Some rules of thumb:
Rosemary can substitute for any herb.
Rose can substitute for any flower.
Frankincense can substitute for any gum resin.
Tobacco for any poisonous herb (but stick to rosemary anyway because tobacco is horrible for you).
Note: some of these substitutions are for oils. It will be indicated.
Here's more:
| Herb | Substitution |
| Acacia | Gum Arabic |
| Acacia, Gum | Gum Arabic |
| Aconite | Tobacco |
| Arabic, Gum | Frankincense, Gum Mastic | Ammoniac, Gum | Asafoetida |
| Asafoetida | Valerian |
| Balm of Gilead | Rose Buds or Gum Mastic |
| Bedllium, Gum | Pine resin or Dragon's Blood |
| Belladonna | Tobacco |
| Benzoin | Gum Arabic, Gum Mastic |
| Cachana | Angelica Root |
| Camphor oil | Eucalyptus oil, Lavender oil |
| Carnation | Rose petals anointed with a few drops Clove oil |
| Cassia | Cinnamon |
| Castor Bean | Castor Oil |
| Cedar | Sandalwood |
| Cinquefoil | Clover |
| Citron | Equal parts orange peel and lemon peel |
| Clove | Mace or Nutmeg |
| Clover | Cinquefoil |
| Copal | Frankincense or Cedar |
| Cowbane | Tobacco |
| Cypress | Juniper or pine needles |
| Deerstongue | Woodruff or Vanilla |
| Dittany of Crete | Gum Mastic |
| Dragon's Blood | Equal parts Frankincense and Red Sandalwood |
| Eucalyptus oil | Camphor oil, Lavender oil |
| Euphorbium | Tobacco |
| Frankincense | Copal or Pine resin |
| Galangal | Ginger root |
| Grains of Paradise | Black Pepper |
| Hellebore | Tobacco or Nettle |
| Hemlock | Tobacco |
| Hemp | Nutmeg, Damiana, Star Anise, or Bay |
| Henbane | Tobacco |
| Hyssop | Lavender |
| Ivy | Cinquefoil |
| Jasmine | Rose |
| Juniper | Pine |
| Lavender | Rose |
| Lemongrass | Lemon peel |
| Lemon peel | Lemongrass, Lemon Verbena |
| Lemon Verbena | Lemon peel |
| Mace | Nutmeg |
| Mandrake | Tobacco |
| Mastic, Gum | Gum Arabic or Frankincense |
| Mint | Sage |
| Mistletoe | Mint or Sage |
| Mugwort | Wormwood |
| Neroli oil | Orange oil |
| Nightshade | Tobacco |
| Nutmeg | Mace or Cinnamon |
| Oakmoss | Patchouli |
| Orange | Tangerine peel |
| Orange Flowers | Orange peel |
| Patchouli | Oakmoss |
| Peppermint | Spearmint |
| Pepperwort | Black Pepper or Rue |
| Pine | Juniper |
| Pine Resin | Frankincense or Copal |
| Red Sandalwood | Sandalwood mixed with a pinch of Dragon's Blood |
| Rose | Yarrow |
| Rose Geranium | Rose |
| Rue | Rosemary mixed with a pinch of Black Pepper |
| Saffron | Orange peel |
| Sandalwood | Cedar |
| Sarsaparilla | Sassafras |
| Sassafras | Sarsaparilla |
| Spearmint | Peppermint |
| Sulfur | Tobacco or Club Moss |
| Thyme | Rosemary |
| Tobacco | Bay |
| Tonka Bean | Deerstongue, Woodruff, Vanilla Bean |
| Trefoil | Cinquefoil |
| Valerian | Asafoetida |
| Vanilla | Woodruff, Deerstongue, Tonka Bean |
| Vertivert | Calamus |
| Wolfsbane | Tobacco |
| Wood Aloe | Sandalwood sprinkled with Ambergris Oil |
| Woodruff | Deerstongue or Vanilla |
| Wormwood | Mugwort |
| Yarrow | Rose |
| Yew | Tobacco |
