1. My Original Article that started it all posted in http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/597 Response to my article: Message #606 2. My response(message#620) to message#606 Response to 597/606: Message #619 3. My response(message#627) to message#619 Response to 627: Message #633 4. My response(message#654) to message#633 Response to 654: Message #655 5. My response(message#663) to message#655 Response to 663: Message #672 & Message #673 6. My response(message#686) to messages #672 & #673 Response to 686: Message #694 & Message #695 7. My response(message#716) to messages #694 & #695 Response to 716: Message #721 8. My response(message#724) to message#721 Response to 724: Message #757 9. My response(message#774) to message#757 Response to 774: Message #790 10. My response(message#800) to message#790 ("What science says about life") 1. My Original Article that started it all: In http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/597 Subject: Some thoughts on Abortion Issue Date: Mon, 26 May 2003 18:08:58 -0400 The abortion issue has two unrelated aspects that are subject to debate and get quite mixed up. One is the philosophical question as to whether the ACT of abortion should be considered unethical and the other is the question whether it is the women who should have the sole right to decide whether to abort or not. These two are totally unrelated and it is logically possible to take any combination of stands on these two questions. The first issue is gender neutral and is a question whose answer is bedevilled by the problem of subjectivity in (a) the notion of life itself in deciding at what stage is abortion considered as taking life and (b) the problem in judging whose life is more important, the mother's or the unborn child in the eventuality when medical complications can permit only either mother or the child to live, or when its known that the child will be born with serious handicap that will render the child dysfunctional mentally and thus physically. The first subjectivity in (a) can be best resolved by a deeper knowledge of molecular genetics, neuroscience and embryology. But even such objectivity may not be acceptable to those whom it will not favour in such an emotionally polarized issue. subjectivity in (b) is harder to resolve but even here an objective answer is possible by evolutionary biology by calculating the best odds for the survival of species and genetic propagation in such a choice. But again that will not be acceptable to the mother for sure due to the inherent biological instinct of self-preservation (The selfish gene paradigm again). A classic case of genetic impulse being at odds with the moral instincts of frontolimbic forebrain. The second aspect of the issue being an adversarial one between genders, any logical resolution of the question will not be equally acceptable to both genders. Only if rationality is placed above emotion and gender interest, can the solution, if any, be agreed upon in principle (But may not be agreeable though) by both. I will try to address both the issues rationally, In my discussion of the first aspect, I may seem to be defending a pro-life stand, but in fact my arguments do not reflect an apriori stand, but only serve to emphasize that to be consistent with reason and with the values and principles that are widely accepted, the common pro-choice arguments provided in defense of abortion can be responded with more defensible counter arguments. But first a clarification: IN WHAT FOLLOWS IT WILL BE ASSUMED THAT THE PREGNANCY DID NOT RESULT FROM RAPE, BUT FROM A CONSENTUAL ACT OF LOVE. One common argument defending choice of abortion is that it is the woman has to go through complications and travails of pregnancy risking her life, so she has the right to choose what she thinks is best for her body. No one else has any right to decide for her. The relevant counterpoint here is that she had a better choice. If she wants to avoid all these risks then she can simply take necessary precautions (There are more than one safe way of doing this) to prevent pregnancy. Or simply abstain from engaging in the act of love. By engaging in act of love consentually with a man she is in effect accepting to share part of the responsibilties/ rights of the outcome of such an act. A woman who conceives due to a consentual act of love without taking any preventive measure cannot morally have the same rights as the of a victim of rape. In the former case, the woman was a willing collaborator, so to speak in the pregnancy and should be subjected to some accounatabilty and thus some curtailing of her rights. Consentually engaging in act of love out of impulse without taking the necessary precaution and then killing the fetus after pregnancy just to relieve oneself of all the pains and tribulations of pregnancy is an easy but irresponsible way of solving one's personal problem. This can be no more justified than the killing by drowning of two babies by their mother Susan Smith, as the children appeared to be liabilities and getting in the way of her relationship with her boyfriend. She chose an easy way out of her problems by killing her babies instead of acting responsibly. The responsible way to solve is by taking the steps to prevent conception, abstain from the act of love, or to undertake the responsibilty of rearing the child by making whatever sacrifice necessary. Anothet common argument is also made that an embryo/foetus is not a fully developed conscious human so can be destroyed with moral impunity. Its like saying that a plant is valuable but not the seed (Which produces the plant) so you can destroy seeds at will. Some argue that abortion should be ethical up to the 15th week of pregnancy, because that is when the spinal cord and brain become fully active in the fetus and so only after that can it become the right to child's life issue. There is an ethical dilemma in this position. The above implies that abortion on the 16 the week is killing a life, but is not in the 14th week. Now is the boundary between life and death a matter of one's perception of a criterion? Is the change in 15th a sudden abrupt one? it is not, it is a gradual evolutionary one that is merely the unfolding of the genetic code in the embryo with the mother's womb serving as the early ambience for temperature control and as a startup process for eventual independednt growth outside. An embryo is on its way to being a human being. All the genetic code is already there, a diploid set of chromosomes. The neurons, the main player of consciousness forms and multiplies continuously througout the gestation. So the 15 week threshold is only a convenient one for someone to plan an abortion ahead and justify it by doing it before the 15th week. It is not a meaningful ethical rationalization at all. If it is 100% unethical to abort on the 16th week, it cannot be 0% unethical on the 14th week, because there is a gradual evolution (onotgeny) of the embryo. An ethical decision should be less conditional. Just like rape of an autistic girl is not less culpable than rape of a bright articulate girl. If killing a foetus (which would have evolved into a fully grown person and had all the genetic materials and code to become a fully developed human) is justified to alleviate one's own personal suffering and physical pain then it can also be justified in the case of killing a minor child or infant when it serves the same purpose. The argument that the fetus has no consciousness is not a cogent one. Because consciousness is LATENT in the fetus or embryo. A sleeping human has no awareness either. It remains latent. It appears after a few hours, for a fetus it may be years. Besides an infant has also very primitive level of consciousness and even less awareness than some advanced animals. So we cannot arbitrarily assign an abrupt threshold to relieve aborting an embryo or fetus of moral culpability but not taking the life of an infant. Another pro-choice argument may be that the fetus is not capable of experiencing the pain of death because of undeveloped nervous system. That also is not a unique defense. Euthensia can also cause painless death to human or infant. The argument that a fetus is not a functionaing member of society and actively contributing to it like a fully grown human is. That is also not a convincing one. A healthy infant also hardly contributes actively to society and the world. So is an Alzheimer patient. Or by the same logic an old and sick person may become a serious liability for his or her spouse or son or daughter and the spouse or son or daughter may argue that his or her pain and suffering in taking care of the old soul can only be understood by him or her and its solely his or her problem and hence has the moral right to take the old person's life to bring an end to his or her own suffering. And that no one should have any moral say on his or her decision. So the case for abortion is no more convincing for taking life in all these other cases discussed, if we value life from such an utilitarian point of view. For all practical purpose no difference exists. But the latter is unacceptable by widely accepted values and principles. The bottom line is that a pregnancy due to consentual act of love morally binds BOTH the parents to take responsibility on themselves for the outcome of the act, not shift it to the what would potentially become a fully finctional human. Another defense used by pro-choice advocates is that for many married women birth control fails them, and they annot afford a child and cannot imagine carrying a child for nine months with the father looking away etc. Thats also points to the limitations/failures of the parents, NOT the unborn child. So logically it is the parent who must take responsibility and pay or sacrifice for such imitations and failures (And it would hardly be a supreme sacrifice), not the unborn child who has to pay by a supreme sacrifice for the parent's limitations/failures. Whether killing an embryo/fetus is killing a life or not should be decided A PRIORI, not A POSTERIORI, after the the fact of the complicacy of pregnancy has occurred, because the decision has a drastic implications in the two possible cases. In one decision, it would be a case of murder, and in another, a case of disposing an unwanted object/article. Any post hoc rationalization of abortion is a convenient one and hence not a truly ethical rationalization. Now let me address the second aspect of abortion relating to rights. It is not fair to say without qualification that abortion is ONLY a woman's right to choose. This lumps the case of a rape by a stranger on the same footing with consentual act of love between two lovers having mutual feeling. Pregnancy can occur in both cases, but obviously the situation that led to it are very different. Its only fair in case of rape. A women cannot conceive without a man and in a pregnancy not resulting from rape they both have equal responsibilty. Again as a reminder, all the discussion that follows it will be assumed that the pregnancy occured due to a consentual act of love. The common ground for advocating abortion as women's right issue is that it is the woman who has to go through the complication and travails of pregnancy . Granted, the woman goes though the travails during pregnancy. But a woman's travail's should not disqualify a man' s right. A person can be disqualified from rights only by his/her own wrongful act or conduct. "A" cannot lose "A"'s rights due to "B"'s hardship. "A" can lose "A"'s rights due to "A"s own irresponsibility or misconduct. The travails of a pregnancy is built in nature and its not a pain that one is voluntarily taking over from another. A natural event cannot entitle one to a greater right just by that fact alone. This becomes a human rights issue (or an equal/ proportional rights issue). One entity's (gender,race etc) right cannot be at the cost of another's. If hypothetically lets say that conception could occur in both female and male and could be chosen by some means and then if a woman graciously agreed to volunteer to do it then she would have by that very act deserved a higher rights over man or conversely the man would be deemed to have relinquished his share of rights by not volunteering. It is also contended often by pro-choice advocates that women should have rights on her body, no one else should have the right to decide what she can do with her body. The counterpoint to this is: Right over her "body" is not same as right over the "fetus". Of course no one can have right over anther's body. An embryo is not part of her body like her other organs are. A fetus is not something that a woman acquires from birth but is an entity that was created by a collaboration, so to speak between a male and a female and hence it cannot be the sole property of one or the other. Any common sense law says that anyone who is involved (In whatever way, directly or indirectly) in an activity/project, acquires rights on it proportional to his/her contribution to such an activity/ project. Just because the embryo physically resides in the females body does not entitle her to a full ownership. Take an analogy. If "A" and "B" jointly bought an article for use by both, then even if the article (TV. etc anything) stays in "A"'s room, it still is a joint property and "A" cannot lay full claim on it. Only a property that anyone aquires solely on their own gets full ownership. If a woman chooses to become pregnant by insemination through sperms purchased or donated through a sperm bank, then she has total ownership of the embryo. And she can whatever she chooses to do with it. The sperm donors effectively relinquished their rights on their sperm by donating/selling it to a sperm bank. Often pro-choice advocates argue that it is the mother who sacrifices and nourishes the fetus, so a man cannot have any say on abortion of the fetus. If pro-choice advocates argue that the fetus is the sole ownership of the mother and not the father, the that argument can be turned around and one can ask, will the pro-choice accept that in case the mother does not choose to abort, should it also be her sole responsibility to look after the fetus, that men should have no responsibility (Like contributing to the maternity care that the expecting mother needs), as he has zero ownership of the fetus? The argument cuts bothways. But even the argument that it is the mother alone who is nourishing and sacrificing to bear the fetus is flawed. The mother is no doubt provides nutrition to the fetus. But she only acts as the conduit. The food and care that a pregnant mother herself needs is not necessarily self-provided. The father contributes significantly. (Again we are excluding the cases where the father is absconding and the mother is forced to handle everthing one her own, in which case he forfeits his rights on the fetus). So the argument that it is the mother who is solely bearing the burden of bringing up the fetus does not hold water in most cases. The moot point here is that a pregnancy is a joint rights and responsibilities issue, not of one or the either exclusively. Responsiblities and rights go hand in hand. Irresponsiblities always forfeit a right. A criminal is forced to stay in a jail forfeiting his/her rights to a free movement although he/she was entitled to the right to move about freely like the rest do but the criminal act forfeited it. If a man doesn't stand by the pregnant woman and walks away from her after pregnancy then that would amount to an irresponsible act and he effectively has relinquished his right. So in this case all the right of abortion goes to the woman naturally. But in all other cases its a shared right and the choice of abortion has to be made jointly on a consensus basis. So to say without qualification that a man has 0% right on abortion decision period is grossly unfair and would be clearly equivalent to saying that a man has 0% right and woman has 100% just because of their genders and would thus be a highly sexist statement (against men) in the same manner that so many sexist statements are made (against women). Two wrongs don't make a right. Aparthib 2==== I respond in http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/620 to a response to my above article in: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/606 Subject: Re: [uttorshuri] Some thoughts on Abortion Issue To: uttorshuri@yahoogroups.com Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2003 18:03:10 -0400 Re: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/606 One theme of the above message was: What is unacceptable for one may not be unacceptable for another, or vice versa. That is known as cultural relativism (CR) and is shown by ethical philosophers to be flawed in cases of moral issues of universal nature. CR is invoked by CR-ists to defend self-immolation of widows, (widow burning really), slavery, honor killing, and many other "evil" social practices. The moot issue in abortion context is to resolve whether a fetus can be deemed as life or not. If it is, then abortion IS taking a life, which is accepted as unethical. CR then cannot change the ethical status of abortion, because the wrongness of taking away a life is not culturally relative. And by all scientific and rational criteria, an unborn child is no less a life than a nascent child. And a fetus at various stages of gestation is only different in outward form, just as a nascent child changes throughout life into old age, but still is the same life at the bottomm of it all. A fertilized ovum in a mother's womb IS life, by any objective criteria. Destroying a fetus is cutting short of a potential future life. I have argued in my original post and it has also been debated in detail in various abortion debate about the flaw in the attempt to downplay the value of fetus vs. a child to justify abortion morally. So I am not going to repeat that. But even if the morality of abortion is left open, the lingering issue still remains whether the woman (or man in some cases) should have the sole right to decide on abortion. Aborting a fetus without the consent ofthe other party is also unethical and will be discussed later in the writeup. Now the moral culpability of voluntary abortion (If we agree to abortion = taking away life) in the Indian scenario discussed in the message (social stigma, job discrimination etc) is even more serious. To justify abortion in that context is to say that the potential life of the fetus is dispensable enough to end it in order to just prevent social disgrace of the mother, or to prevent the mother from not getting a job etc. But most important point is free will and responsibility. The women involved in the out of wedlock pregnancy KNOWS the social problems that come with it. Its not that she suddenly becomes aware of it AFTER becoming pregnant. So she can use her free will to decide whether to become pregnant or not, and prepare to accept and face social reality if she chooses to get pregnant. Its not like one says "Oops, I am in India, I better abort". Rather its more like "I am in India. So I better not become pregnant", or that "I am in India. So I better prepare to face the problems in society that comes with being a single parent as I have chosen to become pregnant". It is not proper to think post hoc on such an important ethical decision on life. Acting preemptively is the moral imperative here. Defensive arguments for abortion in the said scenario also amounts to adopting a defeatist attitude towards social traditions and customs and resigning to it, where in fact it should be questioning and challenging them, to stand up to them. Aborting a fetus to avoid social disgrace amounts to condoning and perpetuating those very social evils that the abortion is trying to avert. Its like instead of condemning rape or rapist, one starts advocating the right of parents to force their daughters to wear niqabs to avoid getting raped. Rather the morally imperative thing to do would be strive against such social discrimnation, create awreness about the wrongness of such attitude, and to create awareness that single parenthood is not wrong, create lobbies and organizations to provide legal protection to victims of such discrimination, rather than just advocate the right to abort a fetus to cut short all those humanistic imperatives against such evil practices. We can certainly avoid headache by chopping off the head, but is that the most desirable solution? Again, the bottom line being that if aborting a fetus and thus the potential future life is unethical then all these utilitarian grounds to justify abortion can never make abortion ethical. Because some wrongs are unconditionally wrong, ending a life for no fault of the "his/her/its" own being one. Finally some words about the "ridicule" factor in my analogy of the joint ownership of a TV by A and B not being dependent on whose room the TV happens to be in. Before discussing the analogy and the counter analogy offered in the message, let me emphasize the main point which does not depend on any analogy. The main point being that, since a woman cannot become pregnant without a man's particpiation, women cannot have full ownership of the fetus, which is a product of a joint effort. It is common sensical. The point of the analogy was to simply convey the point that in a joint ownership, no one has the right to take a unilateral decision on the object of joint ownership. The counter analogy provided on response to mine was that A had a choice of transferring the TV to B's room or to throw it away if B didn't want it anymore. The counter analogy only made the point that while a jointly owned TV can be stored in alternate places, depending on the will of the owners, fetus cannot be, it can only resides in one place, i.e the mother's womb. The counter analogy cannot go beyong pointing out this obvious difference, and make any general point. It should be obvious that the counter analogy does not nullify the original point of my analogy that it was trying to convey, i.e that a joint ownership implies a joint decision on the property. It cannot make any point to justify taking a unilateral decision on a joint property, which was the intent of my analogy, ridiculous though may it be. And any property which results from a joint participation of both IS a joint property, unless one forfeits the ownership due to reasons that I had specified earlier. Throw away my analogy, if you like, the principle still stands on its own merit. Analogies are the foundation of most philosophical debates, western or eastern. They all look ridiculous under deconstruction, specially if analogies are only seen in isolation from the point it intends to illustrate. They are intended to help clarify the point. Torker nishpotti hok! Aparthib 3===== I respond to a response to my above article in: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/619 Subject: Re: [uttorshuri] Some thoughts on Abortion Issue To: uttorshuri@yahoogroups.com Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2003 06:36:52 -0400 Re: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/619 The issue of abortion is not necessarily "complex" nor is it impossible for us to determine exactly when a life starts. The issue has been made to appear complex through endless debates by emotionally charged views polarized in one or both direction. To a biologist or those familiar with the facts of biology such question as to where life starts is not an issue. Life starts at conception, the moment sperm and ovum combine into a zygote. A zygote is the earliest stage of any human life. It has all the basic criteria of a living being. We all were zygote at one time. The only debatable point that is not subject to scientific criteria is when to assign "personhood" to life. This is a matter of perception and definition, and thus cannot be used to determine the ethicality of abortion, which carries with it the important implication of ending a potential future life. Just like people cannot use their own definition of personhood to justify killing a autitistic child, patient of severe alzheimer disease etc. Using one's biased definition as a post hoc justification for abortion or simliar act that affects other's lives is nothing but moral relativism misapplied. But more importantly, "when" life starts or when personhood can be assigned to life is irrelevant in determining the morality of an issue. Morality should depend on facts themselves, not on definition or perception of words. Definitions cannot determine morality, only facts can. Definitions can change, facts cannot. So morality should be tied to facts, not to definitions of words. We don't decide the morality of an act by its definition, but by the factual consequences and implications of that act. Even if people can differ as to when life starts, no one can disgree on the facts that (1) a fetus has all the vital signs of a living human, (2) that it will eventually develop into a full human, and (3) that aborting a fetus has the factual consequence of ending the potential future of the human that the fetus would have grown into. These facts alone are adequate to determine the ethical status of abortion. Moral relativsim can only make sense towards non-universal (i.e relative) issues. A good example is the issue of whether informing the sex of a fetus to the parent is ethical or not, as raised in message 606. That is truly a relative moral issue. Becasue knowledge of the sex of a fetus in itself is never unethical in a absolute sense, like ending a life is. So one is free to define if such knowledge should be immoral (illegal to be precise) in one context and moral (legal) in another. Because such definitions do not legitimize an act that is immoral in a self-evident and universal sense (taking away a life). The point was made that the fetus, being inside a women's body, only the woman has the right to determine whether to abort or not Again, this brings us back to the same polemic of the right of ownership of fetus. Again, to summarize and repeat what I have argued in message 597: 1. Unlike any other part of the body, a fetus is the result of the joint conscious action of both man and woman, a woman cannot become pregnant without man's participation. Thus neither the man nor the woman can have 100% ownership of the fetus and hence cannot take a unilateral decision on the fate of the fetus. 2. Person "A"'s right cannot be curtailed or denied because nature happens to ndow "B" with certain biological characteristics. B's right cannot be at the expense of that of A. A can only forfeit its right by his/her own action. In the present context, denying a man's share of ownership of the fetus because because nature happens to place the fetus in the women's womb is noting but gender discrimination(reverse) in disguise. The question was raised that if suicide is accepted, why it would not be acceptable if a woman chooses to destroy the fetus. The obvious answer to that is that there is an important distinction. The former is taking one's own life, and the latter is taking the life of another. Suicide is not ethically wrong in an absolute sense. But taking away another's life is. Abortion is tantamount to forcible robbing of a life of its potential future. So the criteria for morality of suicide cannot be automatically applied to abortion or vice versa. Suicide and abortion are apple and oranges to each other. The argument that we cannot penalize the whole group due to instances of someone misusing a "good" law for frivolous purposes, is flawed one to defend legalization of abortion. It begs the question. Whether legalization of abortion is a "good" law is itself the issue of debate. The argument assumed what needs to be settled. Secondly it is not the case of penalizing all for the misuse of some. We don't advocate getting rid of traffic laws altogether just because someone may have to break them in extreme emergency situation. Legalizing abortion is like getting rid of traffic laws because someone may need to break them. Or like legalizing killing of humans just because some people may need to be sent to the death row for capital punishment. Besides, illegalization of abortion does not penalize anyone, it only aims to prevent the premature ending of the future of a life. It is the negative attitude of society that penalizes the women, and her decision to get pregnant despite knowing about the social consequences. (Again reminder, rape is excluded in my discussion). - Aparthib 4===== I respond to a reponse to my above article in: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/633 Subject: Re: [uttorshuri] Some thoughts on Abortion Issue To: uttorshuri@yahoogroups.com Date: Fri, 13 Jun 2003 11:29:05 -0400 Re: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/633 Hopefully this will be my final thoughts. I may have to be more and more repetitive otherwise. Thanks to Indira as well for providing some counterpoints to this issue and enabling us to take a deeper look at this important bioethical issue. Seems like now we have a basic agreement with the statement that the fetus does have life of its own. Once again I must remind all of us that there are two side of the issue, (1) whether ending the life of the fetus is ethical, and (2) Whether the right to decide the life and death of the fetus completely belongs to the mother, i.e the father cannot have any say on that. Let me focus on (2) as that is the main focus of Indira's message. The stand that its the woman who should have the sole right to decide the fate of the fetus (abort it or not) is based on the view that the fetus is part of a woman's body. Let me again repeat what I said earlier that any ethical judgement should depend on facts and not on subjective perception or definitions, such as the view that fetus is a body part of the woman. This is not a statement of a fact, but a definition. A fetus is rather UNLIKE all other body parts of the mother. The only fact that we know for certain and is relevant here is that unlike all the other body parts, the fetus contains genes (in the chromosomes) from both the father and mother. Unlike all the other body parts, the fetus requires the joint participation of both the mother and father for its creation(birth) . A fetus is not a body part but a sovereign body of another human in the making. Unlike all the body parts the fetus will leave the mother's body to become a separate human, carrying the genes of both the parents. Now despsite these facts if one calls a fetus a women's body part, that is fine as long as no ethical decision is made on the fetus. But lets face it, what is being debated is whether the women alone should have the right to kill the fetus or the father should also have the right to prevent killing of the fetus. In determininig the whose sole right it should be to take a decision of such magnitude as to end or save the life of the fetus, what is more relevant, the subjective definition of fetus as body part of women, or the objective fact that the fetus is made from the most vital ingredient of life, the gene from both parents etc? The most basic urge of all life forms is preserving and propagating the (selfish)gene. So it is fair to consider the sentiment of the father as well whose gene the fetus is carrying. Being sensitive cannot be just one way, towards the mother only. Sensitivity applies to all human life, regardless of gender and the stage of that life (pre partum or post partum). I should also remind that in my original message I did mention that the father should forfeit any right on the fetus if he walks away and doesn't stand by the woman to help her throughout the pregnancy. The point made by Indira that "denying the sole right to the women to abort will reduce them to second class citizenship because they have to bear the children", applies rightfully to the rape case, because the women could not have averted the unwanted pregnancy and she would be penalized for no fault of her own (Although from a fundamnetal viewpoint, such penalization is imposed by society, not the prevention of abortion). But I had excluded the rape case. I was focusing on the non rape case. Abortions in non rape case are becoming increasingly common. In the non rape case, only if the man walks away and forfeits his right can the right solely belong to the woman. In that case the issue becomes that about the ethicality of the act of abortion itself, with free will and responsibility being relevant factors to consider, not who has the right on the fetus. Arguing for the right of abortion in non rape case citing women's plight is nothing but the fallacy of appeal to pity. Ending the life of the fetus due to one's own mistake of not taking preventive measure to avert conception is not ethically defensible. As I said before, justifying such choice of the women is also tantamount to acquiescing to social injustice. But in case the man is willing to stand by the woman but the woman still decides to abort anyway the right of the father on the fetus canot be dismmissed by any ethical or biological grounds. True, it is not possible to quantify rights since the act of abortion invariably assigns 100% right to one side when it is done against the wish of the other. But here we are discussing the ethicality, not the issue of the modality of implementing ethical judgement. Now let us look at two scenario and consider their consequences: (1) The woman goes ahead with abortion against the wish of the father. (2) The woman decides not to abort due to the father's objection. Now in scenario (1) the consequences are that the potential future of a life ended, the father had to endure the loss of a future progeny (carrier of his genes), and in scenario (2) the only consequence is that the women has to go through the travails of pregnancy and child birth and of course an unwanted child. These two consequences have to be compared taken into consideration in the question who has the right to decide the fate of the fetus. Now in case of a dispute whether the right should be solely that of the women fully needs some further consideration to be taken into account. Did the man and woman agree on what to do in case of pregnancy before they engaged in consentual act of love? If they did, then in case of the dispute, whoever is taking a decision in breach of that agreement should lose the right on the fate of the fetus. In case there was no prior agreement, then the right of the fetus to live should supercede the rights of the parents. Of course there will be a problem of one's word against the other as in many other issues involving two persons. I will not go into any further details, because what I have discussed should provide enough materials to give one a pause and think carefully on the right of the fetus issue. Finally on the plea to trust women for her compassion. It is not the question of trust. Its the question of the ethics of ending a life. Regarding trust, again I have to invoke the traffic law analogy, we do not call for abolishing traffic rules based solely on trusting the law abiding citiziens. Traffic laws protect everybody, and can be broken in emergencies. Traffic laws is designed to protect lives, not to penalize anyone. If someone has to jaywalk (or jayrun) to run away from a criminal, we cannot ask for legalizing jaywalking. But there is another side to the appeal to trust. In the abortion context there are ample cases of women regretting after abortion. Nurses in abortion clinics have testified women crying after the abortion saying they have just killed their baby. In abortion clinics women undergoing abortion are not allowed to even see their ultrasonogram, which the nurses have to see to determine how to conduct the abortion, because in most cases the women change their mind when they see it. So if we trust the compassion of the women, then many of the abortions probably would not have happened, many potential lives would not have been cut short at such an early stage. Women undergoing abortion are in fact not trusted by the abortion staff of the clinic! Important issues like the fate of a life cannot be left on trust alone. Just like the laws pertaining to child abuse is not left to the trust of the parents either. There would be no law against leaving a minor child unattended in the homuse if it was left to the trust of the parents. Regarding the question how do we justify death sentences if we cannot justify abortion? Again its an apple-orange comparison. Death sentence applies to criminals whose crime have been established beyond doubt. Criminals who are a danger to the society. Even such death sentences is questioned by many humanists. Abortion is the taking away of a totally innocent life. Once we come to grip with the fact of the life of a fetus, then all these issues of rigts become secondary. - Aparthib 5====== I respond to a response to my above article in: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/655 Subject: Re: [uttorshuri] Some thoughts on Abortion Issue To: uttorshuri@yahoogroups.com Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2003 12:14:26 -0400 In response to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/655 The comment from above: "the mother who puts the highest input into child rearing has the right to decide whether or not to bring the pregnancy to term." can be phrased more directly, the above says that since the mother has the highest input on child rearing she has the right to end the child's life prematurely to avoid the child rearing. I don't see how "highest input" can entitle the woman the right to abort, when the very act of abortion is intended to avoid "highest input" in the first place. One cannot get the benefit of "highest input" without giving the "highest input". Moreover this kind of rationalization can also justify a mother to kill her autistic child, if she cannot take care of her, or a poor mother who cannot feed her child to kill the child, since in all these cases only she had the responsibility of rearing the child. It is clear that a child before and after birth both have the same life, so the morality of "killing" can not be different in the two stages. The second point raised was that the women's financial hardship, again a fallacy known as appeal to pity. Since we are excluding the case of rape, the issue then is about free will ansd responsibility. Poor women cannot be exempted from these moral imperatives. If we agree on abortion means taking away a life then financial hardship cannot morally exculpate one from the act of ending a life. If women cannot avail of contraception resources that is no excuse, she can ask the man to take male contraceptive measures, which are cheap and easily available, she can refuse to have any intimate relationship if the man refuses to use them. In the comment: "a ban will hardly lead to or encourage better "morals" among the youth", the point that was totally missed was that the illegalization of abortion is not to encourage morals on the youth, rather to protect the life of an unborn child. The argument that illegalizing abortion wiill not stop abortion is like saying that child pornography should not be banned becasue it will continue anyway, or that rape should not be banned, as rape will continue regardless. Traffic laws should not be made since people violate them anyway etc. A law or principle based on ethical consideration should not be contingent on the degree of real life deviations from it. The other argument to justify legalizing abortion was that otherwise women will resort to unsafe abortion methods. Once again if we agree that abortion IS taking away of a (human)life, then it is like saying that since people can die or can be harmed while trying to kill a another human (fetus), we should make it safe for them to kill other people(fetus) by legalizing killing of fetus. Apart from that there is a problem with the statistical reference. First a statistical data is irrelevant in an ethical question like ending a life. We have to come to grip with the question of whether killing a fetus is taking away a life or not. Second the statistics itself is subject to controversy. The claim that there were many abortions prior to 1973 than after has been challenged. Dr. Bernard Nathanson who was one of the original leaders of the American pro-abortion movement and co-founder of N.A.R.A.L. (National Abortion Rights Action League), and who has since become pro-life admitted that he and other abortion rights activists intentionally fabricated the number of women who allegedly died as a result of illegal abortions. According to the U.S. Bureau of Vital Statistics, there were a mere 39 women who died from illegal abortions in 1972, the year before abortion was legalized, not thousands as the abortion right activists had claimed. Regarding the observation: "Therefore, the answer to this complex issue lies not in making it illegal but in making a worldwide attempt to empower women (and couples) with better reproductive choices" We don't advocate solution to poverty by empowering poor parents to kill their children, but advocate empowering women with jobs, more rights to earn decent living at par with men etc. The solution for unwanted pregnancy should be to provide women with more readily available better contraceptive measures, since that was cited as one cause of unwanted pregnancies. Or to empower the women with more job opportunities, so financial hardship would not be an issue as was cited. Suggesting empowerment of the right to kill the fetus would hardly reddress those lingering social evils that the abortion is intended to avert, and is tantamount to acquiescing to them as I pointed out earlier. That is a negative empowerment. Empowerment in the positive sense is making sure that women are not denied equal status and opportunity in all walks of social life, not discriminated or denied any rights that belong to them as humans. That is the empowerment that should be the goal. And above all, agencies and states should be empowered to (with funding from state through legislations) initiate projects for orphanage, adoption etc. There is as much demand for adoption as the number of abortions. And it should not matter that the parents seeking adoption are from a different country or culture. For a mother who does not want her child it should hardly matter. Ask any grown up adopted child, wouild they have rather been dead than adopted by a foreign couple? In Bangladesh we know the case of a boy (now a man) who was adpoted by a Danish couple and who is now leading a fruitful life heading a project to imporve his ancestral village in Barisal. He was featured on a documentary on Dhaka TV, I forget his name. We preach the golden rule of giving the benefit of the doubt. If ther is teh slighetst doubt that an unwanted child may grow up to be a fruitful member of the society then the benfit of the doubt means giving the fetus a chance to live. Adoption is a wordlwide demand. In this age when the world is a village it should be no problem to arrange adoption on a global cross cultural, cross national basis. In fact there is so much demand for adoption that it has even been suggested that it is lucrative area for private enterprise, just like mail order bride has become. And certainly a better population control strategies should be adopted as has been suggested. But not to prevent abortion, but to prevent conception. Adoption of preventive measures can be pursued on its own, it is not affected by {il) legalization of abortion. Of course "better" measures taken AFTER conception will make the usual "clinical" abortion rate decline, but it still is killing a fetus without being recorded in any statisitical report. Some final thoughts on the insistence that fetal right belongs to women only. I am assuming this to mean the right of the mother vs. the father of the fetus. My points do not apply when it is meant as right of the mother vs. the state or the society. The reasoning that the woman should be the sole owner of the fetus becasue it resides in her body is an after the fact reasoning. Ownership has to be an apriori principled decision, not based on a after the fact observation. Why does a mother (and the man) agree that a child AFTER birth belongs to both parents. Is it because of the factual observation that she does not have the power to exercize the right of 100% ownershipe (the child is no longer inside her body) even if she wants to, or is it because in principle, a child is the fruit of a joint effort by both the parents? I am sure all will agree its the latter. If so, then that principle should hold regardless of whether the child is inside or outside the body of the mother. Saying that a fetus belongs to mother only is exploiting a biological advantage of the woman, not a principled statement. Only in the rare case of tubal pregnancy is the life of both mother and fetus at risk and abortion can help to save the life on one (i.e the mother) and abortion has no ethical problem in that case. But in all other case (specially non rape) there are many options before resorting to the extreme step of killing the fetus. Preventing contraception, adoption are all viable options. - Aparthib 6==== I respond to responses to my above article in: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/672 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/673 Subject: Re: [uttorshuri] Some thoughts on Abortion Issue To: uttorshuri@yahoogroups.com Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2003 07:07:25 -0400 Re: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/672 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/673 Most of what was quoted from Dr. Leonard Peikoff only points to problems with semantics mostly. Potential vs. actual distinction isn't really of much significance, since from conception to death it is a continuum process. The zygote is not a potential. It is already the first stage of life. The potentialty lies in the sperm and the ovum BEFORE fertilization. Once the lucky sperm enters the ovum, the potentiality has turned into actuality. After that, the zygote metamorphoses in a continous way all throughout the life of the human. Dr. Peikoff's argument is against assigning "right" to a fetus. Right of the fetus was not the theme of our discussion. The main theme of the debate at least from my angle was the ethicality of ending the life of a fetus, which is plain and simple ending the future of a life. Following Dr. Peikoff's semantic appraoch one can say that a neonate is not an actual 25 year year youg man/woman, but a potential one. But can we justify the ending the life of a neonate (for whatever reason) but not that of an adult by arguing that the neonate is not an actual adult, but a potential adult? In fact in many societies, western specially, the life of a child is valued much higher than elders, because the child has a longer future than an elderly human. Now if a neonate is precious because it has a future, didn't the neonate have the SAME future when it was a fetus? Then why is the future of a life assigned lesser value as a fetus than as neonate? The only reason seems to be from that of expediency. Because it helps to justify abortion. There is no other way to assign lower value to the same future for the two different stages of life. And then to justify abortion one must assume that the futture of a life is not worth the travails of pregnancy. But as I have more than once argued that such rationalization can also be applied to single mothers killing their infants to relieve themselves of the hardship. Because those mothers can as well argue that those infants were not actual grown ups, and they had no concepts of rights, and unable to exercize their rights. So eventually the argument of the sort provided by Dr. Peikoff leads to a slippery slope whereby drawing the line where we can consider future of a life is less or more worth the trouble to sustain it becomes a matter of expediency that suits someone. That is moral relativism misapplied to a case that certainly involves ending a future life. So the conclusion is that, yes as Dr. Peikoff says, fetus do not have rights. But not just fetus, neonates or even infants cannot have any right, because they also do not understand or are capable of exercizing rights. So Dr. Peikoff's following comments were self-contradictory: "Rights only apply to actual human beings (whether a new born child, or a hundred year old grandfather, or a pregnant woman), as they require freedom to act by the use of their mind.", because new born does not have the mind to have the freedom to act by using it, which is required for rights, as per Dr Peikoff's stipulation earlier. Just as a fetus, a neonate or an infant none have rights, by the same token, the value of the future life of a fetus is also the same as that of a neonate and an infant, because the same future is referred to in all three. In abortion context the "right" of the fetus is irrelevant, as it does not exist, in the literal sense. The relevant question is that of the value of the life of the fetus. Responding to 673 is made harder by the fact that it is loaded with ad hominems. It is some work to filter out the ad hominems and respond to any left over questions and arguments of substance. One such question erroneous though was if killing a fetus(zygote) is killing a life, then why is killing a sperm not killing a life. The obvious answer that was missed, is that a standalone sperm or a standalone ovum is not life, not even a potential life. Only the unique sperm out of the millions that wins the race, along with the ovum together before fertilization can be considered as poetntial life. But once that lucky sperm fertilizes the ovum (That is sex in the true sense of the term, since only through that gene is mingled between the parents and is passed on to the offspring), is life actually formed, not potential anymore. Any sperm by itself has no life associated with it. It will never become a life, no matter where or how it is stored. Nor is any other cell or tissue of the woman. As to the rhetorical quetion: Could any one explain to me why it is "clear" that both have the "same life"? "Do we really know what life is, or do we simply craft our understanding based on our socially predicated concepts of it? A case of semantic confusion. We know what we mean when we say that I am the same human when I was 5 as I was at 25. Life is a continuum since concpetion. And we may not yet conclusively know what was the origin of life three billion years ago, but we certainly know what life is today. And a fetus is certainly meets all the criteria of life. There has been no disgreement on that from any biologist. It is not a matter of opinion or tatse, but scientific fact. In fact French geneticist Jermoe L. LeJeune, testified before a Senate Subcommittee, saying this: "To accept the fact that after fertilization has taken place a new human has come into being is no longer a matter of taste or opinion. The human nature of the human being from conception to old age is not a metaphysical contention, it is plain experimental evidence." Ad hominems are particularly visible in the empowerment issue. message 673. Arguments have no gender. They should be judged on their own merit, not by the gender of arguer. I just want to point out that I do not need to define empowerment. It should be self-evident what empowerment is meant in its usual sense. What is not evident and is relevant to the debate is whether the empowerment in its usual sense should also include the right to take away the future of a life (fetus). If it should, then we have to admit that law or society has attached a lesser value to the future of a fetus than a neonate, and that relieving women from pregnancy hardships has been given much higher value than the future life of the fetus. It is important that this fact is acknowledged so an informed democratic decision by state and society is made. Again, calling a fetus a body part of a women is fine. But that definition cannot be a ground for making an ethical decision or establising a sole right on fetus. Can a surrogate mother bearing the fetus of a test tube baby on behalf of a couple suddenly claim ownership of the fetus and decide to abort it, saying it is part of her body, not the couple's? What logic will be invoked then? So beyond that convenient definition the fact that should not be missed is that a fetus is also the offspring or the sexual product of the man and the woman temporarily attached to the womb of a woman, during the first nine months of its life. No one is downplaying the pain of pregnancy. I don't have to affirm that self-evident reality. I am pointing out that there is a broader way to look at the abortion issue. The broader issue being that, when one questions the ethics of killing the fetus when conception could have been avoided, (rape excluded), that is not the real cause of the pain and agony of the women. The efficient cause of that pain and agony is in exercizing the free will decision to not avert the pregnancy. And in case of pain due to social disgrace, the effiecient cause of that is the social customs and traditions, which all are preserving and acquiescing to. In summary, an informed ethical pro-life view (Not those from fundamental religious dogma) values a future life HIGHER than the pain of pregnancy, when exercizing free will could have prevented pregnancy. A pro-choice stand on the other hand places a higher value on the pain of pregnancy than the future life of the fetus (which actually is valued at zero), even when the pregnancy could have been avoided. The former is an affirmation of an apriori value attached on future life. The latter is an an a posteriori affirmation to rationalize ending the pain of pregnancy. Which psoition is more correct cannot be decided by rationalisty. Humans have to accpet one or the other position by some ethical axiom. Value of human life is accepted as an axiom. Evolutionary biology has instilled that instinct in us. Whether the life of a fetus should be included in the axiom or excepted from it, humans have to consciously make a stand on that. A deeper kmnowledge of evolutionary biology may add more insight to help human make that choice in a more rational way. But at least now the axiom has no reason to allow such exceptions. Making it an exception just to enable a woman to make a post hoc correction of a mistake to avoid pain doesn't seem to be rational enough ground for exception to the axiom. Abortion is not a truly complex issue. At least not the ontological (i.e factual, the objective part, what it really is) aspect of it. The epistemological aspect (i.e what one pereceives or knows) is made to appear complex due to emotionally charged debates using spin and rhetorics (as we see in message 673) along with their different angles, defintions, perspectives, biases, but the underlying facts still remain the same. A difficult issue to resolve for sure and is a highly debated one. All the facts that are involved in conception are not necessarily complex and is mostly known. A word about ad hominems. We are beginning to see Ad hominem arguments showing up just as it does in most other debates elsewhere. Using terms like "fundamentalism", "taliban like" to characterize an argument or viewpoint is the textbook illustration of the fallacy of argumentum ad hominem. We live in a democratic society, where only after debates and arguments from all sides can the majority take an informed decision on any policy. It doesn't bode well when the arguments are mislabelled instead of refuted. Ad hominems adversely affects the quality of debates and causes once vibrant forums becoe defunct or fall from grace. - Aparthib 7===== I respond to reponses to my abive article in: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/694 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/695 Subject: Re: [uttorshuri] Some thoughts on Abortion Issue To: uttorshuri@yahoogroups.com Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2003 08:07:32 -0400 Re: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/694 http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/695 I too apologize for the lengthy writeups. Also I wish to make it clear that my intent is not just to criticize the view of others. My goal is to offer as much angle to this issue through such critiue so all can form a more informed opinion/positiont on the issue. I also hope to learn form other's angle. It goes either direction in the debate. Let me first make a brief comment on an observation in 695: "I wish people would understand the neccesity of abortion, its not fun to go through a process like that, it is needed, it is saving not only the mother but the future hypothetical life of an unborn being." Abortion does not "save" the future "hypothetical life" of an unborn being, it kills it. And there is nothing hypothetical about it. The future life is very much rel. Let me now focus on 694 and make some general points for the rest of the discussion. I do agree that facts are important, definitions are not. in fact. I myself was emphasizing that. But I don't agree that principle (theory) is not important. It is important. Principle and facts are very much intertwined. One cannot overlook either. Regarding the view: "after this union, the whole responsibility/task/ ownership [or whatever else you want to call it] of the development/nurturing and carrying of the embryo is on the woman's body [and mind] for the rest of the whole nine months." Even if we agree that the whole responsibility/task/ownership is on the woman's body, that does not mean that the responsibility/ task/ownership entitles her to end the future life of the embryo. Unless one comes to grip with this basic question, it will come full circle. Moreover, although the physical act of carrying the fetus is that of the woman, but the responsibility should not be hers only. The responsibility SHOULD be a joint one, it should not be on the woman only, even though it "IS" in many cases, due to the negligence of the father. The "is" should not be promoted to a 'should". That would be a naturalistic fallacy. Yes the physical travails of pregnancy cannot be shared by the man, but the responsibilty does not just mean sharing the labor pain. The man can certainly help in many other ways during the nine month. Division of "labor" (not child labor :) is surely applicable here as well. I said in my first article that responsibilty goes hand in hand with rigts. The man forfeits his right by not sharing responsibility. While I agree that if there is a loving man standing by the woman there is no need for an abortion at all, the the debate really is about the case when the woman doesn't want to go through with it but the man is intersted in being the father and share responsibilty of during and after pregnancy (Not an uncommon case at all). Here principle is the moot issue, not the above fact "woman doesn't want the baby, but the father does". Abortion right advocates do not even in principle agree that men(father) have rights at all, period. That is the focus of my debate. The principle being, does the woman have full rights on the fetus in that case? My arguments were to show that it cannot be by any fairness criteria. If we cannot settle the principle first then we cannot move forward to discuss practicalities. It is the disagreement in principle that prevents any further agreement in any area. Granted, the realities of India is not as gender symmetrical as in the west. But that is a social evil that needs to be addressed socio-politically on its own merit (demerit). Just because women are mistreated by male dominated society, that does not provide a rationale to take away the rights of some well meaning men who are eager to fulfil their share of responsibilities of parenthood. Nor does that provide any rationale to give up a principle that the future of a human life is worth valuing and protecting. As I said earlier cultural relativism should not compromise fundamental principles, like gender rights, and value of life. All the non-rape situations described under 3-7 does not justify abortion. Any sexual act against the women's will is rape. Sitiations 3-7 were listed as non rape cases. So they were consentual. Again, in consentual sex there is no excuse for not being able to take a preventive measure. Besides it still will keep the question begging, is it ethical to end the future life of fetus instead of preventing such an occurrence? The hard facts 3-7 basically points to the malaise in the society. Focusing on abortion right does not do anything to redress those social evils. Abortion amounts to committing an ethically questionable ending of a life to AVERT, NOT SOLVE those social evils. The issue of the ethicality of ending a future life cannot be contingent on the presence of social evils. Again, as another example, do we focus on the right of poor parents to rob or steal so they can pay the dowry for their daughters' marriage to prevent their daughet from being tortured by her in laws (and husband) for dowry?. This is is a real scenario in Bangladesh. Many women face beating by husbands for not persuading her parents to pay up dowry. Some clever parent may start a "right to steal/rob" movement citing the plight of dauighters under pressure from in laws and husbands for dowry. One can then retort to an opponent to such rights by the same argument we are seeing here, you are being insensitive to the daughter's plights, feelings etc. Also does the fact that the pain of pregnancy in women is greater than the pain of father losing the progeny in case of abortion justify ending the future life of the fetus? On what logical/ethical ground can we say that because the pain of A (woman) is less than that of B(man), therefore it is OK to take the life of "C" (fetus) to relieve the pain of A. The pain of B is totally irrelevant here. There is a logical/ethical disconnect between the "becasue" and "therefore" in the above. What is relevant here is to decide whether it is ethically right to end the life C to relieve the pain of A. There is no way around to avoid this ethical dilemma by rephrasing it. One can list 70 facts citing women's plight that would still not provide an ethical justification (except tubal pregnancy) for ending the life of a fetus. There is no other moral imperative than to prevent contraception, which does not require great cost or effort. If safe sex is taught so emphatically to guard against aids, it sure can be done to avoid abortion. Regarding item 7 about prostitutes, I was referring to women getting male contraceptives(condoms) which are certainly cheap and readily available anywhere. I was not referring to expensive pills (many of which actually abort the embryo) or diaphrams. It is not true that women do not have the means or the freedom to get them themselves. In case of prostitutes they can certainly spend a fraction of their income on such cheap devices as condoms and offer it to their customers and require them to use it. How do prostitutes guard against aids? If customers refuse, they can refuse too. I don't think customers can rape prostitutes. Haven't heard it yet. May be rare. After all if someone resort to rape, they would not go to a prostitute! And for women other than prostitutes they can certainly require the men to "b.y.o.c". After all, they must know each other well by then to make such prior arrangement (again excluding rape). In a non-rape case (including prostitution) certainly women can require the man to use such cheap male contraceptives specially if she herself offers those to him. And it is not true that MOST (my emphasis) women decide to abort only after suffering to the end of tolerance. The millions of annual abortions in US are not mostly such end of tolerance cases. Rather such extreme cases are the rare ones. Most abortions rather happen due to easy access due to legalization, and due to not valuing or being conscious about (And in many cases lack of knowledge about) the life of a fetus. The pro- choice camp has been affirming that fetus is nothing but a tissue, or a women's body part. That has been entrenched into the mind of many younger women. I am not sure who are being referred to as "WE" (The emphasis is mine) in the following: "it is because WE do not trust women as equally intelligent human beings, it is because WE are insensitive to their pain, that WE can argue about her rights on her own body and mind. no matter how much WE try to justify it, doesn't make it right." I have pointed out that arguments do not have gender. I also should point out that any pro-life position (by men or women) does not necessarily mean anti-woman or lack of sensitivity for woman, or little understanding about the woman's feelings, as was alluded to. It is this very spin on other's views that complicate abortion debates with extra baggage to handle. Also it would be wrong (And sexism too) to dismiss a pro-life view of a male as anti-women but not the pro-life view of a woman. Mother Terresa was against abortion, and quite a vocal opponent too. Does anyone characteriz her as lacking feelings and sensitivity? Many pro-life men are vocal advocates of equal rights for gender and against gender doiscrimination. Many pro-life women are femisnists There is no way to prove or falsify statements like "you are being insensitive", "you lack feelings". No matter what evidence A provides to the contrary B can still insist that based on only one view of A. This is a problem that plagues most debates, where such sweeping characterizations are made about those holding oppsoing views on a stand. Just holding opposing view does not make anyone lack such human values. If one is under any illusion that abortion position is divided on gender line then one just need to go through the following: 1. There is an organization called "feminists" for life founded in 1972. Look at their site at: http://www.feminsistforlife.org their mission statement is at : http://www.feministsforlife.org/who/index.htm also read the article by as the article at http://www.feministsforlife.org/hot_topics/commonw.htm by Serrin Foster, President of Feminists for Life . 2. There is an organization called "National Women's Coalition for Life". It is 1.5 million member organization, representing diverse cross section of women. Togther they carry with the knowledge, experience of all the problems that are mentioned in abortion debate. Their mision statement can be seen at: http://www.sandwich.net/sehlat/lifelink/ffl/plgroups.html 4. Pro-life Emmy Winning Actress Patricia Heaton, honorory chair of FFL says that "Abortion is a reflection that society has failed women." 5. Jane Roe (Norma McCorvey) of the famous "Roe vs. Wade" ruling that legalized abortion in US has turned pro-life. In fact it was just in the news a few days ago that she has filed a motion in federal court to overturn the 1973 decision. 6. Susan B Anthony the early feminist pioneer called abortion child murder. I already mentioned mother Terresa just a while ago. One can go on and on. Just for some comic relief, I wish to cite the article by Kathleen Howley aimed at those men who defend the "its the women's body, so its her right.." position. I am not second guessing what is in their mind and be cynical about them. Many are genuinely sincere, but some may have other reasons. But Kathleen Howley has some unkind words for them :). Read it if you like at: http://www.roevwade.org/howley.html - Aparthib 8===== I respond to response to my above article in: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/721 Subject: Re: [uttorshuri] Some thoughts on Abortion Issue To: uttorshuri@yahoogroups.com Date: Wed, 25 Jun 2003 07:03:57 -0400 In response to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/721 The focus of my debate was mainly on the ethicality of ending of future life in abortion. The focus was not to discuss or debate problems of prostitutes. Plights of prostitutes in India is a complex social problem. It certainly requireses a sensitive approach to deal with. I cannot pretend to be able to give any solution. There are competent social organizations to handle these problems like Aapne-aap, National Council for Women etc. But its a stretch for one to link an ethical questioning of killing a fetus to insensitivity towards plight of prostitutes. Just as a discussion on the ethicality of theft should not hinge on the fact that theft may have to be committed to save oneself from hunger. Foeticide (Not just female foeticide) is a real issue, not a theoretical one, just as the problem of prostitution is. Fetuses are real. I have been making the point that committing an ethically questionable act cannot be the ethical solution of any social evil. It basically boils down to the question, does the end justify any means? The means here means ending a future life in the making. If ending the life of a fetus was not ethically questionable we would not be debating. Citing the the plight of prostitutes ad nauseum cannot add any more moral legitimacy to an ethically questionable act. Because the ethicality of ending a life is not contingent on the presence or absence of other social evils. I cannot do much to reddress many social evils. I cannot do much to end poverty. But that does not mean I cannot be morally against theft. I cannot do much to end the problems of pregnant women in India. But that does not mean I cannot question the ethics of killing a future life. And I do know that conception in many cases is possible to prevent, and abortion in those cases is unjmustified and tanmtamountb to trivializing fetal life. At least all need to acknowledge that there is an ethical dilemma in abortion, although It may solve pregnant woman's problem. But It will be disingenuous to pretent there is none. "i am sorry if i have come out as trying to point fingers and labeling somebody as insensitive. but i can give some examples justifying my comments." - IC There is no need to be sorry or to justify calling (me) insensitive. What I was questioning was the gender factor in such labelling. The reason for being ethically opposed to abortion is the same, whether it is me or the millions of pro- life women. As Jane Abraham, President of Susan B Anthony List says "Poll after poll shows women are more pro-life than pro- abortion." So if I am labelled insensitive for my arguments questioning the ethics of abortion, then so should be the majority of women. There is no way other than to adopt a sexist view to imply that only men pro-lifers are insensitive, not the women. And invoking cultural relativism is of no use here. In US also plight of women are invoked by pro-choice advocates, as in India, only that the plight may be of different nature, although there are commonalities as well. So the charges of insensitivity can be hurled by the pro-choice camp in US as well. But then that makes the majority of women insensitive towards the women seeking abortion. So I repeat, labelling only males as insensitive for the same reason that women are opposed to abortion is patently a sexist position. "!!!! a great example of insensitive judgment if i have ever seen one!!! :-)" -- IC This is nothing but appeal to ridicule/emotion. (http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/appeal-to-ridicule.html) (http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/appeal-to-emotion.html) I am skeptical though that MAJORITY customers will rather commit rape, than agree to use condoms, even when offered one. Is there any statistical report on that? But anyway that is not the main issue for debate. I do not wish to debate this further, as I am not a field worker in this area. But if it becomes a case of rape, then it is not relevant to the abortion debate from my angle, since I was specifically considering non rape case. Besides, justifying abortion morally/legally citing abuses of prostitutes by men does not end the abuse, rather is an acquiescence to such abuses. "..of course! and face starvation." -- IC A classic case of fallcy of appeal to pity.(Argumentum ad misericordiam, http://www.infidels.org/news/atheism/logic. html#misericordiam) Robbery, theft is illegal, but no one complains that it is causing starvation, although there are indeed situations where people do need to steal or rob to survive. Starvation cannot be blamed on illegalizing killing a fetus, just as starvation cannot be blamed on illegalizing robbery or theft. Robbery and theft are unethical, as is ending the life of a fetus, once we come to realize the biological fact of the life of the fetus. We have to blame starvation on the efficient cause, (root casue), not the incidental cause. By the way, many women, not men are against prostitution itself, citing it as an abject exploitation of women. Starvation if any, should more appropriately be blamed on those women advocates against prostitution. I didin't even go that far, as I believe a women has full sovereignty over her body, and can do whatever they choose to do with it!. "..these arguments do. these are all about gender. at least it seems to be." -- IC No arguments can have gender. "Arguments have no gender" is a figurative way of saying that the gender of those making an argument has no relevance. The arguments against abortion by pro-life women are no different from those of pro-life men, just as it is in case of pro-choice men and women. Arguments are right or wrong due to their own merit, not due to the gender of the arguer. And its not ABOUT gender either. It is being forced to be about gender it seems. If it was about gender then men and women would have been divided on the abortion issue. But they are not. The ethics of killing fetus has nothing to do with gender. The fetus can be a male or female, the abortion decision can be by the woman, or forced by men. The ethical question or the arguments do not depend on the genders involved in all these possible combinations. "is that an argument? huh, aparthib? ;-)" -- IC Again an appeal to ridicule. But let me nevertheless point out that my example of dowry was not an argument. But an analogy to show that just as such argument cannot be a valid one to justify robbing or stealing to pay dowry citing the plight of the daugher, similarly the argument about plight of women cannot be a valid one to justify ending the future life of a fetus. Thats the whole point. You seem to have missed that. "i am obviously an abortion rights advocate, and i do not proclaim that the father does not have parental rights. i have repeatedly said just the opposite. but no one, not even another woman, has any right to decide if the fetus should be aborted or not, except the carrier of the fetus." -- IC Parental rights begin from conception. A fetus IS the offspring of both parents. To speak about parental rights for father and then to insist that the decision to take away the life of a fetus is solely the right of one parent is contradiction in terms. 'as far as jane roe or mother terrasa are concerned, i do not think any of us should be influenced because these are wellknown people. we should say what we think as right, not what others think as right...as we are all doing right now. ;-)" -- ic Point missed again. The reason I cited them was not to provide a rationale for believing in the unethicality of abortion, but to drive the point that one meed not be insensitive or lacking in feelings for just being ethically against abortion. If by questioning the ethics of ending a future life by killing a fetus one is considered being insensitive, then so are all pro-life advocates, including Mother Terresa, and the majority of women who are pro-life. My reason for questioning the abortion is no different from the majority. The reason being valuing and protecting the future life. As simple as that. The plight of women in India was invoked so passionately to advocate abortion. But there is another side to it. besides the ethical question about ending the future of a fetus, the spectre of female foeticide is a real concern as some have pointed out. So many are suggesting curtailing abortion rights just to prevent the spate of female foeticide. And it is not the minority cases. In India gender based abortion is a major problem. 5 million gender female foeticide is estimated per year (Read the report by Juliette Terzieff, San Francisco Chronicle Friday, December 6, 2002) at: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi? file=/chronicle/archive/2002/12/06/MN16659.DTL Its my understanding that female feticide is banned in India. Would banning "female" foeticide not be insensitive to the women? If banning abortion (male/female fetus) is insensitive to the pregnant women, then why not banning female abortion? Questions to ponder. - Aparthib 9==== I respond to response to my above article in: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/757 Subject: Re: [uttorshuri] Some thoughts on Abortion Issue To: uttorshuri@yahoogroups.com Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2003 08:21:45 -0400 Re: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/757 I agree with Mr. Khan's post mostly except I have to clarify again that I did not (At least did not intend to) dismiss the social evils. No one except those who commit or benefit from social evils can dismiss the social evils. I cannot dismiss the social evils just as I cannot dismiss the value of a future life. In fact I repeatedly mentioned about ethical "dilemma" in abortion context because without abortion there is no quick way to avert the social evils from pregnancy, but with abortion, a future life has to be ended. That is a dilemma if one cares for both. If I could truly dismiss social evils and only cared about future life, I would see no ethical dilemma. Most of my arguments so far was not for criminalizing abortion, but to offer some counter arguments to one sided view on fetal "rights" of women, dismissing the biological fact of fetal "life" and rights (not necessarily equal) of the father. Many pro-life advocates (specailly the liberal ones) do recognize the social problems that pregnant women face and are very willing to help in that cause, but very few abortion rights advocates recognize the biological fact of fetal life, most only engage in semantics to avoid having to face this unpleasant truth. I don't believe that the majority of women (including liberal feminists of the "feminists for life" organization) who are pro-life are really inhuman or insensitive to social evils. Some words on the value of life, which I mention in the context of abortion. This is a digression. The religious right has hijacked the issue on pure religious grounds. But there is nothing religious (or exclusively religious) about the value of life. It is a biological fact that fetus has life, and a scientific fact that life symbolizes the greatest depth of information. It is a fact that we humans tend to value life because life has the highest information content. Information is the most precious commodity for humans. A human genome has the information that reflects 3 billion years of accumulated history of success through trial and error. It takes the equivalent of 30 volumes of Encylopedia Brittania to write out the entire human genome sequence in paper. The genome of a fetus contains millions of years of evolutionary track record of successful mutation and natural selection of both of its parents which it will have eventually passed on to its offspring, preserving the track record of human evolution. It is the fact of Molecular Biology, not the irrational notions of God, soul etc which should really make one pause and reflect. - Aparthib Subject: Re: [uttorshuri] What science says about Life (Was abortion) Date: Thu, 3 Jul 2003 In response to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uttorshuri/message/790 One of the greatest byproducts of the development of human intellect has been to recognize and classify the trap of fallacies that human mind can fall into. One such fallacy is called a naturalistic fallacy. What that means is to (mis) interpret a sentence like "Y HAPPENS because of X' as "Y SHOULD happen because of X". The first statement is a factual one from observations and evidence, no personal judgement is attached to it. The second one is a judgemental one by whoever is stating that. There is sea of difference betrween the two. Now to the moot issue. When I said "Humans tend to value life because life contains the greatest depth of information", I clearly made a factual statement based on scientific observation by scientists. (Y happens because of X, where X= depth of information, Y=Valuing life) This correlation of life's value and depth of information of life is mentioned by Physicist Paul Davies in his book "The Mind of God". By the way those who have not read the book be better forewarned that that is not a book on theology or religion, but hard science. Just as one should not be misled by atheist Steven Hawking's mention of "Reading the Mind of God". Davies took the cue from Hawking for the title of his book. Anyway that statement was about the fact of evolutionary biology. Evolution hardwires certain instincts and values in human brain. Our mind interprets that as values that we feel we need to cherish. I fully agree that nature is final arbiter and enforcer of morals. In crisis its the limbic system of our brain that takes control, our cortex (Which is the control center for morals, conscience) goes into retreat. But in normal circumstances our cortex prevents our limbic system to take over. If we start explaining away all aberratons in terms of nature then we will get into another fallacy, the fallacy of slippery slope. In times of stress and crisis, not just infanticide, all sorts of aberrations become "natural", including rape, incest, murder. One may view all man made evils as work of nature (or evolutionary pressure). One may even say that the killing of 3 million (lets ignore the controversy on the number) people in 1971 by Pak Military was due to an evolutionary pressure to offset population pressure. If nature alows infanticide, then there is no reason to assume that genocide cannot be also nature's call. In fact now the new paradigm of evolutionary biology also views all sorts of sexual deviations (including rape) as evolutionarily adaptive. I have enough scientific references to that effect, which I plan to offer in a different future post. Basically it says anything in nature that does not become extinct must have(or had) some adaptive value. But once again all these are non judgemental factual statements. But we humans still attach a negative value to these (sometimes) necessary evils. The fact is that there is also an evolutionary pressure to deprecate those sexual or other deviant acts, just so that the evils stay within the necessary threshold to have adaptive value. This is equivalent ot the old saying that some (but not much) evil is necessary for good to make sense. Aparthib