Overview of Reformation

• many phases (Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, RC Counter Reformation, English)
• political
• economic
• religious

• benefices
• indulgences (selling salvation)
• graft (embezzlement)
• legal exemptions (tax, criminal)
• political popes & bishops
• scholastic interpretations provide support for these practices
• Church is pervasive

• resentment toward church
• contempt amongst clergy for lack of discipline
• Humanism (Erasmus vs. superstition, corruption, etc.) NT to all
• Savanarola gets burned in Florence
• Hus & Wyclif in England

• German, RC priest who feels unworthy of salvation, unhappy w/ corruption
• decides salvation comes through faith, not works
• Jubilee indulgence is the last straw (can’t be key to salv.)
• 1517- 95 Theses in Wittenberg, Ger.

• FAITH!!!
• Priesthood of all believers
• direct access to God thru prayer
• rails against papal usurpation
• direct authority of Bible
• cuts 7 sacraments to 2 (c&b)
• clergy can marry
• princes are heads of local churches

• Luther debates Eck at Leipzig, Charles V busy getting elected
• stirs up anti-Roman sent., burns papal bull
• 1521- Faces Chuck at Diet of Worms "Here I Stand", branded a heretic
• flees to exile "Runs" reformation from a castle (Freddy III)

• Doctrine= Gospel
• clerical celibacy
• Focus on purgatory
• works lead to salvation
• Excommunication by one person
• using saints as mediators to God
• penance "Christ has borne our pain"
• church officials lacking spiritual focus

• Goes to Strasbourg, develops structure for Reformation, learns how to make change
• 1541- Back to Geneva to transform society and install theocracy

• no plays
• no dancing
• no drinking
• psalm reading & religious music in the taverns
• by 1555- Geneva’s finally his

• God’s Will:
• transform society to God’s Will
• faith forms actions to God’s Will
• TULIP (Predestination):
• Total Depravity
• Unconditional Election
• Limited Atonement
• Irresistible Grace
• Perseverance of the Saints

• late 1500s- Calvinism replaces Lutheranism as major force in Protestantism
• Geneva = "New Jerusalem" (refugees come & go)
• Huguenots in France
• Puritans in England & Presbyterians in Scotland

• Luther opens door, many leaders with many followers - some desire greater moral transformation

• communal property
• pacifism
• all equal
• adult baptism
• polygamy
• 1534- gather at Munster (John of Leyden), others must convert or go
• Mainstreamers freak & lay seige, mass torture & death
• Luther pushed farther away from people (not Xians job to reshape society)
• spiritualists- religious autonomy of each individual

• Influence of Wyclif, Hum., Ger.
• Henry VIII’s wife, Catharine of Aragon, can’t "provide" a male heir
• Henry’s diggin’ Anne Boleyn
• Pope won’t give annulment
• Wolsey can’t get annulment (booted in 1529)
• Cromwell & Cranmer become Henry’s closest advisors

• 1533- Church of England (Anglican)
• Act of Supremacy: king & parliament control English religion
• seize church prop
• Henry gives self annulment & marries Anne Boleyn
• religiously conservative (change org., not doct.)
• Six Articles in response to pop. of Protestantism

• England actually gets Prot. theology
• help from Prots exiled by Charles V
• repeal of Six Articles
• strip altars, remove images
• Acts of Uniformity make Book of Common Prayer (Cranmer- sets down order of worship & doctrine) spreads Protestant theology

• 1553- Mary I (RC "Bloody Mary"- from Cath.) succeeds Edward
• married to Phillip II of Spain
• starts conversion back to RC
• burns 300 at stake for heresy, many flee
• probs with debt & popularity of Prot.

• 1558- Elizabeth I (from Anne Boleyn) wins contest with Mary QOS to succeed Mary I
• finally establishes religious peace and consistency
• Elizabethan Settlement- Book of CP, no Puritan stuff

• The movement to eliminate abuses & respond to Prots
• Paul III provides leadership, starts line of moral popes

• changes discipline, not doctrine
• Christ is present in Communion, faith & works for salvation
• tradition & scripture are equal
• use of Latin & Vulgate
• images, relics, saints & pilgrimages are good
• Provides opportunity for women (St. Teresa)
• attacks clerical concubines, simony, & nepotism, clarifies use of indulgences
• Establishes new seminaries for priests

• Clergy more accountable
• New Orders: Oratorians, Ursulites, &
• Jesuits:(Loyola’s "Cath. Crusaders")
• focus on church
• excellent educ.
• Political confessors to kings
• missionary work, underground in Prot. areas
• Missionaries in new territories (Americas)
• Missionary fervor highest in Spain
• Baroque art in Catholic Cities

• Office of Inquisition (church courts) to suppress heresy (prots. had own version)
• Use forced testimony & torture to get confessions
• Confiscation of property, prison, eventually death for "convicted" heretics
• Index of Forbidden Books bans "heretical" books (porn, sorcery, science, and Protestant works)
• Index is necessitated by printing
• Outbreak of rel. wars (not all fault of RCs)

Counter Ref. is slowed by Enlightenment, but brings back Prots upset about discipline, not doc

• Rest is natural state (motion stops when force stops)
• earth in middle, surrounded by spheres
• light (air & fire) & heavy (earth & elements

• Copernicus says earth goes around sun (more mathematical sense than Ptolemy)
• circular orbits, earth just another planet?
• attacked by Church (Luther & Calvin too), reaction to Cop is slow
• allows people to think in new ways

• Brahe attacks Copernicus, gives publicity
• Sun & moon around earth, other planets around sun
• Brahe’s big contrubution is new, fairly accurate, drawings
• Kepler gets Brahe’s charts, and...

• looks for way to make Brahe’s concept work with sun in middle
• combines ideas of Copern. & Brahe

• Makes orbits elliptical
• orbit speed not uniform
• time of orbit relative to distance from sun

• works with telescope, discovers complexity of universe
• uses experiments to establish mathematical relationships that explain why things happen (quantity replacing quality)
• This is a major intellectual shift
• Mocks Aristotle & Ptolemy so is put on trial by Church

• synthesizes thought of C, K & G
• key ? he faces is planetary motion
• influenced by Galileo’s mathematical basis
• explanation is universal gravitation (inertia applies to all bodies)
• "To better understand creation is to better understand the creator"

• prevalent in rural areas
• single elderly women, magic makes them feel important & sense of belonging
• threat to power of church & gov’t
• midwifery
• 1400-1700: 100K killed for witchcraft

• reconcile new science with existing thought
• Bacon: now is good, empirical, science = progress
• Descartes: absolute truth, deductive, reason applies to physical
• Pascal: refutes skeptics, separate science, leap of faith

Enlightenment (18th Cent.)

• Scholasticism Ô Humanism Ô Sci. Rev. (17th Cent.) Ô Enlightenment
• REASON
• replace religion with science & natural philosophy to understand
• continuation of 17th Cent. Greats
• science improves, people look to understand and control human society

• Newton- rationality of physical univ.
• Locke- human condition can improve
• GB is positive model, Fr. negative
• print culture (books, pamphlets, newspapers, plays, etc.)spreads ideas to MC Ô public opinion now a force

• reform thought, society & gov’t to improve liberty
• MC background (professors, etc.) writing for MC audience
• gov’ts needed reform (debt, corruption, lack of rep.)
• formed a family structure, shared ideas in salons

• collection of info ("worldly know-ledge"), 100+ authors, compiled by Diderot
• universality of knowledge
• controversial, went against "accepted" ideas
• goal was to harness power of earth & people

• church prohibits study of natural life
• improvement in life is not possible church takes advantage of political position (tithing)
• sects create division
• churches promote evil acts (war, inquisition, persecution)

• combines reason & religion
• anti-clerical
• believed in rational
• God exists, life after death
• "watchmaker"
• Pietists & Methodists react to deists & make faith more personal

• influenced by physiocrats (gov’t protect prop., natural economics)
• all nations should be wealthy, exploit resources
• laissez faire economics, no barriers, market guides itself
• division of labor
• Wealth of Nations, 1776

• hassled in France, moves to England
• much of his work glorifies England & criticizes France (Candide)
• Huge on Freedom of Speech
• very critical of RC church
• "crush the infamous thing" (bigotry)
• reform is necessary but may not be permanent

• noble background, admired GB
• Spirit of Laws
• separation of powers (checks & Balances), no 1 set of laws
• gov’t varies by climate

• most radical, looks at good of society, not good of individual
• natural state is following laws set by general will
• non-followers must be bent to it
• Social Contract people must agree with what society wants
• you get democracy, you bend to will

• concerned by social inequality (probs. come from uneven property)
• men & women in separate spheres
• glorifies motherhood

• benefit from focus on reason, education, not part of reform agenda
• gain influence in salons
• Montesquieu wants broader role for women in society, leaves man in charge at home
• Encyclopedia leaves women out
• Sexual double standard