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North

• industry & ag.
• extensive RRs
• fed $ for trans.
• free labor (imm.)
• wealthy= manu-facturers & merchants
• rural and urban

South

• cash crop
• limited RRs (no fed $ for trans.)
• slave labor
• wealthy=plantation owners
• predominantly rural (sub. farming for poor)

Rising Tension over Slavery

• 1789- 3/5 Compromise
• 1820- Missouri Compromise
• 1846-48- Mex./Amer. War- Wilmot Proviso
• Compromise of 1850
• 1854- Kansas-Nebraska Act
• 1855- Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• 1856- Dred Scott Decision

• Lincoln’s election: 7 states secede, 4 more when he calls for troops, (CSA, confederacy, south)
• 4/61- SC fires on Ft. Sumter (belongs to them now)
• Northern advantages (population, manufacturing, wealth, RRs, navy)
• Southern advantages (leadership, cause, defensive war)

• Union believes they’ll win easily
• 7/61 - South wins first battle at Bull Run
• War goes well for South early, defensive, fighting for a cause, good leadership

• West: Grant gains control of KY & TN, rallies at Shiloh, and navy wins at New Orleans
• East: McClellan moves on Richmond, wusses, retreats, and then...
• 9/62- Antietam: Lee into MD, bloodiest single day, McClellan does not chase

• 12/62- Burnside attacks Lee at Fredricksburg, “slaughterpen”
• 1/1/63- Emancipation Proclamation: Slaves in rebellious states are now “forever free” - makes CW a moral crusade
• 4/63- Hooker launches 3 pronged attack at Chancellorsville, gets outflanked and retreats

• Gettysburg - Lee heads north, Huge losses for South, turned away from DC
• Vicksburg - Union gains control of Mississippi after long siege, Grant then heads east

• 1864- Sherman’s March: 60 mi. wide path of destruction through Georgia, then he heads north, meanwhile...
• Grant starts bloody campaign towards Richmond
• South forced to surrender, left w/ major problems

• “malice toward none, charity for all”
• states who accept emancipation & take loyalty oath should be let back in
• thinks President should run reconstruction, Congress disagrees

• outlined in Wade Davis Bill
• total reconstruction for South
• laws to protect rights of freedmen
• former Confederate leaders banned from participating

• Johnson adopts Lincoln’s basic plan but has no sympathy for freedmen
• 13th Amendment ends slavery
• Congress sets up Freedmen’s Bureau
• by late 1865 all states but TX had met Johnson’s conditions, but many are using Black Codes and harassment to keep freedmen down
• 1866 Election: Johnson vs. Congress

• controlled by Radical Republicans
• 14th Amendment to protect citizenship rights of freedmen
• divide South into 5 districts, states must write new constitutions and ratify 14th to reenter Union
• Johnson tries everything to interfere with Congress

• Johnson fires Sec of War Stanton (a RR)
• House passes articles of impeachment
• Senate finds Johnson not guilty by 1 vote (uphold presidency)
• after this radicals leave reconstruction to the south

• carpetbaggers & scalawags help set up radicals state gov’ts
• radicals out after Panic 1873
• troops gone after Comp. of 1877
• Conditions return to pre-war:
• many freedmen forced to sharecrop
• Jim Crow Laws & the KKK keep freedmen at bottom of ladder

• territory acquired before the CW, settled after the CW
• much of it unlike anything we’ve settled before (plains, mtns., etc.)
• homesteaders looking for land and opportunity
• miners looking for riches and adventure

• Demand starts in 1830s (Cape Horn)
• debate over route
• 1861-CW delays start of construction
• West from Omaha (UP), East from Sacramento (CP)
• Chinese & Irish immigrants
• done in 1869, sets up infrastructure for...

• starts in CA, then moves back to the Rockies
• placer mining gets replaced by more expensive mining done by corporations
• mining attracts more wide variety of people
• problems with lawlessness, racial tension, etc. in mining camps

• Growing pop. increases demand
• RRs make it possible to move it East
• CW vets, immigrants and freedmen for labor
• “Long Drive”: move cattle from ranches to RR depots for shipment
• weather, surplus, and barbed wire end cattle boom and open range in late 1880’s

• “cow towns” meet needs of cowboys and miners (gambling, liquor, women, etc.)
• conflicts over cattle and mining rights
• conflicts with Native Americans
• Out of the reach of strong gov’t control

• Sioux, Cheyenne, & Arapahoe follow buffalo
• hunger for land & mines ? conflict
• military: keep travel routes open & protect, then push them on to reservations.
• reservation system

• 1864-Sand Creek Massacre
• 1876-Little Big Horn
• 1877-pursuit of Chief Joseph
• 1887- Dawes Act
• 1890-Wounded Knee
• Geronimo & the Apache
• Superior fire power wins

• RRs, superior weapons, destruction of Buffalo diff. values too much
• “Kill the Indian & save the man!”
• Dawes Act (1887)
• 1900: 237,000 NAs left (millions in 1492)