by first mapping of photon , electron, proton, and neutron

 M.A. PADMANABHA RAO

114 Charak Sadan, Vikas Puri, New Delhi -110018, mailto:raomap@yahoo.com

Abstract. The `UV dominant atomic spectra from solids' newly detected at room temperature from salts or metals present as XRF sources and radioisotopes like ¹³⁷Cs (radiochemical), and ⁵⁷Co (cobalt metal) represent fundamental optical emission caused by previously unknown core-valence excitation. Spectacular 28 UV photons caused by each of the 4000 Rb X-rays emitted from gamma excited Rubidium salt (Rb XRF source) is noteworthy. The new physical insight, same performance for gamma, X-ray, and beta at any given energy during Coulomb interaction, in contradiction to beta's known particle behavior could be due to the fact that excited atom recognizes their energy as the sole criterion. To resolve such key issues in physics, the author attempted in first ever mapping of photon, electron, proton and neutron through advanced Yoga technique. The sketches of proton, electron and gamma photon revealed that they all possess electric, magnetic, and gravitational fields providing them a shape and size. Increase in shape and size of these fields particularly for an electron when escaped from atom better explains why electron behaves like photon within excited atom and as a particle outside. Reduction in size of electron and photon with increase in energy explains why gamma reaches faster than light photons from gamma- ray bursters (GRBs). Electron transforming into gamma or X-ray and vice versa in Coulomb field seemingly a different manifestations of energy. Core electron hooked to proton, better explains its rotation in fixed orbit, could be one step ahead to Bohr's atom.

Key words: radioisotopes; XRF sources; UV,VIS, NIR emissions; Bharat radiation; atomic phenomenon; room temperature atomic spectra; metallic solids; Core- valence excitation. 

1. Introduction

Previously unexplored area of subatomic research into highly excited atoms of solid radioisotopes and XRF sources leading to discovery of their fundamental UV dominant optical emission is the highlight of the current paper. Spectacularly high  counts detected from unexpected Rb XRF source (AMC 2084, U.K.) unusually kept on bare PMT (9635QB, THORN EMI) hinted the possibility of optical radiation when steeply dipped on keeping a thin black polyethylene sheet in between source and PMT demanding confirmation by a foolproof method.

Despite the limitation that these calibration sources yield very poor light intensity that cannot be seen, use of a pair of sheet polarizers enabled characterization of the optical spectrum from UV (up to 400 nm), VIS (400 to 710 nm), and NIR (beyond 710 nm) radiation intensity measurements. Two extraordinary spectral features: (1) UV dominance and (2) dependence of UV, VIS and NIR intensities on energy of predominant ionizing radiation experimentally observed in the case of both radioisotopes and XRF sources was supportive more of emission than previously known luminescence, scintillations or Cherenkov radiation (Becquerel  1890; Glenn F Knoll. 1979) 

The unprecedented UV dominant optical radiation detected from ⁵⁷Co metallic solid provided definite clue on atomic emission by free metal atoms, formed as a result of valence excitation of nuclear and, or core excited atoms situated in between unexcited atoms (Padmanabha Rao 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002). The new insight is strongly suggestive of existence of a kind of 'atomic state of matter' within solid radioisotopes and XRF sources at room temperature. The first `room temperature atomic spectra detected from solids' by non-thermal valence excitation could be spectacular advancement in the field of atomic spectroscopy. The author’s explanation that ionizing radiations passing through core - Coulomb field first generate exciting energies at eV level (termed Bharat radiation) necessary to cause valence excitation that in turn generate the optical spectrum within the excited atom is increasingly gaining ground (Padmanabha Rao 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002).

New understanding of fundamental properties of beta, not exhibiting its particle behavior to be distinctly different from gamma or X-ray stems from the finding, same percentage of UV, VIS and NIR intensities at any given ionizing radiation energy, as has been explained due to their common transit through core - Coulomb field within excited atom in vacuum. 

2.  Experimental

The radioisotopes selected for the study were present either as radiochemicals or metallic solids in kBq or MBq activities. The handy Variable Energy X-ray source (AMC 2084, U.K.) provided Rb, Ba and Tb XRF from solid Rb, Ba and Tb salts and Cu, Mo or Ag XRF from Cu, Mo and Ag metallic solids during gamma excitation from ²⁴¹Am. 

The experimental set up is nothing but a simple Gamma ray Spectrometer with a difference in its probe (Dinesh Bohra et.al 1992, Padmanabha Rao 1997,1999). Unexpected detection of UV dominant optical radiation did owe its success to (a) the use of bare photo multiplier tube (9635QB THORN EMI) on which the source was directly kept, (b) gain of the linear amplifier set relatively higher than the requirement for Gamma ray Spectrometer, and the time constant at 0.1 msec.  Optimally low background rate (13 cps) of the PMT noticed, despite high gain setting ensured satisfactory operating condition of the PMT free from any light leak. Ultimately, 8K MCA displayed a single pulse height spectrum for simultaneously detected optical and ionizing radiation intensities by thin quartz window of the PMT. Accrued the integral counts under the spectrum that represent combined radiation intensity for four minutes but shown in terms of counts per sec (cps) in Table 1.

The parallel pair of diachronic visible light linear polarizers employed in the study block characteristic UV radiation up to 400 nm but transmit low percent linear polarized visible (VIS) light from 400 to 710 nm as well as NIR radiation rapidly increasing from nearly 710 nm onwards. The crossed pair excellently extinct visible light yet transmit NIR radiation beyond 710 nm. Based on these characteristics, the author had to design the following decisive and deceptively simple technique that enabled measurements of UV (up to 400 nm), VIS (400 to 710 nm), and NIR (beyond 710 nm) radiation intensities, segregating from ionizing radiations that emerge as a single beam from source.

Figure 1 - Schematic of the author's technique discloses first ever evidence of UV dominant optical emission from ¹³⁷Cs.  a, When ¹³⁷Cs source was kept directly on the thin quartz window of the PMT (9635QB, THORN EMI), the PMT detected 9098 (6.2) cps presumably due to UV (up to 400 nm),  VIS (400-710 nm),  NIR (beyond 710 nm), ionizing radiation (IRs) intensities from the source.  b,  On introducing the parallel pair of polarizers between PMT and source  blockage of UV resulted in steep dip in counts, yet VIS, NIR radiation intensities from 400 nm onwards and IRs caused 793(3.6) cps.  c, On rotation of one of the polarizers to 90° (crossed pair) blockage of even the linearly polarized VIS light resulted in further dip in counts, yet  NIR radiation from 710 nm onwards and IRs caused 720(3.5) cps. d, On introducing a 0.26 mm thin black polyethylene sheet between PMT and crossed polarizers blockage of NIR radiation resulted in further dip in counts, yet IRs caused 519 (2.9) cps. UV, VIS, and NIR intensities could be estimated from the difference in counts between steps (a) and (b), (b) and (c), and (c) and (d) respectively.

UV radiation intensity = 8305 (9.8) cps.

VIS radiation intensity = 73 (7.1) cps.

NIR radiation intensity = 201 (6.4) cps.

These intensity estimates disclose first and definite evidence for the UV dominant optical radiation from ¹³⁷Cs. Unification of data, expressing the estimated UV, VIS and NIR radiation intensities as percent of the gross light intensity could address the problem of unequal source strengths and the standard units of radioisotopes, and XRF sources. Quantitatively, dominant UV from ¹³⁷Cs has been a staggering 96.81% of the gross light intensity, in comparison to VIS and NIR radiation intensities limited to 0.85% and 2.34% respectively (Table 1).

3.  Results and discussion

Detection of analogous UV dominant optical radiation from all the tested XRF sources and radioisotopes has been a key success of the experimental study (Padmanabha Rao 1997, 1999), when previous researchers could neither predict such a possibility nor were able to see UV because of invisibility (Table 1). Radioisotopes like ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³¹I, ¹³⁷Cs, beta emitter like ⁹⁰Sr, and Rb XRF source can serve as handy room temperature UV sources in material science.  The percent UV, VIS, and NIR intensities of any source showing a clear link with ionizing radiation energy of abundant radiation, regardless of type of emission and source is another major success of the study.

Table1- First evidence on radioisotopes and XRF sources as UV emitters

Source	Emission	Energy (MeV)	gross light intensity  (cps)	%UV	%VIS	%NIR
55Fe	Mn X-rays	0.00589	125(0.9)
Rb XRF	Rb X-rays	0.01339	125,321(23)	99.62	0.37	0.01
133Ba	Cs X-rays	0.03097	2,803(3.9)	97.51	1.46	1.03
Ba XRF	Ba X-rays	0.03219	2,064(7.3)	95.64	3.83	0.53
152Eu	Sm X-rays	0.04012	3,052(6.2)	90.33	5.90	3.77
Tb XRF	Tb X-rays	0.04447	37(1.1)
241Am	g	0.05954	1678(2.1)	98.03	1.91	0.06
201TI	Hg X-rays	0.07082	1,830(2.8)	95.73	3.83	0.44
57Co	g	0.122	626(1.8)	96.01	1.76	2.23
99mTc	g	0.141	468(4.5)	94.02	3.85	2.13
147Pm	β	0.224	3,606(3.9)	99.36	0.58	0.06
45Ca	β	0.252	2,333(3.2)	95.76	4.20	0.04
113Sn	g	0.393	91,105(23)	96.95	2.21	0.84
141Ce	β	0.444	727(0.9)	98.76	1.10	0.14
22Na	g	0.511	2,284(3.5)	94.92	2.50	2.58
137Cs	β	0.514	8,579(7.0)	96.81	0.85	2.34
131I	β	0.607	234,079(5.0)	96.64	3.23	0.14
110mAg	g	0.6577	48,393(28)	88.07	4.36	7.57
204TI	β	0.763	84,984(24)	96.60	2.96	0.44
59Fe	g	1.099	39,985(16)	95.98	1.52	2.50
60Co	g	1.33	2,207(3.4)	92.98	2.31	4.71
86Rb	β	1.77	38,677(23)	73.56	9.82	16.62
90Y	β	2.27	29,563(19)	83.36	8.02	8.62
Sources present as metallic solid
Cu XRF	Cu X-rays	0.00805	22(0.8)
Mo XRF	Mo X-rays	0.01748	27(0.9)
Ag XRF	Ag X-rays	0.02216	30(1.0)
57Co	g	0.122	6,343(8.1)	88.18	5.71	6.11
60Co	g	1.33	30,123(34)

The number in the parenthesis denotes standard deviation of counts. The counts caused by ionizing radiations are intentionally not shown here, light emission being the main focus of the study.

 

Gross light intensity measurements made from Cu, Mo, and Ag XRF sources, and ⁶⁰Co metallic solid,  and UV dominant spectrum observed from ⁵⁷Co metallic solid provide the first ever evidence of metallic solids giving rise to room temperature optical radiation (Table 1). Rb XRF source exhibiting excellent optical properties may have significance in material science. That the observation 4400 Rb X-rays in single 'pi' geometry causing high quantum yield, 125,321(23) UV photons in one sec from Rb XRF source analogous to strong lines in Rb atomic spectrum provided strong evidence on atomic emission (Padmanabha Rao 1997, 1999).

 

The current study may hopefully prompt futuristic line spectra with highly active soft beta emitters like ⁹⁰Sr on exposing the PMT for long hours. The current study could practically be a laboratory model for the well established astronomical phenomenon of brilliant after glow at optical wavelengths from X-ray Pulsars and Gamma ray Bursts (GRBs).

Eventually, the current subatomic research enabled new understanding of fundamental dynamical properties of beta, gamma, and X-ray while they make a common transit through core – Coulomb field in vacuum within the core- excited atoms, inaccessible outside excited atoms in any medium (Padmanabha Rao 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002). Fig 2 provides experimental evidence on same percentages of UV, VIS and NIR intensities at any given energy of beta, gamma or X-ray suggesting absence of beta’s particle behavior within the excited atom.

To better understand the fundamental properties of photon, electron, proton, and neutron, their sketches were drawn through advanced Indian yogic technique.  For the first time, their shape could be known by mapping when not previously possible to scientists by any other means.  The sketches reveal previously unknown gravitational field to photon, electron, proton, and neutron (fig.3). Proton has shown spin (fig.3, bottom left). Interestingly, electron is attached at the centre of proton retaining their individual identity, while acting together as neutron (fig.3, bottom right). As a result of attachment, proton lost its characteristic spin.