Scientific Revolution =
and
the Enlightenment
History M01B - Krister Swanson - Moorpark College
Prior to Copernicus
Beliefs of Aristotle brought into agreement with Me=
dieval
Church
- Rest
is natural state (motion stops when force stops)
- earth
in middle, surrounded by spheres
- light
(air & fire) & heavy (earth & elements
Copernicus
- Copernicus
says earth goes around sun (more mathematical sense than Ptolemy)
- circular orbits, earth just another planet?
- attacked
by Church (Luther & Calvin too), reaction to Cop is slow
- allows
people to think in new ways
Brahe
- Brahe
attacks Copernicus, gives publicity
- Sun
& moon around earth, other planets around sun
- Brahe’s
big contrubution is new, fairly accurate,
drawings
- Kepler gets Brahe’s charts, and...
Kepler
- looks
for way to make Brahe’s concept work with sun in middle
- combines ideas of Copern.
& Brahe
3 Main Contributions:
- Makes
orbits elliptical
- orbit
speed not uniform
- time
of orbit relative to distance from sun
Galileo
- works
with telescope, discovers complexity of universe
- uses
experiments to establish mathematical relationships that explain wh=
y
things happen (quantity replacing quality)
- This
is a major intellectual shift
- Mocks
Aristotle & Ptolemy so is put on trial by Church
Newton=
- synthesizes
thought of C, K & G
- key ? he faces is planetary motion
- influenced
by Galileo’s mathematical basis
- explanation
is universal gravitation (inertia applies to all bodies)
- “To
better understand creation is to better understand the creator”<=
/li>
The Shift
- Scholasticism
(dogmatic analysis)
- Humanism
(ideals vs.. dogma)
- New
Science (Copernoicus, etc.)
all lead to…=
;
NEW PHILOSOPHY
New Philosophy
- reconcile
new science with existing thought
- Bacon:
‘now’ is good, empirical, science =3D progress
- Descartes:
absolute truth, deductive, reason applies to physical
- Pascal:
refutes religious skeptics, separate science, leap of faith
Hobbes =
Locke
è Humanism è
Sci. Rev. (17th Cent.) è
Enlightenment
REASON
replace
religion with science & natural philosophy to understand
continuation of 17th Cent. Greats
science
improves, people look to understand and control human society & ot=
her
aspects of life
Causes of the Enlightenment
- è
public opinion now a force
Zee Philosophes
- reform
thought, society & gov’t to impr=
ove
liberty
- MC
background (professors, =
etc.)
writing for MC audience
- gov’ts needed r=
eform
(debt, corruption, lack of rep.)
- formed
a family structure, shared ideas in salons
Voltaire vs. French policy
-
-
- church
prohibits study of natural life
- Church
says improvement in life is not possible & takes advantage of
political position (tithing)
- religious
sects create division
- churches
promote evil acts (war, inquisition, persecution)
Deism