Unification of Germany and Italy
History M01B - Krister Swanson - Moorpark College

Crimean War

• Russians vs. Ottomans Russia wants land (“protecting Xians”)
• Fr. & GB oppose Ru., Aust. & Pr. stay neut.
• Russia lose territory & intimidation
• End of Concert System - Sets Prussia vs. Austria for Ger. influence
• Stirs pot of instability, helps lead to German & Italian Unification

Italian Unification

• debate over goals & method
• long been separate states working for selves
• Powers play them against each other
• Republicans vs. Monarchists

Romantic Republicans

• led by Mazzini & Garibaldi
• Young Italy Society wants a Republic & Austria out.
• 1830s & 40s G & M lead insurrections, Rep. of ‘49
• Republicanism scares moderates (key to unification)

Cavour/Monarchists

• from Piedmont(NW, ind.)
• starts cons., becomes liberal monarchist
• Influenced by Enlightenment & Classical  Economics
• Emphasizes efficiency & economic growth, not a warm fuzzy Republic
• Gets secret help from FR to fight AU

Toward Unification

• Revolts break out across Italy - Northern states annexed by Piedmont
• Garibaldi & Red Shirts come in from South - Cavour goes south to meet them
• Garibaldi compromises, chooses nationalism over republicanism

The Hapsburgs

• dynastic, absolutist, & agrarian (opposed to liberal, independent republics)
• Military & Bureaucracy run by German Austrians
• Nationalists who supported empire got shafted
• No support from Russia in trying to hold onto Italy
• Clear Need for a new gov’t

Creation of the Dual Monarchy

• 1861- February Patent produces Reichsrat
• Austro-Prussian war forces Franz-Joseph to deal with Magyars
• 1867- Dual Monarchy of Austria Hungary
• Franz-Joseph king of both, some common ministers, everything else run separately - this is freedom for the Magyars
• German speaking Austrians & Magyars dominate
• Other nationalities want same deal, in 1900 Czechs make life in Reichsrat miserable
• Language & Race increasingly become divisive

It’s All About Unrest

• Eastern territories look to Russia for help
• Austro-Germans hate non-Germans (lots of anti-Semitism)
• A-H & Russia get even more competitive in the Balkans (former Ottoman)

German Unification

• Prussia sick of being 2nd fiddle
• Junkers control bur. & army
• strong industry (RRs, trade, Zollverein)
• 1862 - Bismarck becomes minister

Otto Von Bismarck

• “BLOOD AND IRON”
• main goal is great Prussia & kleinsdeutsch
• more conservative than Cavour, must deal w/ Liberal Parliament
• Great opportunist - will take necessary steps to unify Germany

Wars of German Unification

• 1864- Danish War keep Den. from nabbing Holstein & Schleswieg, Au. insists on helping, win leads to
• Austro-Prussian War (1866) Conflict over booty from Danish War, modern Prussian Army whips Austria
• North German Confederation replaces German Confed., run by Berlin
• Liberals overcome by Nationalism

Now, the Frenchies

• France feared German encirclement
• Ems Dispatch leads to Franco Prussian War (1870)
• Southern states join Prussia in victory
• France gives up Alsace Lorraine & pays big indemnity
• jubilation brings in straggler states
• United Ger. will impact rest of history

F-P War Crushes Frenchies

• indemnity, occupation & loss of territory
• 3rd Republic formed, Nap III flees to GB
• Monarchist Nat’l Assembly clashes with Paris Commune
• Siege of Paris, NA wins, 20,000 die
• Marxists cry class warfare (wrong)
• Nat’l Assembly unifies France by squashing faction
• Third Republic
• 1873- Prussians leave
• monarchist NA can’t find king, leaves the republicans in control
• “Third Republic” survives until 1940