Problems of 1848

• hunger
• unemployment
• city strife & Industrialization
• conservative oppression, liberals appeal to workers
• 50 uprisings

Revolts in Vienna & Hungary

• 3/3/48, Kossuth students inspired & rebel (3/13/48)
• Metternich resigns, Ferdy gives Cons.
• Magyar Rebellion- encourages Hungarians
• Roms, Serbs & Cs resist & support Hapsburgs
• 9/48 Aust army crushes revolt

Czech & Italian Rebellion

• want Slavic state, clash with Gers.
• 6/12/48 uprising squashed
• Divide & Conquer

Italian Squashorama

• Aust. out & unif.
• liberal Pope?, He takes off under pressure
• 2/49 Roman Republic declared
• French troops squash Italians & back Pope (becomes reactionary)

Germany (We’re this close!)

• revolts in states for lib. gov’t & unif., fear of ind.
• FW IV’s Liberal Min.
• Frankfurt Par. to write German Cons.
• tick off Conserv. & workers
• Kleinsdeutsch
• 3/27/49 Cons., FW IV refuses crown
• blown opportunity

France, February Rev. of 1848

• banquets (2/21), barricades & protest
• Louis abdicates (2/24)
• Workshops
• Conserv. Assembly (4/23)
• June Days (24-26)
• Workshops close, class warfare in streets
• army wins, many killed or jailed
• violence necessary for capitalism
• Chartists see France & rally, prep for revolt squashed

Louis Napoleon (Nap III)

• wins Pres. election, disperses assembly
• makes himself (Nap III)
• Women Call for Rights squashed by 1852
• It’s All About Industry
• passing of old way
• Changes in living conditions, families, role of women, structure of society, etc.
• emancipation, fluid labor, transÔ Migration to Cities

Rise of the Proletariat

• no stake, wage system, income to owners
• division of labor
• end of guilds & artisans
• GB faces no comp. until 1870

Industrialism & the Family

• fathers employ kids
• mid-1820’s- men supervise w & c not from family
• child labor (assets) Ô Factory Act 1833
• break home & child
• 1847- 10 hr. day

More Ind. & Family

• just consumption
• domestic role for women in working class
• women work until married
• prostitution
• lots of new, unskilled jobs
• less arranged marriage
• more illegitimate kids

Chartism (1830s-40s)

• working class in politics
• They push the Charter: universal suffrage, annual election, secret ballot, no prop. req.
• almost all met over time

• fails as nat’l movement
• split between violent & peaceful
• mass movement workers needed to make a difference
• failure of Chartism leads to rise of unions

• draws attention, organize, contact with world
• cities are redesigned

Classical Economics

• Gov’t Should: maintain currency, enforce contracts, protect prop.
• Malthus: WC can’t improve, pop. overcome food, wages Ô kids Ô food
• WC needs higher standard & less kids
• Ricardo’s Iron Law of Wages, justifies low wages
• Bentham & utility+reason
• Gov’t & Classic Econ.
• France- accepted for benefit of MC
• Germany- some tariffs abolished
• GB- love them classics
• Poor Law of 1834- sucks to be poor
• Corn Laws

Socialism

• Saint Simon, Fourier, Owen
• Marx (sci. accuracy, reject reform, need revolution)
• economic conditions evolve through history
• Capitalism leads to conflict and…

REVOLUTION

• dictatorship to reorganize society
• prolet. can’t be an oppressor = no oppression
• this is the culmination of history

Socialism Evolves

• 1871- 1st Int=Marxism
• Fabianism in GB
• Reform oriented in France
• SPD in Ger, Bis tries to oppress
• Bernstein & Revisionists, mainstream

Crimean War

• Russia vs. Ottomans
• France & GB oppose Russia, Aust. Prussia stay neut.
• Russia lose territory & intimidation
• Ends Concert
• Stirs the pot of instability for next 20 years

Italian Unification

• Powers play them
• Republicans (M&G) vs. Monarchists (C, Efficiency & Economy)
• struggles w/ Austrian control (Roman Rep.)
• Cavour goes after Austria w/ French help
• Garibaldi goes south, met by Cavour, G accepts nationa over republic
• Cavour’s boy VE becomes king
• other states in over time

German Unification

• Prussia sick of #2, Junkers in control, strong ind.
• Bismarck- cons. opportunist, B & I
• Wars of Uni:
• Danish (Hols-Schl)
• Austrian- spoils, NG Confed
• Franco- encirc, ems, occupation, indemnity, Nap III done, stragglers join NGC

Third Republic

• fails abroad, to lib., F-P war, imprisoned, then goes to GB
• 3rd Rep., Monarchists vs. Comm., siege, squash unfies
• no king, rep survives to WWII despite scandals...
• Dreyfus (wrongly accused, splits France, A-S, RC & army weakened)

Hapsburgs in Austria

• dynastic, absolutist, & agrarian run by Gers.
• Nationalists got shafted (AP) toasted by Italians
• A-P war forces F-J to deal with Magyars
• 1867- Dual Monarchy of Austria Hungary
• Other nationalities?
• territories look to Russia

• A-H & Russia competitive in the Balkans

Russia

• Unchanged since Peter TG (1700)
• reformrev. reactionrepression
• Alex II- serfdom abolished new rights: sell stuff, trades, marry freely, 49 years
• Conditions still suck
• Judicial & Miltary Reform
• Russification of Poland
• nobody’s satisfied with Alex, Rev. activity
• Land & Freedom, Alex punishes educators, tactics shift to direct
• Alex III worse

Major Movements

• labor
• women
• education
• voting rights

GB toward Democracy

• model liberal state
• Unions push for cash, Par. absorbs new interests
• Gladstone (L) & Disraeli (C) expand suffrage
• Second Reform Act of 1867,WC more responsible, Disraeli allows expansion from 1.4m to 2.4m
• Gladstone’s Great Ministry, 1868-74
• arist. institutions opened to all, pub. schools
• More GB
• Disraeli Follows Gladstone (Health Act, Dwelling Act)
• Irish Home Rule, major issue of G’s 2nd
• 2 major probs: landlords, tithes
• Irish bloc in Par, back & forth
• 1912- HRB passed over Lords veto 3 times,
• Catholic Ireland (Eire) ind. in 1922, N. Ire stay with GB

Modern Thought

• New availability of ed (free intellectually)
• growth of science: Comte, progress, ind.
• Darwin: Sci. & Soc.
• Spencer: struggle’s imperative
• Nietszche attacks reason: ubermensch, church democracy, etc.
• intellectuals challenge church, resurgence in response, C & S clash
• Freud: new reasons for actions
• Weber: need role, group more important, non-rational
• Race Theories (genetics, history, domination, etc.)
• Racism aggressive Nationalism
• Anti-Semitism stirred back up after reprieve, Zionist Movement starts

New Imperialism

• 1850 only GB
• imp. necessary for power
• Tech use force, cultural superiority
• methods:capital, infr., exploit
• motives: rel., raw materials, markets
• 1880-1900 Race for Africa
• 1900- all but Ethiopia & Liberia
• testing ground for rivalries
• GB in India (Sepoy, direct rule, educ.)
• Dutch in Indonesia
• More Imperilism
• GB vs. Russia in India & Asia
• China: Opium Wars, , Open Door Policy, settlements, Boxer Rebellion
• Russo-Japanese War: Manchuria, loss to non-white, weaken Russ.
• Alliances
• upset balance of COV
• Bis wants to avoid 2 fronts
• 3 Emp. League (ARG)
• 1882- It. hooks up with A-H & Ger. (Triple Alliance), 1888- Willy II Bis (peace) out
• 1894- F & R form defensive alliance GB colon. rival with R, econ. with Ger.
• Ger. messes w/ GB, 1907 Trip Ent.

• colonial competition, industrialism & nationalism=...

World War I

• 6/28/14- Archduke FF killed
• Schlieffen Plan
• GB comes in to back Bel. & Fr.
• Allies: numbers, ind. strength, navy
• Cent. Powers: 1st attack, communication
• new weapons (machine gun, poison gas, tank, sub, plane)
• trench warfare (Galipoli, Marne, Verdun, Somme)
• GB blockades, Ger U-Boats

War Draws to a Close

• 1917 U.S. enters
• R’s out = Ger looks west, U.S. counters
• 3/18- Ger. offensive fails, Allies counter
• Ludendorff- peace on 14 Points

Meeting at Paris

• U.S., GB, Fr., & It. in, USSR & Ger. left out
• Wilson’s idealism vs. war aims of Euros (promised stuff)
• Bolsheviks!!!
• A-H is toast (6 states)
• Poland-Finland buffer vs. USSR
• Reparations, demil, Rhine, etc
• L of N, w/out U.S.
• huge cost of war, shatters confidence