William C. Stokoe Jr.
(July 21, 1919 - April 4, 2000)

Dr. William C. Stokoe (pronounced STOH-key) Jr., a renowned linguistics pioneer, a Gallaudet University professor emeritus of linguistics and one of the most influential hearing individuals in the Deaf community who was known throughout the Deaf community as the Father of ASL for his significant contributions to ASL (American Sign Language). William C. Stokoe was born in July 1919 in New Hampshire. He attended Wells College in 1937 with his intention to study physical chemistry but it consumed time and money. So, he turned his interest to English courses. He later received his Ph.D. in English in 1946 and taught English at Wells College for seven years.

Prior to his service in Gallaudet, he had no knowledge of Sign language. In the 1950's, many people perceived American Sign Language as "broken English" and did not regard it as a true language. The use of ASL was prohibited from many educational institutions.

In the fall of 1955, Dean George Detmold whose friendship with Dr. Stokoe that led to his career in Gallaudet hired him as the chair of the Department of English because of his expertise in Old and Middle English although he reluctantly took his job in teaching since he did not know how to sign. In the following year, William Stokoe arrived at Gallaudet College to teach English where he was first exposed to deaf people signing. While he taught students and learned signs, he realized that his signs were not like the deaf faculty members and deaf students used. He recognized that they communicated with each other smoothly.

While most of his colleagues and a vast majority of linguists dismissed signing as mere mimicry of speech, Stokoe saw in it elements of a distinctive language all its own. Then he pursued researching on language itself. However he received harsh criticism and skepticism from his colleagues. Other faculty members ridiculed or reviled him, and many deaf members of the Gallaudet community laughed at his efforts. Still he maintained his belief that there is more to the sign language than meets the eye.

Dr. Stokoe's breakthrough came in 1960, five years after his arrival in Gallaudet when his book Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf. was published. At first, he did not receive much support but thereafter his continuing research on the linguistics of ASL silenced the critics. In 1965, Stokoe, along with Carl Croneberg and Dorothy Casterline, co-wrote A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles. Those books proved that the sign language passed the definition of a language. Stokoe's beliefs gradually drew wide acceptance and persuaded schools for the deaf to re-evaluate their approaches.

Thanks to Dr. Stokoe's hard labors, American Sign Language scientifically and unequivocally met the full criteria of linguistics--phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and use of language--to be widely classified as a fully developed, natural, independent, mature and real language.

In 1971, William Stokoe gave up his post as English Department Chairman and devoted all of his time to linguistics. And the following year, he became the director of the Linguistics Research Laboratory which he established at Gallaudet until 1984. Later in 1972, he edited the journal Sign Language Studies to sustain an unpopular dialogue until it ended in 1996. Afterwards, he was awarded for his remarkable achievements in the field of ASL linguistics. In May 1988, he received an Honorary Degree for his advocacy of ASL linguistics from Gallaudet University.

Following Dr. Stokoe's retirement from Gallaudet in 1984, he was named Professor Emeritus and was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University in 1988. He also received honorary doctorates from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark and Madonna University in Michigan. Dr. Stokoe was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the Cosmos Club of Washington D.C. He was a past president of the St. Andrews Society of Washington and had served as pipe major of the Washington Scottish Pipe Band. His hobbies included playing the bagpipes.

In addition to his work on ASL, Dr. Stokoe was also one of a group of international scholars who led a revival of scientific interest in the origin and evolution of the human capacity for language Throughout his life, William Stokoe wrote, co-wrote and contributed many books relating to the Study of Sign Language. His also owned and operated his own publishing company, Linstok Press, with his wife, Ruth Stokoe until 1997. He traveled widely around the world, speaking and delivering papers on the subject of Sign Language.

William Stokoe died of Myeloma which was known as bone cancer on April 4, 2000 at his home in Chevy Chase, MD.

Father of ASL

Stokoe's research on ASL linguistics, personal advocacy and published works resulted into the recognition that the American Sign Language is a true, fully formed, human language with its own syntax, semantics and grammatical structures, thus overcoming the contentions of linguists that it was little more than a rudimentary imitation of the spoken word.

Cultural Behaviors

Deaf	Hearing
attention getting devices, flicker the lights, stomping feet and throwing things	"Hey"
kitchen entertainment (party guests tend to congregate in kitchen because of better lighting and easier to see everyone signing.)	living room entertainment
long introduction rituals: where are you from? what schools did you study in? who are your parents?...etc.	short introduction rituals: "nice to meet you"
conversation regulators, head nods, specific gestures	"hmmmmm", "uh--huh"
eye contact	ear contact
facial expressions	poker face
pointing is permitted (pronouns, directions)	pointing is prohibited (considered rude)
hugging	shaking hands
overstaying or long goodbyes	short stays or short goodbyes
misbehaving children cover eyes	misbehaving children cover ears

American Sign language Fingering Alphabet

A	B	C	D	E	F
G	H	I	J	K	L
M	N	O	P	Q	R
S	T	U	V	W	X
		Y	Z

Definition of ASL A short name for American Sign Language It is a natural and real language. It is the signed language of the Deaf World in the U.S. It is visual-gestural and visual-manual. It has it's own grammar and syntax. It is not based on English but has a structure that more closely resembles French. It is the third most used language in America.

American Sign language	English
Signed	Spoken
It is a language because it has a grammar with rules of word and sentence formation.	Has grammar rules
It is visual based (e.g. handshapes, movements and palm orientation or location of a hand)	It is audio-based (e.g., consonants and vowels)
Does not rely on word order	Rely on word order

William Stokoe's biography - Dedicated to Father of ASL.

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