After the War…
- democracy, fear of Bols, Wilson’s vision eats it
- Nat’l groups in East, France, economic interdependence
- can’t return to prosperity (humans, resources, RRs, production)
Back in Russia
- Russian Civil War (1919-22)dictatorship, W vs. R, "War Communism"
- Bols win, policies stir opposition
- Red Terror, strikes, peasant rebellion, mutiny
- New Economic Policy: bank, trade, trans, some private OK, divides
- Trotsky(L): Red Army, int., indust., collect., expand Rev.
- Stalin (R) nationalities, not int., Gen Sec., Rev. in USSR, NEP
- Comintern: int comm party, bols., splits comms helps right
Fascism in Italy
- Mussolini the opportunists
- all for state
- black shirts - March on Rome
- Corporate Economy, struggle to maintain
Post War France:
- Treaty, Alliances, inner turmoil, occupy Ruhr
Post War GB
- slow econ., Labour, empire begins to fade
- Ireland:1916- Easter Rebellion, Sinn Fein & IRA, 1921- Irish Free Republic, 1921-23- Civil War
The Successor States
- self determination & provide buffer
- dependant on foreign loans, backward econ
- Poland: parts from G, A & R, can’t overcome diffs in class, political structure, economic interests, too many parties
- Czechoslovakia: only success, ind., MC, lib. ideals, Sudetenland
- Hungary: bad economy, repression
- Austria: Xian Soc., tough economy
- Southeastern Europe ethnic lines, much conflict between groups, Royal Dictatorships
Weimar & Nazis
- T of V, weaknesses, inflation, Streseman, Dawes & Locarno
- Beer Hall, Elections of ‘28, ‘30, & ‘32, Von Papen & Hindenburg
- Nazi Platform, Kristallnacht, propaganda, rearm
- Reichstag Fire, assass. enemies, pub. works
Great Depression
- Currency & Investments, commodities, lack of leadership
- Gov’t cuts spending, fears inflation, attention to home
- GB: Nat’l Gov’t, etc., France: Popular Front
Stalin
- Purges
- Collective
- 5 Year Plans
Road to War
- Span Civil War: Franco, testing ground, fight fascism
- Axis with Italy
- Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland, Czech…Appeasement
- Defensive France & GB
- Non-Ag with Soviets, invades Poland (9/1/39)
War, What is it Good For?
- Sweeps west Belg. into France, Dunkirk (6/40)
- Vichy Gov’t, Festung Europa, Battle of Britain, Lend Lease Act, Pearl Harbor
- Barbarossa, North Africa, Sicily, D-Day
- Tehran, Yalta, & Potsdam
- Destruction of Europe, atrocities, area bombing
- Homefront: shortages, propaganda, resistance, etc.
Cold War Sets In
- Peace Process
- division of Germany, satellite states, airlift
- tension in UN, nukes
- Mao & the Korean War
- End of Stalin, not consumer goods
- early ‘53- more purges?
- Stalin diesÔ
collective leadership Ô
Khruschev
- NATO & Warsaw Pact = stability
- retreat from Stalinism, cons. goods, virgin lands, Secret Speech of 1956 Ô
- Crises of 1956 (Suez, Poland, Hungary)
- Early 1960s U-2, Castro, Cuban Missile
- U.S. in Vietnam 1964-1975
Brezhnev Squashage
- tightening up (Prague Spring)
- repression of dissidents (Solzhenitsin, Sakharov)
- Détente & military Buildup
- 1979- invades Afghanistan
- 1980- Solidarity
- 1981: Reagan the Cold Warrior- Star Wars?
Arab-Israeli Conflict
- 5/48- declaration of Israel
- 1967- Six Days’ War:
- 1973- Yom Kippur War
- 1978- Camp David Accords
- Ongoing conflict PLO & Israelis
Collapse of USSR
- mil buildup
- Gorby to power Perestroika & Glasnost
Revolutions of 1989
- Poland
- East Germany
- Cz.: young replace old, 1968=mistake, Havel elected
- Ceausescu: nepotism & Stalinism in Romania
Polishing off the USSR
- Gorb vs. Yeltsin
- Yeltsin tries to hang on in
Yugoslavia
- 6 ethnic groups
:
- Comm. but ind from USSR
- 1980- Tito diesÔ
instability & eco
- 1990- Serbia wants Yugoslav state
- Serbia & Croatia clash, Kosovo, etc.
Out of Africa (& India & Asia)
- must leave after WWII
- 3rd World left behind
France’s Last Problems
- priorities: hostility to US & GB, nukes, tense with NATO
- 5/68: students & workers rise up, dGers rally Ô
- 5th Rep. is fragile, is enough stability to maintain
- dG improves conditions for WC
- successors provide more stability
Life in Cold War Europe
- Econ. pros. & Pol. stability in West
- Port. & Sp. only dictatorships
- Dem. requires soc. & econ. base (gov’t must guarantee)
- Xian Dem. parties & coal. gov’ts:
- dem., econ. growth
- soc. reform, anti-comm.
- west gov’ts exclude Comms
Economic Concerns
- economy = issue #1 in postwar
- "econ. miracle" of W. Ger.
- GB- nat’l industries, welfare state, unions vs. owners (60s&70s)
- ‘79- Thatcher pro-owner, will stay cons until 1998 (Tony Blair)
European Unification
- 3 ways:
- political
(Council of Europe- give up sovereignty?)
- military
(NATO- Fr.: rearmed Ger.?)
- econ.
(Marsh Plan, OEEC- hey, this works) - must abandon econ. natty
Economic Unification
- 1950- Eur. Coal & Steel Community
- EEC: no tariffs, flow of capital & labor, similar wages & benefits
- gets political in 60s, Fr. vetoes GB
- stagnant in 80s, disagree on common currency
- 1991- T of Maastricht: common currency & central bank
- opposition from nattys & dem. concerns
Modern Trends
- Americanization
- Feminism
- Environmentalism
- Welfare State
- Population and Em/Immigration