Quiz 1 Answers
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Part
A: Short Answer
1. How do “goosebumps” help protect against rapid cooling?
The erect hair traps warm air.
2. What behavioural adjustments affect thermoregulation?
Wearing clothes, sitting in the sun/shade.
3. What is ADH and where is it produced? Where is ADH stored?
ADH is an antidiuretic hormone produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary.
4. Where is the thirst center located?
5. What is deamination?
It is the removal of an amino group from an organic compound.
1. Nitrogen wastes from the breakdown of proteins and amino acids are
removed from the body by the
a) conversion of ammonia to urea in the liver and filtration by the
kidney.
2. After a severe cut to the skin, the production of urine temporarily
decreases. This can be explained by the drop in blood pressure, which causes
c) the release of aldesterone, which increases Na+
reabsorption in the nephron, leading to increased water reabsorption.
3. An increase in blood pressure in the glomerulas would cause
e) an increase in filtration and decrease in urine output.
4. A rapid increase in external temperature would be followed by which
homeostatic adjustment in humans?
c) an increase in blood flow to the arms and an increase in perspiration
5. Concentrated urine is produced when ADH is
d) abundant and the collecting duct is permeable to water.
Quiz 2 Answers
1. What are target tissues or organs?
Target tissues have specific receptor sites, which bind with hormones.
2. What is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP)?
Cyclic AMP functions as a messenger, activating enzymes in the cytoplasm to carry out their normal functions.
3. How does insulin regulate blood sugar levels?
Insulin decreases blood sugar levels. When blood sugars are high insulin is released.
4. How does glucagon regulate blood sugar levels?
High levels of ACTH stimulate the production and release of cortisol.
High levels of cortisol decrease the production and release of ACTH.
7. How does thyroxine affect blood sugar?
Thyroxine increases metabolic rate. By increasing carbohydrate utilization, blood sugar levels can drop.
8. Why would the removal of the parathyroid glands lead to tetany?
Parathyroids release PTH, which raises calcium levels. Low calcium levels can lead to rapid, uncontrolled muscle twitching, referred to as tetany.
9. What are prostaglandins?
Prostaglandins are hormones that have a pronounced effect in small, localized areas of the body.
10. Why would a marathon runner be unlikely to take growth hormone or
anabolic steroids?
Growth hormone and anabolic steroids increase muscle mass, which adds strength but not endurance. Marathon runners need to increase oxygen delivery.
11. Why is it difficult to detect banned drugs like growth hormone and
EPO?
Growth hormone and EPO are natural products of the human body.
Quiz 3 Answers
Part A: Short Answers
1. Differentiate between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the
central nervous system (CNS).
The PNS includes all parts of the nervous system excluding the brain and the spinal cord, and relays information between the CNS and other parts of the body. The CNS is the body’s coordinating center for mechanical and chemical actions, and is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
2. Differentiate between sensory neurons and motor neurons.
Sensory neurons carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS,
whereas motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to effectors.
Match the following words with the correct function:
a) part of the neuron; an extension of cytoplasm that carries nerve
impulses away from dendrites 5
b) nerve impulses caused by the reversal of charge across a nerve
membrane 2
c) motor nerves, not under conscious control, designed to maintain
homeostasis 7
d) a neurotransmitter that permits the transmission of an action
potential across a synapse 3
e) carries information about the environment to the brain 1
f) a reflex that makes adjustments for near and distant objects 4
g) the time required before another action potential can be produced 6
1. What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?
d) to increase the speed at which nerve impulses travel
2. A person suffers a stroke that results in a loss of speech,
difficulty in using the right arm, and an inability to solve mathematical
equations. Which area of the brain was damaged?
b) left cerebral hemisphere
3. What makes it possible for an impulse to move from one neuron to an
adjacent neuron?
e) Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal of one neuron
and diffuse to the dendrites of the adjacent neuron.
Test Answers
Part A: Multiple Choice
1.
Homeostasis is best defined as
c)
a feedback system designed to maintain body systems within an optimal range
while responding to environmental or external changes.
2.
In times of stress, under the influence of cortisol, levels of amino acids
increase in the blood. Why is this change beneficial as a response to stress?
e)
The amino acids are converted to glucose by the liver, raising blood sugar,
thereby providing more energy to deal with stress.
3.
Which of the following choices signifies the beginning of menstruation?
b)
FSH and LH secretions decrease and the corpus luteum deteriorates
4.
Which of the following describes a negative feedback reaction?
c)
LH stimulates the interstitial cell to produce testosterone, which inhibits the
release of LH.
5.
Two hormones that adjust body systems for short-term stress and long-term
stress, respectively, are which of the following?
d)
epinephrine and cortisol
6.
Identify a glucocorticoid released by the adrenal cortex.
e)
cortisol
7.
Glucagon is produced in an organ and affects target cells that are in another
part of the body. The organ of production and the location of the target cells
are, respectively, which of the following?
a)
pancreas and liver
8.
Which of the following would be the result of hyper-secretion of the thyroid
gland?
b)
a tendency not to gain weight, a warm peripheral body temperature, and a high
energy level
Part
B: Short
Answer
1.
Describe the two main functions of the liver and its connection to the kidneys.
The liver transforms ingested toxins, such as alcohol and heavy metals, into soluble compounds that can be eliminated by the kidneys. The liver also transforms the hazardous products of protein metabolism into metabolites, which are then eliminated by the kidneys. The kidneys remove waste, balance blood pH and maintain water balance.
2.
A drug causes dilation of the afferent arteriole and constriction of the
efferent arteriole. Indicate how the drug will affect urine formation.
Blood moves into the glomerulus, but not out easily. Pressure increases filtration and urine production increases.
3.
Why do the walls of the proximal tubule contain so many mitochondria?
It is the site of active transport, which requires energy from ATP.
4.
How does excessive salt intake affect the release of ADH from the pituitary
gland?
Salt increases osmotic pressure in the blood, causing the hypothalamus to shrink and release ADH.
5.
Briefly describe the function of the following parts of a neuron:
a) dendrites: carry impulses toward the cell body
b) myelin sheath: covers axons and acts as an insulator for the neurons
c) Schwann cells: produces the myelin sheath
d) cell body: contains nucleus and receives impulses from dendrites and projects impulses to the axon
e) axon: carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
Part
C: Fill
in the Blanks
1.
human, 370C, 7.35
2.
increases, release, glucose, adjustments, regulators
3.
sensors, nerve, hypothalamus, sweating
4.
organs, increase, constriction, reduces, retains
5.
autonomic sympathetic nervous, nervous
6.
brain, spinal cord
7.
fluid, absorber, transport, brain, cells, blood
8.
spinal, sensory, brain
9.
body, waste, lungs, intestine, kidneys
10.
nephrons, kidneys
11.
wastes, blood, nephron
12.
permeable, NaCl, water, upper, distal, collecting
13.
incoming, outgoing
14.
nerves organs central nervous
15.
receptor, sensory, motor, effector
16.
diffusion, nerve, loses, positive, gains, positive
17.
nervous, control, organs
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