O:

NAME	ORIGIN	REFERENCE	PROPERTIES
Olivine	Naturally occurring.	VOY: Rise	A mineralogical scan of the asteroid fragment reveals that the fragment is composed of tryoxene, olivine, and triadium.

P:

NAME	ORIGIN	REFERENCE	PROPERTIES
Paralithium	Artificially generated by crew.	VOY: The Chute	Paralithium is used as a fuel for certain ion-based propulsion systems. It can be converted int"2"o trilithium.
Pergium	Naturally occurring.	TOS: Devil in the Dark	Used to regenerate enviromental controls filters.
Polyduranide alloy	Artificially generated by aliens.	VOY: Initiations	Torres finds traces of a polyduranide alloy in the sample of floating debris that is beamed on board. She determines that the debris can't be the remnants of Chakotay's shuttle since this alloy isn't used in the construction of Federation vessels.
Polyferranide	Naturally occurring.	VOY: Tattoo	The away team searches for this mineral needed to seal the warp coils. Torres find a polyferranide deposit but it is contaminated with astiline.
Prostaglandin	Naturally occurring.	VOY: Deadlock	When Wildman is in labor, the Doctor says her prostaglandin levels are normal.
Psilocynine	Naturally occurring.	TNG: Eye of the Beholder	A neurotransmitter involved in telepathy.
Pulmozine	Artificially generated by crew.	VOY: Favorite Son	The Doctor uses pulmozine to get Torres breathing again after she is injured during Kim's attack on the Nasari.

Q:

NAME	ORIGIN	REFERENCE	PROPERTIES
Quadrotriticale	Artificially generated by crew.	TOS: The Trouble With Tribbles	A "supervariant" of the hybrid grain known as triticale. Triticale is naturally occurring.

R:

NAME	ORIGIN	REFERENCE	PROPERTIES
Retinox 5	Artificially generated by crew.	ST: TWOK	Used to improve eyesight.
Rhodinium	Naturally occuring.	DS9: The Maquis, Part I	Used in construction of Cardassian starships.
Rhodium nitrite	Origin unknown.	DS9: For the Uniform	A substance, not very valuable, carried by a Bolian freighter which was captured by the Maquis. With selenium, it can be reformulated and synthesized into cobalt diselenide.
Riboviroxicnucleic Acid	Naturally occurring.	TNG: Rascals	Like DNA, except the number of riboviroxicnucleic acid structures increase as the biological organism ages. In other words, without these structures, we wouldn't be able to "grow up."
Riddinite	Origin unknown.	DS9: Blood Oath	The Albino's compound was made from this.
Ritalin	Naturally occurring.	TOS: Requiem for Methesulah	A mineral. The crew needed it to combat an epidemic on another planet.
Roginium	Naturally occurring.	TOS: Balance of Terror	Hardest substance known to science.Found in the debris of Earth Outpost 4, after it was destroyed by the Romulans.
Rubindium	Origin unknown.	TOS: Patterns Of Force	A non-toxic crystalline substance. Rubindium crystals are component elements of starfleet subcutaneous transponders. Kirk and Spock have these monitoring devices inserted into them, but upon capture they use the crystals to generate a primitive laser.

S:

NAME	ORIGIN	REFERENCE	PROPERTIES
Salskinum	Origin unknown.	TNG: Hollow Pursuits	Can alter molecular structure when it comes into contact with glass and exist in a nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere.
Sarium	Origin unknown.	TNG: In Theory	Can store large amounts of energy. Sarium was mentioned as being vital to the engines of Federation shuttlecraft.
Selanogen	Naturally occurring.	TNG: Schisms	A substance, as carbon is, upon which a form of life is based. Trans-dimensional creatures who were abducting members of the crew for medical experimentation were thought by Commander Data to be "selanogen based" and had to create "pockets" in our universe upon which to survive for short periods of time. These pockets can be detected by their emissions of tetryon particles
Selenium	Origin unknown.	DS9: For the Uniform	A substance, not very valuable, carried by a Bolian freighter which was captured by the Maquis. With rhodium nitrite, it can be reformulated and synthesized into cobalt diselenide.
Selgnineam	Origin unknown.	TNG: Hollow Pursuits	Highly toxic; can alter molecular structure when it comes in contact with glass and exists in a nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere. It was ruled out as the reason that the injectors were locked.
Serotonin	Naturally occurring.	VOY: Threshold	A neurotransmitter. In real life, helps the human brain maintain mental equilibrium.
Silithium	Naturally occuring.	DS9: Destiny	A substance within a rogue comet that would cause a cascade reaction in the wormhole and collapse it permanently.
Sirillium	Naturally occurring.	VOY: Flashback	Sirillium is a highly combustible and versatile energy source. Voyager discovers a gaseous anomaly that contain sirillium and wants to stockpile it for later use. It could be used as a warp plasma catalyst and to boost deflector shield efficiency.
Sorium	Origin unknown.	DS9: The Nagus	An explosive compound used in Ferengi locator bomb intended to kill Quark.
Sporocystain	Naturally occurring.	VOY: Cold Fire	The Caretaker and his race were sporocystain based lifeforms.
Styrolite	Artificially generated by crew.	TNG: Unnatural Selection	A non-opaque particle used in packaging. It is biologically sterile and can be used to package potentionaly biologically hazardous substances. To contain a person in suspended animation for medical examination without threat of contagion.
Surax	Naturally occuring.	DS9: Q-Less	A precious metal. A ring of pure surax was one of Quark's offers to Odo.
Synthehol	Artificially generated by crew and aliens.	TNG: many	An alcohol substitute invented by the Ferengi that permits one to enjoy the intoxicating effects of alcoholic beverages without the deleterious effects.