Chapter 5
Chemicals in Action
Chemical compounds can be classified as ionic of molecular. These compounds can be represented with chemical formulas and naming systems. Both ionic and molecular compounds include naturally occurring and synthetic materials that can be used in a variety of products.
In this chapter, you will be able to:
- recognize the relationships among chemical formulas, composition, and names;
- write the chemical formulas for ionic and molecular formulas compounds, and name these compounds using appropriate vocabulary;
- perform chemical tests, including those to identify common gases, safely and accurately.
Chapter 6
Understanding Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions can be classified according to the types of reactants involved. These reactions can be represented using words and balanced chemical equations. Chemical reactions can produce useful new products, but can also produce toxic substances that may affect the environment.
In this chapter, you will be able to:
- apply the Law of Conservation of Mass to balance chemical equations;
- recognize and predict the products of different types of chemical equations;
- represent chemical reactions using word equations and balanced chemical equations;
- obtain qualitative and quantitative data to analyze patterns in chemical reactions, to compare theoretical and empirical values, and to calculate experimental errors;
- describe how an understanding of chemical reactions has led to the production of new consumer products and technological processes.
Chapter 7
Controlling Chemical Reactions
The speed or rate of chemical reactions can be affected by several factor, including temperature and concentration of reactants. Factors that affect rates of reaction can apply to laboratory experiments, to the production of chemicals in industry, and to common reactions around the home.
In this chapter, you will be able to:
- explain how factors affect rates of chemical reactions;
- design and perform controlled experiments to gather experimental data and to investigate variables that affect rates of chemical reactions;
- identify everyday examples of ways in which rates of reaction are controlled.
Chapter 8
Acids and Bases
Acids and bases are compounds of particular interest because of their reactivity. They can be produced through the reaction of metals and nonmetals with oxygen and the reaction of their oxides with water. Acids and bases are important in many industrial reactions that produce both useful materials and pollutants.
In this chapter, you will be able to:
- describe and experimentally investigate the relationships among metals, nonmetals, acidic oxides, acids, bases and salts;
- describe acid-base neutralization and how the pH scale relates to the acidity of solution;
- conduct experiments to identify the relative acidity the relative acidity or pH of common substances;
- explain how environmental challenges, such as acid rain, can be understood and addressed through a knowledge of acids and bases.
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