features of the
alginate-induced reddish purple-stained cells (ARPC) using electron
microscope, one ml of sodium alginate solution (10 mg/ml) was injected into
mice intraperitoneally. Mice were killed after the injection at various time
intervals to collect the peritoneal fluid. The cells contained in the fluid
were collected by centrifugation and subjected to cytological examinations.
As a result, electron microscopy revealed that the vacuole-like organelles (VLO)
contained very small amount of electron-dense substance. The substance was
stained reddish purple with Wright solution. ELISA using anti-alginate
monoclonal antibody and uronic acid determination indicated that the
substance is not phagocytosed sodium alginate but ARPC-derived cellular
materials. It is concluded that the ARPC is shown to be obviously cellular
organelles.
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Economic
Analysis of Calving Interval of Hungarian Dairy Cattle*
A. M. Safiullah, R. Prabaharan1, P. Sadasivam
Veterinary College and Research Institute
Namakkal-637 001, India
( Revised received November 1, 2000; accepted January 30,
2001)
Abstract
Safiullah, A.M., Prabaharan, R., Sadasivam, P. 2001.
Economic analysis of calving interval of Hungarian dairy cattle. J. Appl.
Anim. Res., 19: 237-246.
The impact of various lengths of calving interval (CI)
was analysed by budgeting analysis using Quatro spreadsheet program. The
lifetime milk yield and profit per day was used as a basis on various milk
yields, milk prices and culling strategy either on age of cow or lactation.
Another locally developed biometrical program package was also used to
analyse the distribution of herds using frequency table. Milk production
level over different lengths of CI and average lactational CI in comparison
with each lactation were analysed. Greater portion of herds were distributed
within the CI of 360 days. Annual milk yield got reduced from 4500 to 2272
kg as the CI increased from 360 to 450d. Average CI was found to be higher
for high yielding cows in expectation to have more lactational yields by
keeping them for longer days open. The CI increased as the lactation
progressed upto the fourth and then started decreasing. Increasing CI from
360 to 420 or 450d resulted in a loss of 0.70 to 2.33 or 0.94 to 3.15 USD.
From these findings, it could be concluded that optimum CI should be
adjusted between 360d and 390d.
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