Index Dutch Bronze Age
Index first farmers in the Netherlands
To be
The search for the Gaulish verb (part3: Results )
By J. Mascitelli, January 2001
To be - the Gaulish
verb (part1)
To be - the Gaulish
verb (part2)
The Gaulish Verbal System
As a summary I've tabulated the tenses here:
| Gaulish Verb "To Be"
verbal noun = es-, esse = to be, being |
|
| Present Tense
Narrative Voice |
|
| Singular. | Plural. |
| 1. imi, immi = I am
2. esi = thou art, you are 3. est, estsi, estis = he, she, or it is rel. est = he, she, or it is |
1. immus = we are
2. este = you (all) are 3. sent = they are |
| Perfect Voice | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| 1. roimi = I am
2. roesi = thou art, you are 3. roest = he, she, or it is rel. roest = he, she, or it is |
1. roimmus = we are
2. roeste = you (all) are 3. rosent = they are |
| Passive Voice | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| 1. imior = I am
2. esior = thou art, you are 3. estor = he, she, or it is rel. estor = he, she, or it is |
1. immuor = we are
2. esteor = you (all) are 3. sentor = they are |
| Subjunctive Voice | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| 1. imiutu(s) = if I am
2. esiutu(s) = if thou art, if you are 3. estutu(s) = if he, she, or it is rel. estutu(s) = if he, she, or it is |
1. immutu(s) = if we are
2. esteutu(s) = if you (all) are 3. sentutu(s) = if they are |
| Negative Voice | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| 1. nimi = I am not
2. nesi = thou art not, you are not 3. nest = he, she, or it is not rel. nest = he, she, or it is not |
1. nimmus = we are not
2. neste = you (all) are not 3. nesent = they are not |
| Interrogative Voice | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| 1. imine? = I am?
2. esine? = thou art?, you are? 3. estne? = he, she, or it is? rel. estne? = he, she, or it is? |
1. immusne? = we are?
2. estene? = you (all) are? 3. sentne? = they are? |
| Forms with "ca-" | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| 1. caimi = until I am
2. caesi = until thou art, until you are 3. caest = until he, she, or it is rel. caest = until he, she, or it is |
1. caimmus = until we are
2. caeste = until you (all) are 3. casent = until they are |
| Past Tense | |
| Narrative Voice | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| 1. buimi = I was
2. buesi = thou wert, you were 3. bueti = he, she, or it was |
1. buimu = we were
2. buete = you (all) were 3. buont = they were |
| Perfect Voice | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| 1. robuimi = I was
2. robuesi = thou wert, you were 3. robueti = he, she, or it was |
1. robuimu = we were
2. robuete = you (all) were 3. robuont = they were |
| Passive Voice | |
| Singular. | Plural. |
| 1. buimior = I was
2. buesior = thou wert, you were 3. buetior = he, she, or it was |
1. buimuor = we were
2. bueteor = you (all) were 3. buontor = they were |
To be (part1)
To be (part2)
The Gaulish Verbal System