Introduction1
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Lesson 1 |
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What is a Noun!!!! A noun is a word that can be a person, an animal, a place, a thing, an event, or idea. As you can see, a noun can be a word that names something tangible, that is, something you can touch, such as lamb, horse, or car. A noun also can be a word that names something abstract or intangible that you cannot touch. Such love, justice, or honor. A noun that does state a name of a specific person, place, or thing, etc. is called a common noun. A common noun does not begin with a capital letter; unless it is the first word of a sentence. All nouns in the preceding list that are not capitalized are common nouns. A noun that is the name of a specific person, place, thing etc. is called a proper noun. A proper noun always begins with a capital letter. All the nouns in the preceding list that are capitalized are proper nouns. Bill Smith is the best friend A noun that is made up of two or more words is called compound noun. A compound noun can be common as Ice Cream or comic strip. Or proper noun such as, South America or Mexico City. Paragraph example In Spanish nouns are identified in the same way they are in English. Terms used to talk about Nouns Gender - A noun has gender, that is, it can be classified according to whether it is masculine, feminine, or neuter. Number - A noun has a number, that is, it can be identified to whether it is singular or plural. Function - A noun can have a variety of functions in a sentence; that is, it can be the subject of the sentence. What is mean by Gender? !!!!!! Gender is the grammatical sense means that the word can be classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter. Gender it is not very import in English. However. It is at the very heart of the Spanish language because the gender of a word often affects the ay that the word is pronounced and pronounced More part of the speech have gender in Spanish than in English as we will indicated after. In English Nouns themselves do not a gender, but sometimes their meaning will indicate a gender based on the biological sex of the person or animal named by the noun. When we replace a proper or common noun with he or she, we automatically use he for male and she for female. All the nouns that things that do not have sex are replace by it. Nouns referring to males indicate the masculine gender. Paul was tired; he was tired, and I was glad to see him. Nouns referring to females indicate the feminine gender. The girl comes home; she was tired and I was glad to see her. All other nouns, which do not indicate a biological gender, are considered neuter. The city of Washington is lovely. I enjoyed visiting it. There are a few well-known exceptions, such as ship, which is referred to as she. It is custom, not logic, that decides. In Spanish All nouns- common nouns and proper noun - have a gender; they are either masculine or feminine. Do not confuse the grammatical terms " masculine " and "feminine" with the meaning of male or female. Only a few words have a grammatical gender tied to the whether they refer to someone of the male or female sex. Most nouns have a gender that must be memorized. The gender of nouns based on biological gender is easy to determine. These are nouns whose meaning is always tied to one or other of the biological sexes, male or female. Examples The gender of all nouns, proper nouns, common and proper, cannot be explained or figure out. These nouns have a grammatical gender that is unrelated to biological gender. Here are some examples of English nouns classified under gender of their Spanish equi9valence. Examples You will need to know the gender of every Spanish noun you learn. Gender is important not only for the noun itself, but for the spelling of the words it influences. Since a noun alone does not usually indicate its gender. When learning vocabulary, you will have to learn a noun with its article because the article does indicate gender. Endings indicate Gender. Gender can sometimes be determined by looking and the end of the Spanish noun. Feminine Endings - a - dad, tad - z - ion, -cion - umbre - ie Masculine endings - l - o - n - e - r - s to help tp you to re,e,ber thoses endings note that for the masculine endings the letter spell "loners.' There are of course exceptions to the above rules: la mano (hand) and el dia (day) are two common exceptions. Your textbook and instructor will point out the exception that you will need to learn. What is meant by Number !!!!!! Number in the grammatical sense means that a word is singular or plural. When a word refers to a person or thing, it is said to be singular; when it refers to more than one, it is plural. More parts of the speech indicate number in Spanish then in English; there are also more spelling and pronunciation changes in Spanish as the following list indicates. English Spanish Nouns nouns Verbs verbs Pronouns pronouns Only demonstrative adjectives Adjectives articles Since each part of speech follows its own rules to indicate number, you will find number discussed in the sections dealing with articles. The various types of adjectives and pronouns as well as in the all sections on the verbs and their tenses. In these section we shall only look at number as it applies to nouns. In English A singular noun is made plural in one of two ways: - a singular noun can add an "-s" or "-es" Book books Church churches - a singular noun can change its spelling Man men Mouse mice Leaf leaves Child children A plural noun is generally spelled and pronounced differently from the singular. Some nouns, called collective nouns, refer to a group of persons or things, but the noun itself is considered singular. A football team has eleven players. In Spanish As English, the plural form of a noun is usually spelled differently form the singular. - Nouns that end in a vowel add "-s" to the singular noun " Libro Libros book books " Mesa mesas table tables - Nouns that end on a consonant add "-es" to the from a plural " Papel papales paper papers A few nouns will have internal spelling changes when they become plural. One such common change is '-z" to "-c-": lapis ______lapices. What are articles?!!!!!!!! An article is a word placed before a noun to show whether the noun refers to a specific person, animal, place, thing, or idea, or whether the noun refers to unspecified person, thing, or idea. I saw the boy you spoke about I saw a boy in the street. Definite Articles In English A definite article is used before a noun when we are speaking about a specific person, place, animal, thing, or idea. There is one definite article: the I saw the boy you spoke about The definite article remains the when the nouns that follows becomes plural. I read the books you recommended I ate the apples you gave me. In Spanish As is English, a definite article is used before a noun when referring to a specific person, place, animal, thing, or idea. However, in Spanish, the article works hand on hand with the noun it belongs to in that it matches the noun's gender and number. This 'matching" is called agreement. (One says that the article agrees with the noun.) A different article is used, therefore, depending on whether the noun is masculine or feminine (gender) or depending on whether the noun is singular or plural (number). Because these articles are both pronounced and spelled differently, they indicate the gender and number of the noun to the ear as well as the eye. There are four forms of the definite article: two singular forms and two plural forms. El indicates that the noun is masculine singular. La indicates that the noun is feminine singular Los indicate that the noun is masculine plural Las indicated that the noun is feminine plural. The definite article is used more frequently in Spanish than in English La quimica es dificil Chemistry is difficult Memorize nouns with the singular definite article; in most cases the article will tell you if the noun in masculine or feminine. See exceptions Indefinite articles An indefinite article is used before a noun when we are speaking about an unspecified person, animal, place, thing, event, or idea. There are two indefinite articles: a, and an. A is used before a word beginning with a consonant. I saw a boy in the street. An, is used before a wors beginning with a vowel. I ate an apple The indefinite article is used only with a singualr |
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