World War I

 

Dehumanization: to be almost animalish, and take away the feeling of being human

 

Militarism: The public’s attitude of enthusiastic support of military, which includes the military buildup. In Germany, it was demonstrated by allowing the military an influential stand in government.

 

Nationalism:

-French revenge against Germany

-French desire for the return of Alsace and Lorraine

-Serbian desire to create south Slavic state

-Pan Slavism: {Eastern Europe} Slavic people in the Balkans and is saying that they want their own state. (Behind the boot) Russia was supporting them.

-Because of liberalism, all Slavs against the Austro- Hungarians

 

Imperialism:

-British concern over German growth

-British concern over competition for colonies

-Economic rivalries between Great Britain and Germany

-French and British balance of power, and desire to contain German territorial claims in Africa.

 

Militarism:

-Military power seen as a symbol of national prestige.’

-Glorification of war and fighting by all powers “Serve the father land, it is best.”

-Arms race among all great powers. (out doing everyone)

-Influential military leaders

-Social Darwinism

 

 

Alliances:

-Agreement among nations to aid each other if attacked.

-Russian agreements with smaller Slavic nations

-Emergence of Allies (France and Great Britain)

-Emergence of Central Powers

 

 

Causes/Effects

 

Causes:

  1. European powers compete for colonies
  2. Nationalism
  3. Arms race (develop more technology then others)
  4. Hostile alliances forces

 

Effects:

  1. Alliances defeat central powers (France and England)
  2. Old empires break up
  3. Europe is economically devastated
  4. League of nations formed (later to be known as the United Nations)
  5. America becomes economic giant (due to the fact that the war was on a different continent, many countries owe then goods, and not many of their men went over)
  6. Treaty’s harsh treatment of Germany’s helps lead to World War I

 

THE SEEDS OF WAR

 

  1. EXPLAIN THE STEPS LEADING TO WAR:
    1. By late 1800ss there were signs of change
    2. Growth of nationalism and imperialism created intense rivalries in Europe
    3. 1914: ready to fight
    4. Nationalism became a “destabilizing force” in Europe

 

  1. HOW DOES NATIONALISM MOVE GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS TO SUPPORT WAR?

Glorifying the idea that no personal sacrifice for one’s homeland is too great can move people to support war even if the objective is vague.

 

  1. NAME SOME more recent “INTERNAL” DIVISIONS:

-Ethnic Alliances against the Serbs

-Irish nationalists in Northern Ireland against the British

-Northern Alliance against Taliban in Afghanistan

 

            IN 1914?

                        Slavs against Austria-Hungary

 

  1. NAME IMPORTANT EUROPEAN POWERS (PLAYERS) AND THE COUNTIRES THET WERE INTERESTED IN:
    1. Germany, Belgium, and Italy joined France and Great Britain in a rush to seize overseas territories.
    2. France and Germany had interests in Morocco (Africa) and their rivalry led to a major war. (Moroccan Crisis)
    3. Similar rivalries occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Pacific Islands.

 

 

  1. WHAT IS MILITARISM? GIVE EXAMPLES OF HOW IT WORKED:

Is the public’s attitude of enthusiastic support of the military, which includes a military buildup. In Germany, it was demonstrated by allowing the military an influential role in deciding matters of the state.

 

 

  1. NAME THE COUNTRIES INVOLVED IN ARMS RACE BEFORE WORLD WAR I:

Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia

 

  1. EXPLAIN THE FORMATION OF THESE ALLIANCES:

 

DUAL ALLIANCE: In 1879 Germany’s mutual defense pact with Austria Hungary.

 

TRIPLE ALLIANCE: Italy joined Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882

 

TRIPLE ENTENTE: {Entente: a friendly agreement-French word} French sought Russia’s ally in 1894. They agreed to help each other if attacked by a member of the triple alliance. In 1904, Great Britain made an agreement with Russia-Thus forming the Triple Entente.

 

  1. HOW DID ALLIANCES, WHICH WERE DESIGNED TO PROTECT AGAINTS WAR, ACTUALLY INCREASED LIKELIHOOD OF CONFILICT?

Since each nation was bound to help member nations if attacked by one of the opposing alliances, any small event could drag other nations in against their will. This decreased the likely hood that individual incidents would be handled locally.

 

STUDY GUIDE – THE WAR 

  1. Identify two ways in which European nations were not prepared for a major conflict.

Current military techniques were put outmoded (ex: cavalry and horse-drawn vehicles had been discarded). Nations underestimated the length of the war. None of them stockpiled enough war materials or ammo to last more then 6 months.

 

  1. Describe the main objectives of the Schlieffen Plan.

Plan in case Germany had to fight a 2-front war. It depended on having Germany reach and defeat Paris within 6 weeks before having to fight Russia on the eastern front.

 

  1. Name three regions in which the Germans’ opening strategy was ultimately successful. 

Belgium, Northern France, and Alsace-Lorraine

 

  1. At which battle did the first German retreat of the war occur?

Battle of Marne-Important because it meant the end of the Schlieffen plan, and the beginning of a long war.

 

  1. Explain how Russia surprised Germany and Austria-Hungary at the onset of the war.

Russia sent its troops into battle before its army was fully mobilized (brought together, and ready to fight)

 

  1. Why was the Russian defeat at Tannenberg so disastrous for Russia?

Russian Army was destroyed and 30,000 men killed, and 92,000 taken prisoners.

 

  1. Explain the “race to the sea.”

After the Battle of the Marne, both sides started more towards the North Sea in an attempt to outflank each other.

 

  1. Describe what living and fighting in the trenches was like.

A)     A)     Had to fight boredom from waiting.

B)     B)     Terror from constant shelling, disease, mud, cold, and rats.

C)     C)    To attack, they had to make their way across mines and barbed wire while being mowed down by heavy artillery and machine guns.

 

  1. What were the gains and losses at Verdun?

Gains: Less than 10 miles along the western front.

Losses: 750,000 lives lost

 

  1. What new weapon was introduced by the British at the (battle of) Somme?

Tanks

 

  1. Contrast fighting on the eastern Front with the Western Front.

Eastern front was less entrenched and more mobile. Involving more changes in battlefield positions.

 

  1. Why did Allies promise Russia the Dardenelle Straits and Constantinople?

Because Russia had lost a territory larger than France, huge numbers of lives, and as much ammo and guns as it owned at the onset of the war, the Allies were afraid Nicolas II would make a separate peace with the Central Powers.

 

  1. Describe the reasons for and the goals of the Gallipoli Campaign.

Reasons: Allies tried to wrest control of the Dardenelles Strait form Turkey so that supplies could be sent through them to Russia and Serbia. Churchill thought that by seizing Constantinople, they might put the Ottoman Empire and possibly Austria-Hungary out of the war.

 

Study Guide: “The Spark” Chapter 27, Section 2

 

  1. Identify the Austro-Hungarian provinces where Slavic nationalism was especially strong. What were the goals of the provinces?

Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Balkans, they wanted to join Serbia. Called a “Powder king” because something was going to happen/ explode.

 

  1. Why didn’t Russia give Bosnia and Herzegovina military aid?

Because Russia was not ready for military action against the triple alliance.

 

  1. List the events between June 28 and July 28, 1914 that led to the outbreak of war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.

 

 

a.                                           a.                                           June 28, 1914: While visiting Sarajevo in Bosnia, Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated by Garnio Princip a member of the nationalist Serbian group The Black Hand. (After that happened, Austria-Hungary wanted to punish Serbia, but needed assurance of German support in case Russia entered conflict.  

b.                                           b.                                          Germany gave full support (blank check) to Austria- Hungary for action against Serbia.

c.                                           c.                                           July 23: Austria- Hungary derived an ultimative to Serbia.

d.                                           d.                                          July 25: Serbia rejects part of the ultimative.

e.                     July 28: Austria-Hungary declares war of Serbia.

 

 

 

  1. Explain how the immediate reaction of many Europeans to Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war on Serbia contributed to the eventual world conflict.

Many Europeans thought war could still be avoided, leading the major powers not to take the threat of war seriously. They pushed their opponents to the brinks, thinking that they would back down.

 

  1. List the events occurring between June 30 and August 3, 1914.

 

  1. Explain how Germany’s invasion of Belgium brought Great Britain into the war.

An 1839 treaty guaranteed Belgium’s neutrality. When Belgium appealed to Great Britain for help, and when the German chancellor called the treaty a “scrap of paper” Britain felt it had to respond with the declaration of war against Germany (evil Hun). The raid of Baby Belgium.

  1. Explain how the cooperation intended by international alliances turned into global conflict. 

The cooperation spirit of the alliances let to member nations to hope that they were determining war because of the involvement of so many powers was so threatening. Instead, what should have remained a local dispute between Serbia and Austria- Hungary escalated into a world war.

 

Chapter 27, Section 5  - PEACE AT LAST – STUDY SHEET

 

  1. Describe the naval innovations introduced by U.S Admiral Sims to the Allies in World War I.

Convoy technique involved warships surrounding a cluster of merchant ships to ensure safe passage of supplies to Allies.

 

  1. List 6 of President Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

1)      1)      Internal recognition of freedom of the sea and trade. 

2)      2)      Arms limited

3)      3)      An end to secret alliances

4)      4)      Just settlements of colonial claims.

5)      5)      The right of self-determination of all nations.

6)      6)      Establishment of a “general assembly” of nations to settle disputes peacefully.

  1. Describe the Allied progress against Germany from the Spring of 1918 to Autumn of 1918.

Germans led offenses in France, but were stopped right of of Paris. The allies attacked in July, pushing Germans to border of Germany. The British advanced in the North and the Americans and French attacked through the Argonne region of France continuing until September

  1. Which nation surrendered to Allied Forces around the end of October and beginning of November

Turkish Army surrendered on October 30, and Austria-Hungary surrendered a week later. 

 

  1. List 2 reasons the Germans surrendered on 11/11/1918

Defeatism among soldiers and low morale at home.

  1. List get human, political, and economic costs of World War I.

Nearly a million dead, 21 million wounded, 13 million civilians died of hunger and disease. German, Austria-Hungary, Russian, empires collapsed. Prosperity gave way to ruins.

  1. Contrast the peaceful aims embodied in Wilson’s Fourteen Points with the Aims of France and Great Britain.

Wilson didn’t want to exact heavy reparations of Germany, and He also called for open seas. France wanted heavy reparations, but Britain didn’t want open seas.

 

  1. The Big Four at the peace treaty included Wilson of the United States,  Clemenceau of France,  David Lloyd George of Great Britain and Orland of Italy.

 

  1. List the restrictions and loses of German territory provided for in the Treaty of Versailles.

Restrictions: France received control of the Saar region for 15 years and allied troops would occupy the Rhineland for 15 years.

Loses: Alsace-Lorraine went back to France; Poland became independent, and got a strip of East Prussia. All German

  1. Identify the old empires from which the new nations of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia were formed. 

Russia and Austria-Hungary empires.