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CEUS.,-X`XX-XX`XX-X`Lexmark 3200 Series ColorFinePX,,,,PX0(9 Z6Times New Roman Regular-X3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)2i)BN- TI-̠U +e!..      CEUS.,-X`XX-XX`XX-X`  _       "  JXX`   J     "   CHAPTER4.3:VSEPRTHEORY" s݌  Ќ  XQX X`XXXQ  E-XX`!E- THESHAPEOFMOLECULES:    # (032""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !+2 3   4   ! %Wealreadyknowhowtorepresentbondingincovalent t  compoundsusingelectrondotformulas.+(݌   Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !s2 3   4   ! %Electrondotdonotrepresenttheactualshapesof    molecules,butinsteadare2dimensional.sp݌ C V  Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !2 3   4   ! %In1957,GillespieandNyholm,developedamodelfor   predictingtheshapesofmolecules.݌   Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% ! 2 3   4   ! %3DcharacterisexplainedbyVSEPRTheory(ValenceShell %  ElectronPairRepulsionTheory) ݌ Wj  Ќ X! X44X!!   ThefundamentalprincipleoftheVSEPRisthatthebondingpairs  andlone,nonbondingpairsofelectronsinthevalencelevelofan &9 atomrepeloneanotherandarrangethemselvesinspaceinsucha k~ waythattheyarefarapartaspossible.  / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% ! 2 3   4   ! %Theorbitalforeachelectronpairispositionedasfarapart :M aspossiblefromtheotherorbitals. ݌  Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !2 3   4   ! %Theeffectofthispositioningminimizestheforcesof  repulsionbetweentheelectronpairs.݌   Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !O2 3   4   ! %Alonepair(LP)willspreadoutmorethanabondpair.OL݌ N a Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !_2 3   4   ! %Therefore,therepulsionisgreatestbetweenthelonepairs ! (LPLP)._\݌ " Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !2 3   4   ! %Bondingpairs(BP)aremorelocalizedbetweentheatomic $0! nuclei,sotheyspreadoutlessthanlonepairs.݌ b%u" Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !2 3   4   ! %Therefore,theBPBPrepulsionsaresmallerthantheLPLP &# repulsions.݌ '$ Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !2 3   4   ! %Therepulsionbetweenabondpairandalonepair(BPLP) 1)D& hadamagnitudeintermediatebetweentheothertwo.݌ v*'  X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !}2 3   4   ! %Henceforth:}z݌ +(  Ќ X! X44X!!   XQX!X`XXXQCECE.,  JXX`   J     &     @    Ԍ̌  XQX X`XXXQCE.,CE.,  CECE.,  JXX`   J        LPLP>LPBP>BPBP {!  c!Ԍ `s Ќ  XQX X`XXXQCE.,CE.,  '* / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!EE-XX`% E-"2 3   4   ! %ReadovertheSummaryPage243:VSEPRTheory"#݌  Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !$2 3   4   ! %UsetheVSEPRTheoryonlytoexaminetheshapesof  moleculesforonlycovalentbondedmolecules.$%݌ ) < Ќ X! X44X!!   IONICBONDING: =P  / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !n'2 3   4   ! %Isnondirectionaln'k(݌   Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !Y)2 3   4   ! %Ionsarrangethemselvesinanionicsolidtomaximize    attractionsbetweenoppositeionsandtominimizerepulsions Qd betweenlikechargedions.Y)V*݌  Ќ X! X44X!!   COVALENTBONDS:  / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !D,2 3   4   ! %ArehighdirectionalD,A-݌ 4G Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !1.2 3   4   ! %Theydonotformwithequaleaseinalldirections.1../݌ y Ќ X! X44X!!   Remember: &*# / / ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !02 3   4   ! %nonbondingestakeupmorespacethanbondinges(they \'o$ areclosertoonlyonenucleus).01݌ (% Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !22 3   4   ! %Bondingesaresimultaneouslyclosetotwonuclei.23݌ )& Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !42 3   4   ! %Smallregionofspacebetweenthenuclei.45݌ ++>(  Ќ X! X44X!!    . ,#  !!!!    &    7  Readpage243249  77  [7Ԍ  Ќ!!!!  's7 & (00# ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !82 3   4   ! %UsingtheVSEPRTheory89݌ w Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !:2 3   4   ! %ShapesofMolecules:;݌  Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !<2 3   4   ! %MultipleBondinginVSEPRModels<=݌  Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !>2 3   4   ! %MolecularGeometryResearch>?݌ F Y Ќ X! X44X!!   BONUSASSIGNMENT:  (   # (00& / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !oA2 3   4   ! %ExploretheIssuepage250oAlB݌ Zm  Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E% !bC2 3   4   ! %VitaminCControversybC_D݌   Ќ X! X44X!!   PracticeProblems:Page250 n  ̀Questions#1(a)(c)(e),2(b)(d)(e),3(b)(c)   ЀHandin:#6 =P  ! PredictingMolecularShape: (thesewillhelpyou) Qd !  ( (00# / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  ,E(} } <DL!4X!EAG2  1  .3   }   DrawapreliminaryLewisstructureofthemoleculebased N a ontheformulagiven.AGH݌ ! Ќ $ X}} X!$   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  ,E(} } <DL!4X!ETI2  2  .3   }   Determinethetotalnumberofelectrongroupsaroundthe " centralatom(bondingpairs,lonepairsand,where $0! applicable,accountforthechargeontheion).Remember b%u" thatadoublebondoratriplebondiscountedasone &# electrongroup.TI2J݌ '$ Ќ $ X}} X!$   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  ,E(} } <DL!4X!E@L2  3  .3   }   Determinewhichoneofthefivegeometricarrangements 1)D& willaccommodatethistotalnumberofelectrongroups.@LM݌ v*' Ќ $ X}} X!$   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  ,E(} } <DL!4X!ErN2  4  .3   }   Determinethemolecularshapefromthepositionsoccupied +(  bythebondingpairsandlonepairs.rNPO݌ -*! Ќ $ X}} X!$    E.X+" PracticeProblem:  Determinethemolecularshapeofthehydroniumion,H3O+. w Solution:  Step1:    & (00( ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?E-!Q2-3     !E-drawapossibleLewisstructureforH3O+.QR݌   Ќ ! X  X!!   Step2:  ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?E-!T2-3     !E-theLewisstructureshows3BPsand1LP.Thatis,  thereareatotaloffourelectrongroupsaroundthe   centralOatom.T U݌ Qd Ќ ! X  X!!   Step3:  ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?E-!V2-3     !E-thegeometricarrangementoftheelectrongroupsis  3 tetrahedral.VW݌ e!x Ќ ! X  X!!   Step4: #! ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?E-!X2-3     !E-for3BPsand1LP,themolecularshapeistrigonal 4%G" pyramidal.XY݌ y&# Ќ ! X  X!!   CHECKYOURANSWER: +(    ,B.4 <DL!XBӀThismolecularshapecorrespondstotheVSEPRnotationfor ,)! thision,AX3E. .*+"   ,H+ 4 <DL!4X!HQuestion: \/o,# Ї ( (00& / /XQX!X`XXXQ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E   ,E(  <DL!4X!E}]2  1  .3      E-XX`!E-DeterminetheshapeofSiF62usingVSEPRtheory.}]l^݌  Ќ ' X! X!'   XQX!X`XXXQ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E   ,E(  <DL!4X!E_2  2  .3      E-XX`!E-_`݌ 2E Ќ ' X! X!'   XQX!X`XXXQ