 | |
|
Background:
|
Turkey was created in 1923
from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire. Soon thereafter the
country instituted secular laws to replace traditional religious fiats.
In 1945 Turkey joined the UN, and in 1952 it became a member of NATO.
Turkey occupied the northern portion of Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a
Greek takeover of the island; relations between the two countries remain
strained but have begun to improve over the past three years. In 1984,
the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-Leninist, separatist
group, initiated an insurgency in southeast Turkey, often using
terrorist tactics to try to attain its goal of an independent Kurdistan.
The group - whose leader, Abdullah OCALAN, was captured in Kenya in
February 1999 - has observed a unilateral cease-fire since September
1999, although there have been occasional clashes between Turkish
military units and some of the 4,000-5,000 armed PKK militants, most of
whom currently are encamped in northern Iraq. The PKK changed its name
to the Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress (KADEK) in April 2002. |
|
Location:
|
southeastern Europe and
southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is
geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between
Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean
Sea, between Greece and Syria |
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Geographic coordinates:
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39 00 N, 35 00 E |
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Map references:
|
Middle East |
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Area:
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total: 780,580 sq km
water: 9,820 sq km
land: 770,760 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
|
slightly larger than Texas |
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Land boundaries:
|
total: 2,648 km
border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240
km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352 km, Syria 822
km |
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Coastline:
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7,200 km |
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Maritime claims:
|
exclusive economic zone:
in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former
USSR
territorial sea: 6 NM in the Aegean Sea; 12 NM in Black Sea and
in Mediterranean Sea |
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Climate:
|
temperate; hot, dry summers
with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior |
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Terrain:
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mostly mountains; narrow
coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia) |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point:
Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m |
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Natural resources:
|
antimony, coal, chromium,
mercury, copper, borate, sulfur, iron ore, arable land, hydropower |
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Land use:
|
arable land: 34.53%
permanent crops: 3.36%
other: 62.11% (1998 est.) |
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Irrigated land:
|
42,000 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
|
very severe earthquakes,
especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of
Marmara to Lake Van |
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Environment - current issues:
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water pollution from
dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in
urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing
Bosporus ship traffic |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air
Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Environmental Modification |
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Geography - note:
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strategic location
controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles)
that link Black and Aegean Seas; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing
place of Noah's Ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country
|
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Population:
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67,308,928 (July 2002 est.) |
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Age structure:
|
0-14 years: 27.8%
(male 9,520,030; female 9,178,423)
15-64 years: 65.9% (male 22,552,253; female 21,827,002)
65 years and over: 6.3% (male 1,946,523; female 2,284,697) (2002
est.) |
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Population growth rate:
|
1.2% (2002 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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17.95 births/1,000
population (2002 est.) |
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Death rate:
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5.95 deaths/1,000
population (2002 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
|
0 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2002 est.) |
|
Sex ratio:
|
at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2002 est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
45.77 deaths/1,000 live
births (2002 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
|
total population:
71.52 years
female: 74.01 years (2002 est.)
male: 69.15 years |
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Total fertility rate:
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2.07 children born/woman
(2002 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.01% (1999 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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NA |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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NA |
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Nationality:
|
noun: Turk(s)
adjective: Turkish |
|
Ethnic groups:
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Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% |
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Religions:
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Muslim 99.8% (mostly
Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews) |
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Languages:
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Turkish (official),
Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15
and over can read and write
total population: 85%
male: 94%
female: 77% (2000)
|
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Country name:
|
conventional long form:
Republic of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey
local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form: Turkiye |
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Government type:
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republican parliamentary
democracy |
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Capital:
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Ankara |
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Administrative divisions:
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81 provinces (iller,
singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara,
Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt,
Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum,
Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir,
Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Igdir, Isparta,
Istanbul, Izmir, Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu,
Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya,
Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye,
Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag,
Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak |
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Independence:
|
29 October 1923 (successor
state to the Ottoman Empire) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 29
October (1923) |
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Constitution:
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7 November 1982 |
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Legal system:
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derived from various
European continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
|
chief of state:
President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA May
2007); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the
president
note: a National Security Council serves as an advisory body to
the president and the cabinet
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the prime minister
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March
2003); note - Abdullah GUL resigned 11 March 2003; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN
was given a mandate to form a government
election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the
third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National
Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third
ballot |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Grand National
Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 3 November 2002 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - AKP 34.3%, CHP
19.4%, DYP 9.6%, MHP 8.3%, ANAP 5.1%, DSP 1.1%, and others; seats by
party - AKP 363, CHP 178, independents 9; note - all other parties were
under the 10% threshhold which entitles them to seats |
|
Judicial branch:
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Constitutional Court
(judges are appointed by the president); Court of Appeals (judges are
elected by the Supreme Council of Judges and Prosecutors) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Democratic Left Party or
DSP [Bulent ECEVIT]; Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayip
ERDOGAN]; Motherland Party or ANAP [Mesut YILMAZ]; Nationalist Action
Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]; Republican People's Party or CHP [Deniz
BAYKAL]; Saadet Party [Recai KUTAN]; note - KUTAN was head of the Virtue
Party or FP which was banned by Turkey's Constitutional Court in June
2001; Socialist Democratic Party or TDP [Sema PISKINSUT]; True Path
Party (sometimes translated as Right Path Party) or DYP [Tansu CILLER] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Confederation of
Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Ridvan BUDAK]; Independent
Industrialists and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Erol YARAR];
Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Salim USLU]; Turkish
Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Muharrem KAYHAN];
Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK [Refik BAYDUR];
Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Bayram MERAL]; Turkish Union
of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [Fuat MIRAS] |
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International organization participation:
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AsDB, Australia Group, BIS,
BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, EU
(applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer),
ISO, ITU, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNRWA,
UNTAET, UPU, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
|
chief of mission:
Ambassador Dr. Osman Faruk LOGOGLU
FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission:
Ambassador Robert W. PEARSON
embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara
mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823
telephone: [90] (312) 455-5555
FAX: [90] (312) 468-0019
consulate(s) general: Istanbul
consulate(s): Adana |
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Flag description:
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red with a vertical white
crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white
five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening
|
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Economy - overview:
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Turkey's dynamic economy is
a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional
agriculture sector that in 2001 still accounted for 40% of employment.
It has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still
plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and
communication. The most important industry - and largest export - is
textiles and clothing, which is almost entirely in private hands. In
recent years the economic situation has been marked by erratic economic
growth and serious imbalances. Real GNP growth has exceeded 6% in many
years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines
in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001. Meanwhile the public sector fiscal
deficit has regularly exceeded 10% of GDP - due in large part to the
huge burden of interest payments, which in 2001 accounted for more than
50% of central government spending - while inflation has remained in the
high double digit range. Perhaps because of these problems, foreign
direct investment in Turkey remains low - less than $1 billion annually.
In late 2000 and early 2001 a growing trade deficit and serious
weaknesses in the banking sector plunged the economy into crisis -
forcing Ankara to float the lira and pushing the country into recession.
Results in 2002 were much better, because of strong financial support
from the IMF and tighter fiscal policy. Continued slow global growth and
serious political tensions in the Middle East cast a shadow over growth
prospects for 2003. |
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity -
$468 billion (2002 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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4.2% (2002 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity -
$7,000 (2002 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 13%
industry: 30%
services: 57% (2001) |
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Population below poverty line:
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NA% |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 32% (1994) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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42 (1994) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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45.2% (2002) |
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Labor force:
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23.8 million (2001 3rd
quarter)
note: about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (1999) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 40%, services
38%, industry 22% (2001) |
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Unemployment rate:
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10.8% (plus underemployment
of 6.1%) (2002 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $42.4
billion
expenditures: $69.1 billion, including capital expenditures of
$NA (2001) |
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Industries:
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textiles, food processing,
autos, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum,
construction, lumber, paper |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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8.5% (2002 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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119.18 billion kWh (2000) |
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Electricity - production by source:
|
fossil fuel: 74%
hydro: 26%
other: 0% (2000)
nuclear: 0% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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114.19 billion kWh (2000) |
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Electricity - exports:
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437 million kWh (2000) |
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Electricity - imports:
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3.791 billion kWh (2000) |
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Agriculture - products:
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tobacco, cotton, grain,
olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus; livestock |
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Exports:
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$37.6 billion f.o.b. (2002) |
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Exports - commodities:
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apparel, foodstuffs,
textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment |
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Exports - partners:
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Germany 17.2%, US 10.0%,
Italy 7.5%, UK 6.9%, France 6.0%, Russia 2.9% (2001) |
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Imports:
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$43.9 billion c.i.f. (2002
est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery, chemicals,
semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment |
|
Imports - partners:
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Germany 12.9%, Italy 8.4%,
Russia 8.3%, US 7.9%, France 5.5%, UK 4.6% (2001 est.) |
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Debt - external:
|
$118.3 billion (September
2001 ) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
|
ODA, $300 million (1993)
(2000) |
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Currency:
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Turkish lira (TRL) |
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Currency code:
|
TRL |
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Exchange rates:
|
Turkish liras per US dollar
- 1,223,140 (January 2002), 1,223,140 (2001), 625,219 (2000), 418,783
(1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997) |
|
Fiscal year:
|
calendar year
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use:
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19.5 million (1999) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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17.1 million (2001) |
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Telephone system:
|
general assessment:
undergoing rapid modernization and expansion, especially with cellular
telephones
domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid
increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of
technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic
cable and digital microwave radio relay is facilitating communication
between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite
system; the number of subscribers to mobile cellular telephone service
is growing rapidly
international: international service is provided by three
submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas,
linking Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and
Russia; also by 12 Intelsat earth stations, and by 328 mobile satellite
terminals in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2002) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 16, FM 107, shortwave 6
(2001) |
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Radios:
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11.3 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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635 (plus 2,934 repeaters)
(1995) |
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Televisions:
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20.9 million (1997) |
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Internet country code:
|
.tr |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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50 (2001) |
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Internet users:
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2.5 million (2002)
|
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Railways:
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total: 8,607 km
standard gauge: 8,607 km 1.435-m gauge (2,131 km electrified)
(2001) |
|
Highways:
|
total: 382,059 km
paved: 106,976 km (including 1,726 km of expressways)
unpaved: 275,083 km (1999 est.) |
|
Waterways:
|
1,200 km (approximately) |
|
Pipelines:
|
crude oil 1,738 km;
petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas 708 km |
|
Ports and harbors:
|
Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun,
Istanbul, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Icel (Mersin), Samsun, Trabzon |
|
Merchant marine:
|
total: 553 ships
(1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,674,099 GRT/9,108,819 DWT
ships by type: bulk 138, cargo 239, chemical tanker 45,
combination bulk 5, combination ore/oil 2, container 27, liquefied gas
6, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 45, refrigerated cargo 3, roll
on/roll off 27, short-sea passenger 10, specialized tanker 5
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag
of convenience: Belize 1, Cyprus 1, Denmark 2, Greece 1, Italy 1,
Thailand 1, United Kingdom 11 (2002 est.) |
|
Airports:
|
120 (2001) |
|
Airports - with paved runways:
|
total: 86
over 3,047 m: 16
2,438 to 3,047 m: 30
914 to 1,523 m: 16
under 914 m: 5 (2002)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 19 |
|
Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
total: 34 34
over 3,047 m: 1 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 8 24 (2002)
914 to 1,523 m: 1 8 |
|
Heliports:
|
8 (2002)
|
|
Military branches:
|
Land Forces, Navy (includes
Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie |
|
Military manpower - military age:
|
20 years of age (2002 est.) |
|
Military manpower - availability:
|
males age 15-49:
19,219,177 (2002 est.) |
|
Military manpower - fit for military service:
|
males age 15-49:
11,623,675 (2002 est.) |
|
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
|
males: 674,805 (2002
est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
|
$8.1 billion (2002 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
|
4.5% (2002 est.)
|
| Transnational
Issues |
Turkey |
|
Disputes - international:
|
complex maritime, air, and
territorial disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with
Greece; dispute with downstream riparian states (Syria and Iraq) over
water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; traditional
demands regarding former Armenian lands in Turkey have subsided; Turkey
is quick to rebuff any perceived Syrian claim to Hatay province; border
with Armenia remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute |
|
Illicit drugs:
|
key transit route for
Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and - to a far lesser extent
the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and
other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul;
laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin are in remote
regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict
controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy
straw concentrate
|
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This page was last updated on 19 March 2003
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Information from http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/tu.html
|
