                           APPENDIX 2
                                
                       EMBOSSED MATERIAL
                         (BEFORE 1870)
                                 
  FRANCE
     Hay Type
     Guillie Type
     Barbier Type
     Braille Type
     Decapointe
  
  BRITAIN
     Gall Type
     Alston Type
     Lucas Type
     
  AMERICA 
     Boston Line Type
    A selection of examples of embossed text of special interest inspected by the writer. 
  The following initials indicate where the examples may be located.
  
  B  Birmingham University.
  C  Louis Braille's birthplace at Coupvray.
  INJA    l'Institut Nationale des Jeunes Aveugles, Paris.
  L  Lorimer.
  MVH     Muse Valentin Hay, Association Valentin Hay, Paris.
  N  National Library of Scotland.
  P  Perkins School for the Blind, Watertown, Mass.
  R  Royal National Institute for the Blind, London.
  
  FRANCE
  
  Hauy Type
  
  1789    Hay, Valentin.  Essai sur l'education des Jeunes Aveugles,  Paris: les
       lves de Hay.
       This was the first book ever produced for the use of the blind.  (INJA; MVH)
       
       1787    Catchisme de Paris.
  Used by the pupils at l'Institution Nationale des Jeunes Aveugles.  The book
       demonstrates Hay's abortive effort to use contractions.  (MVH)
       
         Guillie Type
  
  1817    Notice historique sur l'Institution Royale des Jeunes Aveugles.  
     Imprime par les jeunes aveugles; et disposes pour eux.
  This was the first book embossed in relief introduced into England.  Lady
       Lowther brought it home in 1818 for the use of her blind son.  After being
       repaired it was eventually returned to Paris in 1985.  (MVH)
       
  1820    Guilli, Dr.  Elment de lecture, ou exercices syllabiques a l'usage des
       jeunes aveugles et disposs pour eux.
       It is most likely that this volume was also brought to England by Lady
       Lowther.  It came into the possession of Mr. Alexander Hay, the blind man
       whose code encouraged the Society of Arts to organise a competition to find
       the best embossed code for the blind.  The book was given to the Society in
       1838 and later became the property of the Edinburgh Asylum for the Blind. 
       (NLS)
       
       Barbier Type
  
  1829    Recueil d'anecdotes, extrait de la morale en action
          Imprime par Galliod, ancien elv de Hay.
       Galliod used a small press at the Quinze Vingts, the asylum for the blind,
       where he was then living. Barbier's type was intended for the use of short
       commands on the field of battle and not originally for continuous prose.  Very
       little of his type exists.  He was probably spurred on to having this work
       transcribed into his own code when he saw the production of "Grammaire de
       Grammaires" in braille type (see below) followed by the first official edition
       of Braille's code.  (MVH)
       
       Braille Type
  
  1827    Grammaire de Grammaires (excerpts).
  These excerpts were embossed as a trial of Braille's new system before the
       first official version of his own code was published.  He was 18 at the time. 
       (MVH).
       
  1829    Procd pour crire les paroles, la musique et le plainchant au moyen de
       points a l'usage des aveugles et disposs pour eux, par Louis Braille,
       repetiteur  l'Institution Royale des Jeunes Aveugles.
       The instructions were written in embossed linear type by Dr Pignier, the
       director of the institution, on the instruction of Braille, and the latter supplied
       the braille examples.  (INJA; MVH)
       
  1832    Gographie de l'Asie and Gographie de la France.
  Printed by M. Hayter, the pupil who persuaded Braille to include the letter W
       in his code.  This letter was not in general use in the French language at the
       time.
       Punctuation is used as in the 1829 "Procd" using dashes in the lower
       positions of the cells.  For the first time the numeral sign was used followed
       immediately by a sign from the first line of the chart of symbols, instead of the
       1829 method of showing numerals.  (MVH)
       
  1837    Procd ...
     Second edition.
     Braille regarded this edition as definitive.
  
  1837    LC and FBP, Prcis sur l'Histoire de France divise par sicles, accompagn
       de synchronismes relatifs  l'histoire gnrale placs  la fin de chaque
       rgne.
       The first volume has large pages (22 x 28 cms) stuck back to back, and
       weighs 1,759 grms.  To save cost type was cast with 6 dots on the printing
       surfaces.  The students filed off the requisite number of dots to make a set
       of sufficient symbols.
       The publication of the book had far reaching effects for Dr Pignier was
       pensioned off before his time on a charge of having corrupted the young by
       the teaching of history.  Such an attitude is difficult to understand today and
       the charge probably only highlights one aspect of the disagreement.  (MVH).
       
       1938    Braille, Petit mmento d'arithmtique.
       The first edition was printed in the 1829 code, and in 1840 was reprinted in
       the 1837 version.
       In 1859 Pignier wrote that it was the product of "much hard work" and it is an
       example of one of the booklets Braille produced from time to time to help his
       pupils.  (C)
       
       1849     Kempis, Thomas.  Imitation du Christ.
       This book was one of the first to be printed by the use of plates instead of a
       handframe.  The size of cells and spacing are smaller, approximating to
       present day use.  For the first time punctiform illustrations were attempted. 
       These represented the bread and wine and the monstrance.  They are small
       and detailed but it is doubtful if they were tactually meaningful.  (MVH)
       
         Decapointe
  
  In 1839 Braille invented a means for blind people to communicate with the
       sighted by embossing punctiform Roman alphabet letters.  An adapted
       writing frame or a machine known as a raphigraph could be used.  The latter
       was in use for approximately 50 years until replaced by the typewriter.
       
       Letters written by Braille.
       1847    to his mother.  (C)
       1848    to his mother.  (C)
       1848    to his mother.  (C)
       1851    to his nephew and niece.  (C)
       
       BRITAIN
       
       Gall Type
  
  1834    The Gospel of St. John for the blind.
  Most of the code makers in the second quarter of the nineteenth century
       printed copies of the Bible or other religious works.  (NLS)
       
       1842    The sinner's help.
  Religious Tract Society.
       Gall type symbols were used but they were made in "fretted" or dotted form
       which Gall considered was easier to read and cheaper to produce.  (NLS)
       
         Alston Type
  
  1837    Baker, Charles.  First lessons in religion and a series of lessons on prayer for
       the use of the blind.
       Charles Baker, headmaster of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at
       Doncaster, wrote a series of booklets on religious subjects for use at his
       institution.  He thought they might be useful for blind people so sent them to
       the Glasgow Institution for the Blind for transcription.  The letters are very
       square shaped and the lines almost touching.  A copy in the writer's
       possession bears the inscription "To Chas. Baker Esq. with the kind regards
       of Mr. Alston".  (L)
       
       1838    The authorised version of the Psalms of David in metre embossed for the use
       of the blind.
       The title page is unusual in that it has a decorated border.  (NLS)
       
       Lucas Type
  
  The Rev. Gowring transcribed many of the books of the Bible.  Inside the
       second book of Samuel there is an introductory key to the Lucas system. 
       (RNIB)
       1857    Book of Common Prayer (two volumes, one incomplete).
       One of the librarians at the National Library of Scotland asked if the writer
       could identify two small volumes in Lucas type.  Lucas type omits many of
       the letters in words and symbols may have up to three meanings.  However,
       from a photograph of one of the pages in the two volumes and with the help
       of the key in the second book of Samuel, it was discovered that the page
       contained a prayer of thanksgiving "for deliverance from the plague and
       other common sickness" which is included in the Book of Common Prayer. 
       Because of the non-use of a certain contraction the volumes could be dated
       as having been printed after 1850.  (NLS)
       
       AMERICA
  
       Boston Line Type
  
  1836    Richmond, Leigh.  The dairyman's daughter.
  A tract.  (B)
       
       1868    Dickens, Charles.  The old curiosity shop.
       These three large volumes were a gift from the author in answer to a request
       from Dr Howe, director of Perkins School for the Blind, for "something to
       gladden their hearts".  The pupils' reading matter consisted mainly of
       religious works or school text books.  The generous gift extended to other
       institutions in the USA.  (P)
       
       