Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer manufactured from liquid petrochemicals. It is malleable and ductile and can be molded to form rigid blocks or foam both of which are used in insulation. It is one of the most inexpensive materials that's available for insulating purposes and though it has some inherent disadvantages, it is widely used in residential and commercial buildings to provide a barrier against noise and temperature variations. Being durable and water-resistant, it makes an excellent and long-lasting material that can be molded into panels and blocks which are built into the rear portion of interior walls. Since it doesn't conduct electricity, electrical wires can be run through it. However, it is flammable and can pose a fire hazard if it's not protected by drywall or concrete/metal barriers.

Polystyrene is available in extruded and expanded form. The expanded or bead-board type is much cheaper in cost but it is much less efficient in terms of insulating power. Expanded polystyrene is less dense and heavy than the extruded form and is used more for making disposable cups, plates and containers and also for packaging fragile materials. Commonly known as “bead board” this is extensively used in creative applications such as constructing theater and movie sets.

Extruded polystyrene foam is used in insulation of buildings, homes, offices, work stations, mobile work areas, etc. It is distinguished by its smooth surface and more dense composition. The beads found in expanded polystyrene are present here too, but they are finer and also contain refrigerant gases, making them ideal for insulation. Polystyrene insulation material is cut into blocks or panels and also stackable blocks which can be placed within layers of drywall, concrete or metal walls to provide regulation of temperature in places where extreme heat or cold are present. Often the stackable blocks of polystyrene insulation are alternated with concrete filling to allow the passage of electrical wiring, plumbing etc.

Taking the cost factor of polystyrene insulation into account, it can rack up from twenty to forty per cent extra costs to house-building. However, in the long run, this evens out in terms of reduced heating or cooling costs. Polystyrene insulation unlike wooden frames used in construction is also pest-resistant and doesn't attract fungus or moisture. When graphite or other materials are incorporated into polystyrene insulation, this can increase the insulating properties and keep out drafts.

Despite its great and undeniable advantages, polystyrene insulation does have its drawbacks. It is completely non-biodegradable and can remain for hundreds of years. Polystyrene material has contributed to littering and pollution of water-bodies and surfaces everywhere. Discarded polystyrene insulation material is rarely recycled though it can be done. It is also flammable and can pose a fire-hazard unless well-sandwiched between layers of walls inside buildings. The hydrocarbons and refrigerant gases used in its product contribute to global warming.

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