| Virus |
Noncellular
particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living
cells
|
-not by definition
considered alive |
| Bacteriophage |
Virus that invades
bacteria and consists of a core of nucleic acid, a capsid, and a tail
|
-more complex structure than
normal virus |
| Lytic Infection |
Process in which
a host cell is invaded, lysed, and destroyed by a virus
|
Lytic Cycle: |
| Lysogenic Infection |
Process in which
viral DNA is inserted into the DNA of a host cell where it can remain
for many generations before becoming active
|
-does not lyse cell right away |
| Prophage |
Viral DNA attached
to a bacterial chromosome
|
-presence of prophage
blocks entry of other viruses and may add helpful DNA -once certain conditions occur virus activates and starts reproduction |
| Retrovirus |
Type of virus
that contains RNA as its genetic information
|
-contain RNA instead
of DNA -retro meaning "backwards" -HIV is a retrovirus |
| Parasite |
Organism that
survives by living and feeding either inside of or attached to outer surfaces
of another organism, thus doing harm to the host
|
-viruses must infect
living cells to grow, reproduce -viruses only appear "alive" once inside a host cell |
| Prokaryote |
Single-celled
organism whose cells do not have a nucleus
|
-all
prokaryotes belong to kingdom Monera -kingdom has 4 phyla Eubacteria (true bacteria), Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria), Archaebacteria (lives in harsh environments), Prochlorobacteria (contains chlorophyll a and b) |
| Bacterium |
One-celled prokaryote;
chiefly parasitic or saprophytic
|
-range in
size from 1-10 micrometers
-smaller than eukaryotic cells -classified by shape, cell wall (gram positive, gram negative), movement |
| Methanogen |
Bacterium that
produces methane gas
|
-live in oxygen-free
environments ie thick mud, difestive tracks
|
| Bacillus |
Rod-shaped bacterium
|
|
| Coccus |
Spherical bacterium
|
-streptococci,
pneumococcus cause disease
-form long chains or clumps/clusters |
| Spirillum |
Spiral-shaped
bacterium
|
|
| Phototrophic Autotroph |
Organism that
can trap the energy of sunlight and convert it to organic nutrients
|
--similar
to green plants
include cyanobactera and some photosynthetic eubacteria |
| Chemotrophic Autotroph |
Organism that
can obtain energy from inorganic molecules
|
-use hydrogen
sulfide, nitrite, sulfur, iron
|
| Chemotrophic Heterotroph |
Organism that
can obtain energy by taking in organic molecules and then breaking them
down
|
-most bacteria
(and animals) are chemotrophic heterotroph
-take in organic molecules, break them down, absorb them |
| Phototrophic Heterotroph |
Organism that
is able to use sunlight for energy but also requires organic compounds
for nutrition
|
-very odd
system of getting nutrients
|
| Obligate Aerobe |
Organism that
requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to live
|
|
| Obligate Anaerobe |
Organism that
lives only in the absence of oxygen
|
-ex. Clositridium
botulinum, produces toxins which cause botulism
|
| Toxin |
Poison
|
-causes harm
to living things
|
| Facultative Anaerobe |
Organism that
can survive with or without oxygen
|
-great diversity
allows bacteria to survive all over the world
|
| Binary Fission |
Type of asexual
reproduction in which an organism divides to produce two identical daughter
cells
|
-when reaches
nearly double size replicates DNA and divides
-asexual because no recombination of genetic info |
| Conjugation |
Process in bacteria
and protists that involves an exchange of genetic information
|
-long bridge of protein conects
two bacteria |
| Endospore | Type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm |
-can remain dormant for months
or years |
| Symbiosis | Close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits from the other |
-bacteria
form helpful relationships with organisms from other 4 kingdoms
bacteria symbioses important for survival |
| Saprophyte |
Organism that
uses the complex molecules of a once-living organism as its source of
energy and nutrition
|
-bacteria
recycle and decompose dead material
- eukaryotic organisms help |
| Nitrogen Fixation |
Process by which
nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into a form that can be used by
living things
|
-all organisms
dependent on nitrogen
-plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen -many cyanobacteria convert it to ammonia so plants can use |
| Pathogen |
Disease-causing
microorganism
|
-only
small number of viruses and monerans are pathogens -all viruses infect cells, disease results infection causes harm to host -bacteria require nutrients + energy, disease results intefere with host to get them |
| Antibiotic | Drug or natural compound that can attack and destroy certain microorganisms |
-contributed to increase
of life expectancy |
