World War II (Chapter 30) –
Key Terms and Turning Points Only.
Concepts:
1. Totalitarianism:
2. Fascism:
A system of government marked by strong social and economic control, usually
headed by a dictator.
3. Nazism:
4. Anschluss:
5. Spanish
Civil War: After presiding over years of social and economic
chaos, King Alfonso XIII abdicated in 1931, and Spain became a republic. The
new republican government immediately began a program of social reforms. It
ended the Catholic Church’s role in educating Spanish youth and redistributed
land from nobles to peasants.
6. Sanctions:
Coercive measures, frequently involving trade, taken by several nations against
another nation that is breaking international law.
7. Third
Reich: The third empire according to Hitler which would
last forever and was what his government was called when he took the title of
Der Funrer or “the leader”
8. “Master
Race”:
9. League
of Nations:
10. Appeasement:
The granting of concessions to another country to maintain peace.
11. Munich
Pact: On September 29, Chamberlain, met with Hitler at
the Munich conference where Daladier and Mussolini where present. Hitler
offered to respect the Czech people when Mussolini thought of a compromise of
giving Germany control of the Sudetenland. France and Britain were afraid of
war, so they agreed, Chamberlain who had great confidence in Hitler, ensured
that this agreement would “bring peace over time.” In March, Hitler stormed
Czechoslovakia and set up a puppet government in Slovakia.
12. Propaganda:
Ideas, allegations, or rumors used to promote a cause or to damage an opposing
cause.
13. Blitzkrieg:
A swift, sudden Nazi offensive for the purpose of a speedy victory.
14. Battle
of the Bulge: In the summer and fall of 1940, Great Britain won
a crucial victory over Germany in the Battle of Britain. Although Britain now
stood alone against Hitler, isolationists in the United States kept the nation
out of the war. The American government did, however, supply Britain with war
equipment.
15. Royal
Air Force:
16. Blitz:
An intensive air attack.
17. Luftwaffe:
18. Rome-Berlin
Axis: A political and military pact signed in 1936, by
Mussolini and Hitler. A s a result of this treat, Italy and Germany become
known as the Axis Powers.
19. Axis
Powers: After the Rome-Berlin Axis, Italy and Germany
became known as the Axis powers.
20. Allies:
21. Cash-and-carry
policy: A program in which Great Britain traded cash for
needed supplies form the United States during World War II and transported them
across the Atlantic in its own ships, thereby protecting American neutrality.
22. Lend-lease
Act: Authorization to lend war equipment to a country
whose defense is considered vital to national security.
23. “Arsenal
for Democracy”:
24. Atlantic
Charter: On August 9, 1941, Churchill met with Roosevelt
on a British battleship off the Newfoundland coast of discuss war aims. The
leaders issued a joint declaration that came to be called the Atlantic Charter.
The declaration laid down certain principles such as freedom of trade and the
right of people to choose their own government. But it also called for the
“final destruction of Nazi tyranny.”
25. The
Phony War: The period 139-1940, was quiet on the western
front, and the western democracies called it the phony war.
26. Sitzkrieg:
See above, the Germans called it the sitting war.
27. Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression Pact: On August 23, 1939 the Soviet Union and
Germany signed it and according to the agreement, the two nations pledged that
they would never attack each other. Moreover, each would remain neutral if the
others became involved in a war. Secretly Stalin and Hitler agreed to have
spheres of influence in Eastern Europe.
28. Afrika
Korp: German campaign in Africa.
29. Panzers:
Germany’s armored tank divisions which were part of German
strategy to surprise the enemy in a lightening war called blitzkrieg.
30. Free
French:
31. Operation
Torch:
32. Operation
Barbarossa:
33. Scorched-earth
policy: A Stalin policy in which soviet citizens
destroyed anything that could be of use to Nazi invaders.
34. Genocide:
35. Holocaust:
The mass extermination of 6 million European Jews by Nazis in World War II.
36. Untermenschen:
undesirables
37. lebensraum:
living room
38. “Final
Solution”:
39. Concentration
Camps: Large prisons camps in Nazi Germany where war
prisoners were held.
40. “Turning
Points”:
41. Bismarck:
A new German battleship, which entered the fight in May 1941. It sank the
British battleship Hood and damaged a new British battleship. Then, three days
later, on May 26, a British patrol plane spotted it about 600 miles off the
French coast. In the battle that followed, the Bismarck sustained at least 8
torpedo hits before it sank.
42. Operation
Overlord, D-Day:
43. Kamikaze:
Japanese pilot and plane carrying explosives, dedicated to suicidal attacks in
World War II
44. French
Resistance:
45. Polish
Resistance: It rose up against the Germans on August 1, and
fought them in the streets of the capital. In retaliation, the Germans
destroyed much of the city and killed more than 250,000 Poles. Because the
sisters were anti-communist, Stalin didn’t give them aid, or allow the British
to airlift supplies to them.
46. “leap
frogging”:
47. Battle
of the Bulge: When the Germans cut through the center of the
American forces, creating a great bulge in the allied line of troops.
48. Manhattan
Project: A top secret research and development program
set up in 1942 by the US government to build the atomic bomb.
49. Nuclear
Bomb:
Names:
1. Francisco
Franco: A Spanish Nationalist who led the nationalists
against the republic government- After they took over, he was named the head of
the state.
2. Haile
Selassie: Emperor of Ethiopia who appealed to the League
of Nations after Benito Mussolini ordered his troops to invade Ethiopia. This
appealing caused the League of Nations of
impose economic sanctions on Italy (although they were not effective
since they didn’t put full sanctions on iron, coal, and oil.)
3. Joseph
Stalin:
4. Vyachelav
Molotov: The
peoples commissar for foreign affairs explained the need for this second front
in June 1942.
5. Benito
Mussolini: Italian dictator who ordered his troops to
invade Ethiopia in 1937 which caused the League of Nations to impose economic
sanctions on Italy.
6. Adolf
Hitler: German dictator whose goal was to allow the
German people to have more living space which was his excuse for expanding his
territory.
7. Mein
Kampf:
8. “Hitler’s
3 Fatal Errors”:
9. Hermann
Goering: Hitler’s Luftawaffe (air force) leader who used
the Spanish Civil War as a testing ground for new weapons.
10. Neville
Chamberlain: The Prime minister of Great Britain whose
policies were attacked by the House of Commons after the downfall of Norway and
Denmark
11. Winston
Churchill: King George VI summoned him to Buckingham
Palace, to form a new government, which made him Prime Minster of England. He
was one of the few politicians to warn of the Nazi danger in the 1930’s. He
delivered a moving “blood, toils, tears, and sweat speech to the Ohuse of
Commons on May 13, 1940. He said “ you ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one
word: Victory-victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror; victory,
however hard and long the road may be, for without victory, there is no
survival.”
12. Franklin
Delano Roosevelt: America’s President.
13. Charles
de Gaulle: A French tank commander who pleaded for more
tanks and planes, by the French command still insisted that the Maginot Line
was impenetrable.
14. Henri
Petain: The Nazis set up a puppet government the city
of Vichy (in southern France) under him. He and his government officials in
their so-called Vichy government collaborated with the Germans while many
French citizens still continued to fight for freedom.
15. Hideki
Tojo:
16. Emperor
Hirohito: Emperor of Japan who gave the go ahead for war
in 1941 because he feared that if he refused, Japan would plunge into a civil
war.
17. Eduard
Daladier: French Premiere who was present along with
Mussolini, Hitler, and Chamberlain at the Munich Conference.
18. Erwin
Rommel: General who was controlling a large area of
Northern Africa; he was also commander of the Afrika Korps, and applied
blitzkrieg and was known as the “Desert Fox”.
19. Bernard Montgomery: British general who launched an attack which
led to the capture of Tripoli which is the capital of ….
20. Dwight
D. Eisenhower: An allied commander who struck a deal with
Admiral Francois Darlan to end the fighting.
21. Admiral
Chester W. Nimitz: When the Americans launched attacks
against Guadalcanal in early August, his naval forces confronted the Japanese
at sea. They battled for 6 months.
22. Douglas
MacArthur: When the Americans launched an attack against
Guadalcanal in early August, he led troops in Japan on land.
23. George
Patton: An American tank commander whose forces were
racing across northern France through an open countryside in early August.
24. Anne
Frank:
25. Elie
Weisel:
26. Harry
Truman: Succeeded Roosevelt and decided to use the
atomic bomb in 1945. The first one was dropped on August 6, in Hiroshima, and
the second in Nagasaki.
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written by Mike.