The following table provides a convenient reference for basic vi commands.
|
Table 8 - Basic vi Commands |
|
|
Command |
Meaning |
|
Starting vi |
|
|
vi filename |
Open or create file |
|
vi |
Open new file to be named later |
|
vi -r filename |
Recover crashed file |
|
view filename |
Open file read-only |
|
Cursor Commands |
|
|
h |
Move left one character |
|
j |
Move down one line |
|
k |
Move up one line |
|
l |
Move right one character |
|
w |
Move right one word |
|
W |
Move right one word (past punctuation) |
|
b |
Move left one word |
|
B |
Move left one word (past punctuation) |
|
e |
Move to end of current word |
|
Return |
Move down one line |
|
Backspace |
Move left one character |
|
Spacebar |
Move right one character |
|
H |
Move to top of screen |
|
M |
Move to middle of screen |
|
L |
Move to bottom of screen |
|
Ctrl-F |
Page forward one screen |
|
Ctrl-D |
Scroll forward one-half screen |
|
Ctrl-B |
Page backward one screen |
|
Ctrl-U |
Scroll backward one-half screen |
|
Inserting Characters and Lines |
|
|
a |
Insert characters to right of cursor |
|
A |
Insert characters at end of line |
|
i |
Insert characters to left of cursor |
|
I |
Insert characters at beginning of line |
|
o |
Insert line below cursor |
|
O |
Insert line above cursor |
|
Changing Text |
|
|
cw |
Change word (or part of word) to right of cursor |
|
cc |
Change line |
|
C |
Change from cursor to end of line |
|
s |
Substitute string for character(s) from cursor forward |
|
r |
Replace character at cursor with one other character |
|
r Return |
Break line |
|
J |
Join current line and line below |
|
xp |
Transpose character at cursor and character to right |
|
~ |
Change case of letter (upper or lower) |
|
u |
Undo previous command |
|
|
|
|
Command |
Meaning |
|
U |
Undo all changes to current line |
|
:u |
Undo previous last-line command |
|
Deleting Text |
|
|
x |
Delete character at the cursor |
|
X |
Delete character to the left of the cursor |
|
dw |
Delete word (or part of word to right of cursor) |
|
dd |
Delete line containing the cursor |
|
D |
Delete part of line to right of cursor |
|
dG |
Delete to end of file |
|
d1G |
Delete from beginning of file to cursor |
|
:5,10 d |
Delete lines 5-10 |
|
Copying and Moving Text |
|
|
yy |
Yank or copy line |
|
Y |
Yank or copy line |
|
p |
Put yanked or deleted line below current line |
|
P |
Put yanked or deleted line above current line |
|
:1,2 co 3 |
Copy lines 1-2 and put after line 3 |
|
:4,5 m 6 |
Move lines 4-5 and put after line 6 |
|
Setting Line Numbers |
|
|
:set nu |
Show line numbers |
|
:set nonu |
Hide line numbers |
|
|
Setting Case-sensitivity |
|
:set ic |
Searches should ignore case |
|
:set noic |
Searches should be case-sensitive |
|
Finding a Line |
|
|
G |
Go to last line of file |
|
1G |
Go to first line of file |
|
21G |
Go to line 21 |
|
Searching and Replacing |
|
|
/string |
Search for string |
|
?string |
Search backward for string |
|
n |
Find next occurrence of string in search direction |
|
N |
Find previous occurrence of string in search direction |
|
:g/search/s//replace/g |
Search and replace |
|
Clearing the Screen |
|
|
Ctrl-L |
Clear (refresh) scrambled screen |
|
Inserting a File into a File |
|
|
:r filename |
Insert (read) file after cursor |
|
:34 r filename |
Insert file after line 34 |
|
Saving and Quitting |
|
|
:w |
Save changes (write buffer) |
|
:w filename |
Write buffer to named file |
|
:wq |
Save changes and quit vi |
|
ZZ |
Save changes and quit vi |
|
:q! |
Quit without saving changes |
command
information listed:
From
MAN of various command:
===========================
passwd:
-->
always prompt for old password
-->
pwconv command update the /etc/shadow with the info from /etc/passwd
-->
each password should have PASSLENGTH character defined at /etc/default/passwd
and
it is default 6 and first 8
character are significant
-->
Each password must contain at least
two alphabetic characters and at
least one numeric or special character. In this case, "alphabetic"
refers to all upper orlower case letters.
o
Each password must differ from the user's login
name and any reverse or circular
shift of that login name.
For comparison purposes, an upper
case letter and its corresponding lower
case letter are equivalent.
o
New passwords must differ from the
old by at
least three characters. For
comparison purposes, an upper
case letter and its
corresponding lower case
letter are equivalent.
-->
if
-->
Remember always
passwd
-e shell change
-r ldap ,
-g change the gecos or finger
information
-h change the homedirectory
-s name -- show password attributes for name
-f force user to change the
password at next login
-w warning
-d delete pasword for name
(login name don't need password ..only works for repository)
=================================
shutdown:
/usr/sbin/shutdown
OPTIONS
-y
Pre-answer the confirmation question
so the command
can be run without user intervention.
-g grace-period
Allow the super user to change the
number of seconds
from the 60-second default.
-i init-state
If there are warnings, init-state specifies the state init
is to be
in. By default, system state `s'
is
used.
example#
shutdown -i S -g 120 "===== disk replacement ====="
Shutdown started. Tue Jun
7 14:51:40 PDT 1994
Broadcast Message from root (pts/1) on foo
Tue Jun 7 14:51:41...
The system will be shut down in 2 minutes
# shutdown -i 0 -g 300 -y
# shutdown -i 1 -g 300 -y
# shutdown -i 5 -g 300 -y
=====================================================
useradd:
administer
a new user login on the system
useradd [ -c comment ]
[ -d dir ]
[ -e expire ] [
-f inactive ] [ -g group ]
[ -G group [
, group ... ]
]
[ -m [ -k skel_dir ] ]
[ -u uid [
-o ] ] [
-s shell
] [ -A authorization [ ,authorization... ] ] [
-P profile
[ ,profile... ] ] [ -R role
[ ,role... ] ]
login
useradd -D
[ -b base_dir ] [ -e expire
] [ -f inactive ]
[ -g group ]
#useradd
-D --> to see the default value that system should use.
The
system files line has limitation of 512 character per line
login
and role field contain character no more then 8 character and first
character should be alphabetic and
atleast one character should be lower case. Thouhg system should just place an
warning and should add the user to system.
login
and role field contain atleast one character and should not contain : or \n
(new line)
date
mask assigned at /etc/datemask
==================================
userdel:
userdel
- delete a user's login from the system
userdel [ -r ]
login
-r
--> to remove with home directory
==================================
usermod:
usermod - modify a user's login information on
the system
SYNOPSIS
usermod [
-u uid [ -o ] ] [ -g
group ] [ -G group
[
,
group ... ]
] [ -d dir
[ -m ] ] [ -s shell ]
[
-c comment ] [ -l new_name ] [ -f inactive ] [ -e
expire
]
[ -A authorization [ ,
authorization ] ] [ -P profile
[ , profile ] ] [ -R
role [ , role ] ]
login
==========================================
groupadd:
groupadd
- add (create) a new group definition on the system
/usr/sbin/groupadd
[ -g gid
[ -o ] ] group
-g gid
Assigns the group id gid for the new group.
This group id must be a non-negative
decimal integer below MAXUID as defined in /usr/include/sys/param.h. The group
ID defaults to the next available (unique) number above
the highest number currently
assigned. For example, if groups 100,
105, and 200 are assigned as groups, the
next default group number will be
201. (Group Ids from
0-99 are reserved by SunOS for
future applica-
tions.)
-o
Allows the gid to be duplicated (non-unique).
===============================
groupdel:
groupdel - delete a group definition from the
system
/usr/sbin/groupdel group
EXIT
STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0
Success.
2
Invalid command syntax. A usage message for the group-
6
group does not exist.
10
Cannot update the /etc/group file.
===================================================
groupmod:
groupmod
- modify a group definition on the system
/usr/sbin/groupmod [ -g gid
[ -o ] ] [ -n name ]
group
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-ggid Specify the new group ID for the
group. This group ID must be a non-negative decimal integer less than
MAX- UID, as defined in <param.h>. The group ID defaults to the next
available (unique) number above
99. (Group
IDs from 0-99 are reserved by SunOS
for future applications.)
-o
Allow the gid to be duplicated (non-unique).
-nname
Specify the new name for the
group. The name argument is a string of no more than eight bytes
consisting of
characters from the set of lower
case alphabetic characters and numeric characters. A warning message will
be written if these
restrictions are not
met. A future Solaris
release may refuse
to accept group
fields that do not meet these
requirements. The name argument
must contain at least one character and must
not include a colon (:) or NEWLINE (\n).
=========================================================
pkgadd:
pkgadd
- transfer software packages to the system
pkgadd transfers the contents of a
software package from the distribution medium or directory to install it onto
the system. Used without the -d option, pkgadd looks in the default spool directory for the package (var/spool//pkg).
Used with the -s option, it writes the package to a
spool directory instead of installing it.
example%
pkgadd -d /cdrom/cdrom0/s0/Solaris_2.6
EXIT
STATUS
0
Successful execution.
1
Fatal error.
2
Warning.
3
Interruption.
4
Administration.
5
Administration. Interaction is required.
Do not use
pkgadd -n.
10
Reboot after removal of all packages.
20
Reboot after removal of this package.
===============================================
pkgrm:
pkgrm
- remove a package from the system
pkgrm
[ -nv ] [ -a admin ] [ [ -A
| -M ] -R root_path ]
[ -V fs_file ] [ pkginst ... ]
pkgrm -s spool [ pkginst ... ]
pkgrm
will remove a
previously installed or
partially installed package from the system. A check is made to
determine if any other packages depend on the one being removed. If
a dependency exists, the action
taken is defined in the admin file.
The default state for the command is in
interactive mode, meaning that prompt messages are given during
processing to allow the administrator to confirm the actions being taken. Non-interactive mode can be requested
with the -n option.
The -s option can be used to
specify the directory
from which spooled packages should be removed.
======================================
pkginfo:
pkginfo
- display software package information
pkginfo
[ -q | -x | -l ] [ -p | -i ]
[ -r ] [ -a arch ]
[ -v version ] [ -c category ... ] [ pkginst ... ]
pkginfo [ -d device ] [ -R root_path ] [ -q | -x
| -l ]
[
-a arch ] [ -v version ] [ -c category ... ] [ pkginst
...
]
Without options, pkginfo lists the primary
category, package
instance, and the names of all completely
installed and par-
tially installed packages. It
displays one line
for each
package selected.
The -p and -i options are meaningless if
used in conjunction
with the -d option.
#
pkginfo |wc -l --> to count how many
package installed
#
pkginfo -l SUNWaudio
==========================================
pkgchk:
pkgchk
- check package installation accuracy
pkgchk checks the accuracy of installed
files or, by using the
-l option, displays
information about package files.
pkgchk checks the integrity
of directory structures
and files. Discrepancies
are written to standard error along
with a detailed explanation of the
problem.
SYNOPSIS
pkgchk [ -l | -acfnqvx ] [ -i file ]
[ -p path ... ] [
-R root_path ]
[ [ -m
pkgmap [ -e envfile ] ] | [
pkginst ]
... ]
pkgchk -d device [ -l | -fv ]
[ -i file ]
[ -M ] [
-p path ... ] [ -V fs_file ] [ pkginst ... ]
#
pkgchk -p /etc/passwd
===================================================
ufsdump:
ufsdump
- incremental file system dump
/usr/sbin/ufsdump
[ options ] [ arguments ] files_to_dump
0-9 0 --> full backup 1-9 --> Incremental
backup
-f option use to change the
default /dev/rmt/0 tape device
-D use to take backup on floppy
-S option use to make the
estimate the size of backup without doing real backup
#
ufsdump 2v /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
#
ufsdump 3v /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
#
ufsdump 3vf /dev/rmt/1 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
/etc/dumpdates
dump date record
==========================================
ufsrestore:
ufsrestore - incremental file system restore
i --> Interactive mode (allow to browse
the list of archieve and can choose file)
r --> recursively restore whole things
R --> Resume restore
t --> list the content of archieve
d --> Tturn on debugging output
#
ufsrestore ivf /dev/rmt/0
Recover
the root (/) or /usr file systems
To
back up the root filesystem, perform the following from Single user login
#
ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
#
ufsrestore tvf /dev/rmt/0
The
root file system must be recovered using ufsrestore after booting from a CDROM.
The following steps can be performed:
ok
boot cdrom –s
#
newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
#
mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /restore
#
cd /restore
#
ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/0
#
rm restoresymtable
#
installboot bootblk /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
#
fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
#
init 6
======================================================
tar:
tar
- create tape archives and add or extract files
#
tar cvf filename.tar /export/home -->
To create the tar file
#
tar tvf filename.tar or /dev/rmt/0
--> to list the content of backup
#
tar xvf filename.tar --> just to
extract
#
tar xvf backup.tar install.log --> to
extract install.log file from backup.tar
Similar
program like tar which compress each file before archieving and similar syntex
is
zcat.
================================
cpio:
cpio
- copy file archives in and out
How
to copy all files in a directory to a tape (cpio)
$
ls | cpio -oc > /dev/rmt/n
ls --> Provides the cpio
command with a list of file name
cpio -oc --> specify that
cpio should work in copy out(-o ) mode
> /dev/rmt/0 --> specifies
where the file should go
Verify
that file that copied by cpio is ok using the following command
$
cpio -civt < /dev/rmt/o
-c --> specify cpio should
read files in ASCII character format
-i --> work in copy -in mode
-v -> Output like ls -l
format
-t --> list the content
using
absolutely path is a prob as it may over write your existing file when you
restore.
File
restore:
$
cpio -icvd < /dev/rmt/o
-d --> create directory as
needed
all options are
same as before
Retrive
specific file from tape
$
cpio -icv "*file" < /dev/rmt/0
"*file"
--> that match this pattern should be restored.
Copy
to remote tape drive:
$
tar cf - files | rsh remotehost dd of=/dev/rmt/n obs=blocksize
$
tar cvf - * | rsh mercury dd of=/dev/rmt/0 obs=126b
- --> Represents a place
holder for the tape drive
|rsh remotehost --> pipe the
tar commands output to remote host shell
dd of=/dev/rmt/n -->
Represents the out put device
obs=blocksize--> Represents
the blocking factor.
====================
ls:
ls
- list contents of directory
-rwxrwxrwx+ 1 smith
dev 10876 May 16 9:42 part2
meanings:
File name -->
part2
Time modified
--> May 16 9:42
Group --> dev
username -->
smith
Links --> 1
regular
file --> -rwxrwxrwx+
last + sign
indicates that it contain ACL entry
-rwsrwsrwx --> set uid is on and set gid is on
if
execution field have s for usr or group field
so
setuid and setgid is on if we see S instead of s
then
uid/gid bit is set but execution is off
chmod 4777
--> setuid
chmod 2777 ->
setgid
chmod g+s for directory.
-rwxrwxrwt --> if other execution filed contain t so
it is sticky bit
and
if T then sticky bit set but execution is off
chmod 1777
--> sticky bit set
Remember if
stilcky bit set then may be that folder be writable by all but only user who
write this can access that file usefull /tmp
NOTE:
To
see the listing of file or directory which names begins with a,b or c and that
ends with 1
#
ps -ld [abc]*1
if
want to see the file that ends with either 1,2 or 3 then use
#
ps -ld a*[123]
================================
chmod:
chmod
- change the permissions mode of a file
-R --> Recursively
chmod
works in two format 1. absolute mode which represents by octal number or
symbolic mode-list which can be represents by u g 0 for user group other.
chmod 4000 file --> set uid
exection
chmod 2000 file --> set gid
execition
chmod 666 file --> -rw-rw-rw-
file
Note that the setgid bit cannot be set (or
cleared) in absolute mode; it
must be set (or cleared) in symbolic mode
using g+s (or g-s)
symbolic
mode permission setup:
who operator permission
who --> u --> user
g --> group
o --> other
a --> all
operator + --> set
- --> remove
= --> assign
permission absolutely
permission: r
read permission
w write permission
x execute permission
l mandatory locking
s user or group set-ID
t sticky bit
Example
1: Deny execute permission to everyone:
example% chmod a-x file
Make
a file readable and writable by the
group and others:
example% chmod go+rw file
example% chmod 066 file
Cause
a file to be locked during access:
example% chmod +l file
Allow
everyone to read, write, and execute
the file and turn on the set group-ID.
example% chmod a=rwx,g+s file
example% chmod 2777 file
=====================================
chown:
chown
username:groupname filename
-R --> for recursively
-h
If the file is a symbolic link, change
the owner of the
symbolic link. Without this
option, the owner of
the
file referenced by the symbolic link is changed.
==============================
chgrp:
chgrp [ -fhR ]
group file ..
-h If
the file is a symbolic link, change
the group of
the symbolic link. Without this option, the group of
-R --> Recursive
===========================================
prstat:
prstat
- report active process statistics
-a displays
separate user and process reports
-c continuously
prints new reports
-p pids displays processes with
pids that match the list
-s key displays sorted list
sorted by key. Keys can only be: cpu,
time, size, rss and pri
-t reports a usage
summary for each user
==============================
pgrep:
pgrep, pkill - find or signal processes
by name
and other attributes
#
pgrep –lf mail
returns
1924
/usr/dt/bin/dtmail
2412
/usr/lib/sendmail –bd –q15m
all
the processes that have mail in the name.
Using
pkill to terminate the processes:
#
pkill –U root mail
will
kill all the processes owned by root with mail in the name.
================================
kill:
/usr/bin/kill
-s signal pid ...
/usr/bin/kill
-l [ exit_status ]
/usr/bin/kill
[ -signal ] pid ...
kill -9 100 -165
kill
-s kill 100 -165
kill
-s KILL 100 -165
#
kill -INT 2345
will
send the interrupt (terminate) signal to process 2345
#
kill -HUP 179
will
send the hangup (reread init state) signal to process 179
================================
ps:
ps - report process status
-e Lists information about every process now
running.
-f Generates a full listing. (See below
for significance
of columns in a full listing.)
-A
Lists information for all processes. Identical to -e,
below.
#
ps -ef -- output description
bash-2.03#
ps -ef|more
UID
PID PPID C
STIME TTY TIME CMD
root
0 0 0 18:30:08 ? 0:04 sched
root
1 0 0 18:30:09 ? 0:00 /etc/init -
root
2 0 0 18:30:09 ? 0:00 pageout
root
3 0 0 18:30:09 ? 0:02 fsflush
root
313 1 0 18:30:31 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/saf/sac -t 300
nobody
316 294 0 18:30:32 ? 0:00 /usr/apache/bin/httpd
GUI
based tool for process listing is /usr/dt/bin/sdtprocess
Process
Manager is a GUI based tool to monitor and control processes.
#
/usr/dt/bin/sdtprocess &
just
click the process on GUI and press CTRL + C to terminate that process
===================================================
find:
#
find /home/export -name \*oman\* -print
--> always use by me ..
find path ...
expression
expression
The first argument that starts with
a -, or is a ! or a (, and all subsequent arguments will be
interpreted
as an expression made up of the
following primaries and operators.
In the descriptions, wherever n is
used as a primary argument, it will
be interpreted as a decimal integer
optionally preceded by a plus (+) or
minus (-) sign, as follows:
+n
more than n
n
exactly n
-n
less than n
Valid
expressions are:
-atime n
True if the file was accessed n days
ago. The
access time of directories in path is changed by find itself.
-cpio device
Always true; write the current file
on device in cpio format (5120-byte
records).
-ctime n
True if the file's status was
changed n days ago.
===============================================
mount:
Only
super user can do mount and unmount command
If
just run mount command it shows the all mounted file system found on
/etc/mnttab
-F to specify file system
Default
remote file type identified by /etc/dfs/fstypes or /etc/vfstab
By
default is ufs file type solaris. It can be assigned at /etc/default/fs file
-f forcibly unmount the file
system.
#
mount –F pcfs /dev/floppy /mnt ( here /mnt is the mount point)
#
mount /dev/disk/c0t0d0s7 /mnt (Mount use
block device)
What
about umount to a busy file system????? may be some -k option but doesn't work
=========================================
cp:
/usr/bin/cp [ -fip ] source_file
target_file
-i
Interactive. cp will prompt for confirmation whenever the
copy would overwrite
an existing target. A y
answer means that the copy should
proceed. Any other
answer prevents cp from overwriting target.
-r
Recursive. cp will copy the directory
and all its
files, including any subdirectories and their files to
target.
-R
Same as -r, except pipes are
replicated, not read
from.
If
in your direcotry ls -l shows as follows:
./
../ .tst dir1/ file1 then to copy .tst
in the direcotry of dir1/ run command as:
#
cp .tst dir1/
====================================
mkdir:
mkdir - make directories
mkdir [ -m mode ] [ -p ]
dir ...
The
following options are supported:
-m mode
This option allows users to specify
the mode
to be used for
new directories. Choices for modes
can be found in chmod(1).
-p
With this option, mkdir creates dir
by creating all the
non-existing parent directories
first.
The mode given to
intermediate directories will be the difference between 777 and the
bits set in
the file mode creation mask.
The difference, how-ever, must be at least 300 (write and execute
permission for the user).
#
mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3
creates 3 dir --> dir1 dir1/dir2/ dir1/dir2/dir3
=======================
rmdir:
/usr/bin/rmdir
[ -ps ] dirname ...
rm,
rmdir - remove directory entries
rmdir
only remove the dir if the dir is empty.
rm
support the following switch. it is also can remove file.
-i --> Interactively
-f --> forcively
-r --> Recursively
================================
mv:
/usr/bin/mv [ -fi ] source
target_file
The following options are supported:
-f
mv will move the file(s) without prompting even if it is
writing over an existing target. Note that this is
the default if the standard input is
not a terminal.
-i
mv will prompt for confirmation
whenever the move would
overwrite an existing
target. An affirmative
answer means that the move should
proceed. Any other answer prevents mv from overwriting the
target.
=========================================
Carlo
