After the War…

• democracy, fear of Bols, Wilson’s vision eats it
• Nat’l groups in East, France, economic interdependence
• can’t return to prosperity (humans, resources, RRs, production)

Back in Russia

• Russian Civil War (1919-22)dictatorship, W vs. R, "War Communism"
• Bols win, policies stir opposition
• Red Terror, strikes, peasant rebellion, mutiny
• New Economic Policy: bank, trade, trans, some private OK, divides
• Trotsky(L): Red Army, int., indust., collect., expand Rev.
• Stalin (R) nationalities, not int., Gen Sec., Rev. in USSR, NEP
• Comintern: int comm party, bols., splits comms helps right

Fascism in Italy

• Mussolini the opportunists
• all for state
• black shirts - March on Rome
• Corporate Economy, struggle to maintain

Post War France:

• Treaty, Alliances, inner turmoil, occupy Ruhr

Post War GB

• slow econ., Labour, empire begins to fade
• Ireland:1916- Easter Rebellion, Sinn Fein & IRA, 1921- Irish Free Republic, 1921-23- Civil War

The Successor States

• self determination & provide buffer
• dependant on foreign loans, backward econ
• Poland: parts from G, A & R, can’t overcome diffs in class, political structure, economic interests, too many parties
• Czechoslovakia: only success, ind., MC, lib. ideals, Sudetenland
• Hungary: bad economy, repression
• Austria: Xian Soc., tough economy
• Southeastern Europe ethnic lines, much conflict between groups, Royal Dictatorships

Weimar & Nazis

• T of V, weaknesses, inflation, Streseman, Dawes & Locarno
• Beer Hall, Elections of ‘28, ‘30, & ‘32, Von Papen & Hindenburg
• Nazi Platform, Kristallnacht, propaganda, rearm
• Reichstag Fire, assass. enemies, pub. works

Great Depression

• Currency & Investments, commodities, lack of leadership
• Gov’t cuts spending, fears inflation, attention to home
• GB: Nat’l Gov’t, etc., France: Popular Front

Stalin

• Purges
• Collective
• 5 Year Plans

Road to War

• Span Civil War: Franco, testing ground, fight fascism
• Axis with Italy
• Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland, Czech…Appeasement
• Defensive France & GB
• Non-Ag with Soviets, invades Poland (9/1/39)

War, What is it Good For?

• Sweeps west Belg. into France, Dunkirk (6/40)
• Vichy Gov’t, Festung Europa, Battle of Britain, Lend Lease Act, Pearl Harbor
• Barbarossa, North Africa, Sicily, D-Day
• Tehran, Yalta, & Potsdam
• Destruction of Europe, atrocities, area bombing
• Homefront: shortages, propaganda, resistance, etc.

Cold War Sets In

• Peace Process
• division of Germany, satellite states, airlift
• tension in UN, nukes
• Mao & the Korean War
• End of Stalin, not consumer goods
• early ‘53- more purges?
• Stalin diesÔ collective leadership Ô

Khruschev

• NATO & Warsaw Pact = stability
• retreat from Stalinism, cons. goods, virgin lands, Secret Speech of 1956 Ô
• Crises of 1956 (Suez, Poland, Hungary)
• Early 1960s U-2, Castro, Cuban Missile
• U.S. in Vietnam 1964-1975

Brezhnev Squashage

• tightening up (Prague Spring)
• repression of dissidents (Solzhenitsin, Sakharov)
• Détente & military Buildup
• 1979- invades Afghanistan
• 1980- Solidarity
• 1981: Reagan the Cold Warrior- Star Wars?

Arab-Israeli Conflict

• 5/48- declaration of Israel
• 1967- Six Days’ War:
• 1973- Yom Kippur War
• 1978- Camp David Accords
• Ongoing conflict PLO & Israelis

Collapse of USSR

• mil buildup
• Gorby to power Perestroika & Glasnost

Revolutions of 1989

• Poland
• East Germany
• Cz.: young replace old, 1968=mistake, Havel elected
• Ceausescu: nepotism & Stalinism in Romania

Polishing off the USSR

• Gorb vs. Yeltsin
• Yeltsin tries to hang on in

Yugoslavia

• 6 ethnic groups:
• Comm. but ind from USSR
• 1980- Tito diesÔ instability & eco
• 1990- Serbia wants Yugoslav state
• Serbia & Croatia clash, Kosovo, etc.

Out of Africa (& India & Asia)

• must leave after WWII
• 3rd World left behind

France’s Last Problems

• priorities: hostility to US & GB, nukes, tense with NATO
• 5/68: students & workers rise up, dGers rally Ô
• 5th Rep. is fragile, is enough stability to maintain
• dG improves conditions for WC
• successors provide more stability

Life in Cold War Europe

• Econ. pros. & Pol. stability in West
• Port. & Sp. only dictatorships
• Dem. requires soc. & econ. base (gov’t must guarantee)
• Xian Dem. parties & coal. gov’ts:
• dem., econ. growth
• soc. reform, anti-comm.
• west gov’ts exclude Comms

Economic Concerns

• economy = issue #1 in postwar
• "econ. miracle" of W. Ger.
• GB- nat’l industries, welfare state, unions vs. owners (60s&70s)
• ‘79- Thatcher pro-owner, will stay cons until 1998 (Tony Blair)

European Unification

• 3 ways:
• political (Council of Europe- give up sovereignty?)
• military (NATO- Fr.: rearmed Ger.?)
• econ. (Marsh Plan, OEEC- hey, this works) - must abandon econ. natty

Economic Unification

• 1950- Eur. Coal & Steel Community
• EEC: no tariffs, flow of capital & labor, similar wages & benefits
• gets political in 60s, Fr. vetoes GB
• stagnant in 80s, disagree on common currency
• 1991- T of Maastricht: common currency & central bank
• opposition from nattys & dem. concerns

Modern Trends

• Americanization
• Feminism
• Environmentalism
• Welfare State
• Population and Em/Immigration