Wars of LA Independence
-
Inspired by FR & Nappy, Nap’s takeover of Spain weakens their control
over LA
-
Uprisings led by Creole Elite:
-
Bolivar frees Colombia in 1819 and Venezuela in 1821
-
San Martin frees Chile in 1817 and Lima in 1821
-
1825 Portugal frees Brazil & LA’s free from European control
-
1823- U.S. issues Monroe Doctrine
-
GB will also protect new republics to ensure trade
-
New nations form republican gov’ts essentially controlled by Creole elite
– natives denied representation
Decembrist Revolt in Russia
-
Alex I suppresses Lib & Natty
-
exposure to Fr. Rev leads to secret societies (want reforms, etc.)
-
11/1825- Alex dies, no heir ? Constantine vs. Nicholas I
-
army’s loyal to Nicky, Moscow reg. demands cons., no serfdom, &
Constantine
-
Nick sends in cavalry to deal with “Decembrists” (become martyrs)
Reign of Nicholas I
-
reactionary symbol(vs. Constitution)
-
censorship, secret police
-
Official Nationality: “orthodoxy, autocracy, & nationalism”
-
These will “separate them from corruption of West”
-
1830- Polish revolt, Nick suppresses with troops, becomes “gendarme of
Europe” (use force to uphold COV)
French Rev. of 1830
-
Charles X- ultra-roy bro of Louis XVIII
-
land back to aristos, primogeniture, support of RC
-
1829- replaces mod. ministry w/ an Ultra-Royalist one
-
Libs win elections of 1830, and…
Charles X Responds
-
7/25/30- Issues 4 Ordinances:
-
restrict free of press
-
dissolve Leg.
-
franchise to wealthy
-
new elections
The Rev Blows Up!
-
Poor fed up, barricades in streets
-
8/2/30- Charles abdicates
-
Bourg. Mods form Cons. Mon. (Louis Philippe) with support of workers
-
Some Lib ideals:
-
wider franchise
-
end to censorship
-
no sympathy for lower classes
Rise of the Proletariat
-
working class (no stake)
-
wage system = workers no longer control means of production
-
end of guilds (FR, liberals) & artisans
-
confection sys. (division of labor)
-
income to owners
The Proletariat Responds
-
sabotage & resistance
-
trade unions
-
Chartism
-
Socialism
Chartism (1830s-40s)
-
entrance of working class on political scene
-
British WC wants Charter (1838), presented to Par. 3 times & rejected
-
last time with 3.3 mil sigs
-
The Charter’s Six Points:
a) universal suffrage
b) annual elections
c) secret ballot
d) end of prop. req.
e) salaries for members of Par.
f) equal districts
-
all met over time, not immediately
-
fails nationally,some local success
-
split between violent & peaceful
-
mass movement workers needed to make a difference
-
failure of Chartism?rise of unions
Early Unions
-
Combination Acts outlawed workers’ associations
-
trade unions form in early 1800’s, nat’l assoc. begin to form after repeal
of Comb. Acts
Industrialism & the Family
-
mech. weaving = out of home
-
fathers use kids as assistants ?
-
mid-1820’s- spinning & weaving together, men make enough to leave kids
home, supervise poor W&C not from family
-
Separate sphere for WC Women
-
big probs. with child labor
-
Factory Act (1833): 9 hrs., 2 hrs. education, must be 9 yrs. old
-
break between home & child, brings in school & factory
-
1847- 10 hr. day for all, families spend more time together
-
unit of production + consumption to just consumption
-
kids stay home until married
-
start to supportive domestic role for WC women (MC before)
-
children = assets
-
unmarried women work until married (factory instead of house)
-
prostitution out of desperation
-
lots of new, unskilled jobs
-
less arranged marriage
-
men more mobile, more illegitimate kids
Reform in Great Britain
-
Historical pattern of accommodation vs. repression
-
large commercial class, prosperity means econ comes 1st
-
1820s (Wellington’s Ministry)- slightly more open to accommodation (economically
motivated) - repeal Combination Acts
-
meanwhile...
Trouble in Ireland(late 1700s)
-
Eng. to Ire like Rus. to Pol.
-
Ireland has sep. ethnicity, religion, language
-
Eng. Prot landlords leftover from Cromwell
-
Prots in North from Puritan times
The Official Conflict begins
-
Act of Union (1800), all in Par. must be Prot.
-
O’Connell & Nats form Cath. Assoc. (O’Connell elected to Par. in 1828)
-
1829- Cath. Emancipation Act passed to avoid CW
-
Issue splits Tories badly, divided tories allows for...
New Gov’t (Tea Anyone?)
-
Earl Grey & Whigs present GRB
-
abolish rotten boroughs & increase # of voters by 50%
-
Commons passes the GRB, Lords defeats it
-
King threatens Lords, they pass it
-
200,000 new voters (property required, no women)
-
1 new rural =1 new urban
Success of Great Reform Bill
-
Reconciles prop. owners & econ interests to politics ?
-
Makes revolution unnecessary in GB
-
keeps institutions, gives influence to whole new group
Early Socialism (LF sucks)
-
Workers deal w/ probs in 2 ways:
-
Unions (work w/in system)
-
Socialism (reform all of society)
-
Cooperation better than competition
-
Indust. is OK, free market can’t distribute goods, few control
-
goods for use, not sale
-
Society = community
Early Socialists
-
Saint-Simon: capital & prop. should be administered by “elites” for
public good
-
Owen: build “utopian” communities of textile manufacturers
-
Fourier: “phalanxes” liberated living
-
All 3 ignore political reality
Marx
-
sci. accuracy, reject reform, need revolution
-
inspired by 1848
-
Engels
-
thesis vs. antithesis = synthesis
-
Communist Manifesto
-
State is Bourg Committee for exploitation
-
Workers deprived of wealth they create
-
religion is a drug to keep lower classes in order
-
loyalty to your class
Impact of Marx’s Theory:
-
economic conditions evolve through history (shaped by material conditions)
-
Capitalism leads to conflict between owners & workers
-
reforms won’t work
-
Competition ? small group of owners & big suffering prolet.
REVOLUTION
-
Prolet. will form dictatorship to reorganize society
-
eventually dictatorship will not be needed
-
prolet. can’t be an oppressor = no oppression
-
this is the culmination of history
-
shaped by unemployment and deprivation of 1840s
-
widely accepted because they seem to be based on scientific fact rather
than theorizing
Anarchism
-
remove industry & government to obtain true freedom (dominating people’s
lives)
-
Anarchism popular in least democratic states - Movement will get more violent
as time goes on (late 1800’s