Generations of the COMPUTERS:
A little more than 50 years have passed since the first electronic computer has appeared. For this short period for development of the society several generations of computers changes one anofter, and the first COMPUTERS are a museum rarity today. The history of development of computer facilities represents considerable interest, showing close interrelation of mathematics with physics (first of all with physics of a hard body, semiconductors, electronics) and modern technology, thet level of development in many respects determineds progress in production computing mashineryer facilities.
In our country the electronic - computers are knovn to bediving into generations. The speed of generations change for a short history of development is characteristic computer engineering, first of all for four generations have already changed one andered and now we work with the computers of the fifth generation. What is a characteristic feature wherepy the is referered to this or that generation? It is first of all its element base (what elements it is mainly constructed), and such important characteristics, as speed, memory capacity, ways of control and processing of information. Certainly, the division of COMPUTERS into generations in conventional to certam extent. There are many models, which belong to one generation by certain characteristics and to another by other ones. And still, despite of this conventional by the generations of COMPUTERS may be considered as qualitative leap in the development of electronic - computer facilities.
The first generation of COMPUTERS (1948 — 1958 гг.)
The element base of the machines of this generation was presented by electronic lamps - diodes and triodes. The machines intended for solution of the rather simple scientific and technical tasks. To this generation of the COMPUTER it is possible to refer: SECM, BESM-1, М-1, М-2, М-З, “Strela”, “Minsk-1”, “Ural-1”, “Ural - 2”, “Ural - 3”, M-20, "Setun", BESM-2, "Razdan". They were of significant size, consumed much power, had a low reliability of operation and weak software. Their speed did not exceed 2 — 3 thousands operations per second, the capacity of the main memory — 2К or 2048 machine words (1K=1024) in length 48 binary digits. In 1958 the machine M-20 with the memory of 4К and the speed about 20 thousands operations per second appeared. In the machines of a first generation the main logical principles of construction of the electronic - computer and Gonu von Neimanis ideas, the concerning operations of the COMPUTER by the program, input into the memory, and input data (numbers) were realized.
This period was the beginning of commercial application of electronic computers for data processing. In computers of this time the electrovacuum lamps and peripheral memory on a magnetic drum were used. They were entangled by wires and had access time 1х10 -3 с. The industrial systems and compilers have not appeared yet. At the end of this period there began tproduction devices witch the memory on magnetic cores. The reliability of the COMPUTERS of this generation was the lowest.
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