PIONEER  OF  MEDICINE

 

 

 

Hippocrates B.C 460 – 377

Digitus hippocraticus: Because of heart failure the fingernails look like glass, transparent.

Hippocratic bench: In Joints, the use of the so-called Hippocratic bench is described for treating dislocations.

 

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632 – 1723; Dutch maker of microscopes, who made pioneering discoveries concerning protozoa, red blood cells, capillary systems.

 

Joseph Lister 1827 – 1912; English surgeon, whose discovery of antiseptics in 1865 greatly reduced the number of deaths due to operating-room infections. Believing infection to be caused by airborne dust particles, Lister sprayed the air with carbolic acid (now called phenol), a chemical that was then being used to treat foul-smelling sewers.

Listeria monocytogenes: gram-positive, non-acid-fast, noncapsulated, nonsporulating, motile, microaerophilic bacillus that is β-hemolytic, is found worldwide and afflicts mammals, birds, arachnids and crustaceans.

Listeriosis: Infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes and having manifestations that vary according to pathogenesis, site and age of the patient. In adults meningitis is the most common form of listeriosis.

 

William Harvey 1578 – 1667; English doctor, who discovered the circulation of the blood and the role of the heart in propelling it.

 

 

Edward Jenner 1749 – 1823 British doctor, who discovered the vaccine that is used against smallpox and who laid the groundwork for the science of immunology.

Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 Austrian monk, whose experimental work became the basis of modern heredity theory.

Lois Pasteur 1822 – 1895 French chemist and biologist, who founded the science of microbiology, proved the germ theory of disease, invented the process of pasteurization, and developed vaccines for several diseases, including rabies.

Florence Nightingale 1820 – 1910 British nurse, hospital reformer, and humanitarian. At night she walked the corridors with her lamp, checking on the soldiers, a habit for which she became known as “the lady with the lamp”.

 

 

Nicholas of Cusa 1401 – 1464 , German cardinal, scholar, mathematician, scientist and philosopher. Cusa also became involved in scientific experimentation, diagnostic medicine, botany, cartography, and manuscript collecting. He used first time concave lenses by a person, who had vision problems. He was the pioneer of modern optometry.    

William Thomas Green Morton 1819 – 1869 American dentist, who claimed to be the discoverer of the anesthetic use of ether.

 

Wilhelm Konrad Rφntgen 1845 – 1923; German physicist, the first Nobel laureate in physics. In November 1895 he read before the Physico-Medical Society of Wόrzburg a paper reporting his discovery of short-wave radiations that he called X-rays. Subsequently these rays were given his name, but Roentgen rays are still popularly known as X-rays

 

Karl Landsteiner 1868 – 1943 Austrian pathologist and Nobel laureate. Landsteiner developed the modern classification of the four primary blood types.

 

 

Andreas Vesalius  1514 – 1564 founder of modern anatomy.

Vesalius Ligament: Lig. inguinale

 

Marcello Malpighi 1628 – 1694 Italian physiologist, whose discoveries in microscopic anatomy upset ancient medical beliefs and set the course for modern physiology and histology. In 1661 he made his most important discovery, describing the network of pulmonary capillaries that connect the small veins to the small arteries, thus completing the chain of circulation postulated by the English physician William Harvey.

Malpighian body: 1- Follicle in white pulp of lien 2- System of Corpuscular renis, cortex of kidney,  glomerulus and Bowman capsule

Corpus Malpighi : Stratum basale of epidermis

Malpighian net: Rete mirabile, Net between seminifer and efferent canals behind of testis

 

Franηois Magendie 1783 – 1855 has works about neurology and anatomy. He is the founder of experimental pharmacy.

Foramen Magendie: Apertura mediana ventriculi quarti

Magendie-Hertwig sign : squinting, one eye looks upwards the other downwards.

 

William Stewart Halsted 1852 – 1922 surgeon, he used first time regional anesthesia and rubber gloves in operations

Halsted clamp: A fine vessel clamp

Halsted stitch: American stitch; cosmetic, esthetic, intracutan stitch in surgery.  

 

 

Aretaeus 130 – 200 was living in Cappadocia in ancient Asia Minor (Turkey). He gave the first detailed account of diabetes, to which he gave its name (diabetes, a siphron) after he had observed that a great amount of urine passes through the kidneys. He wrote: “ Diabetes is a remarkable disorder. It consists of a most and cold wasting of the flesh and limbs into wane. The patients never cease making water. Life is odious and painful ”

 

Claude Bernard 1813 – 1878 Physiologist, regarded as the founder of experimental medicine. Bernard discovered the role of the pancreas in digestion. He showed that the pancreas secretes a fluid that allows fat to be digested. Later, he discovered the role of the liver in the transformation, storage, and use of sugar in the body.

Bernard Syndrome :

Bernard Puncture: Diabetic puncture, temporary sugar in urine  

 

Oscar Minkowski 1858 – 1931 discovered that surgical removing of pancreas causes diabetes.

Minkowski Anemia: Hereditary spherocytosis; A rare disorder in which red blood cells are oval or elliptical, hemolysis is usually absent or slight, with little or no anemia; splenomegaly is often present.

 

Frederick Banting 1891 – 1941 In 1922, working at the University of Toronto in the laboratory of the British physiologist John Macleod and with the assistance of the Canadian physiologist Charles Best, Banting made the dramatic discovery of insulin. In 1923 the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Banting and Macleod. Objecting to the credit given Macleod, who had not participated in the discovery, Banting shared his half with Best. Macleod, in turn, divided his share with the Canadian chemist James Bertram Collip, who had helped Macleod purify insulin subsequent to its isolation.

 

 

Emil Adolf v. Behring 1854 – 1917           Shibasaburo Kitasato 1852 – 1931

Behring and the Japanese bacteriologist Kitasato Shibasaburo discovered that injecting the blood serum of an animal that has tetanus into another animal produces an immunity against the disease in the second animal. Serum from the immunized animal can then be injected into another individual in whom it will produce immunity to the same disease.

 

In 1901 Behring was awarded the first Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.

Japanese bacteriologist,  Kitasato isolated three important bacilli, those that cause tetanus, anthrax and dysentery, and prepared a diphtheria antitoxin. In Tokyo in 1894 he discovered the infectious agent of bubonic plague; at the same time the Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin made the same discovery in Hong Kong.

Leon Charles Albert Calmette 1863 – 1933       Camille Guerin 1872 – 1961

Calmette developed an effective serum against snake venom. After e resarch period of fifteen years Calmette and Guerin introduced a vaccine against tuberculosis known as BCG Bacillus Calmette Guerin

 

Jonas Edward Salk 1914 –  discovered vaccine against Poliomyelitis

 

John Franklin Enders 1897 – 1985 In 1954 he, Frederic Robbins and Thomas Weller were awarded a joint Nobel Prize for medicine for their research on the Polio virus. Enders is credited with the development of the first successful measles vaccine, which was registered in 1963.

 

 

Thomas Huckle Weller 1915 –  In 1954 he, Frederic Robbins and John Franklin Enders were awarded a joint Nobel Prize for medicine for their research on the Polio virus.

 

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis 1818 – 1865 who discovered how to prevent puerperal fever from being transmitted to mothers, thus introducing antiseptic prophylaxis into medicine.

James Young Simpson 1811 – 1870 Gynecologist

Simpson Anesthesia: who did pioneering research for a more pleasant and controllable agent than ether for anesthesia. The drug he eventually used named chloroform.

Simpson probe: A special probe for uterus

Simpson forceps:

 

Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laλnnec 1781 – 1826 discovered stethoscope.

 

 

Alexander Fleming 1881 – 1955           Howard Walter Florey 1898 – 1968

discovered Penicillin with Ernst Chain. They were awarded for Nobel Prize in 1945

 

Alexis Carrel 1873 – 1944 French surgeon and Nobel laureate, known for his research on keeping animal organs alive outside the body. He was awarded the 1912 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his development in 1902 of a technique for suturing blood vessels.

 

James Lind 1716 – 1794 laid the foundation of naval hygiene in England. He emphasized the remedial properties of antiscorbutic items such fresh citrus and lemon juice in daily rations during long sea voyages.  

 

Santiago Ramon y Cajal 1852 – 1934

Cajal impregnation: Colorization of neurofibrilles with Silvernitrat AgNO₃   

Cajal celli: Horizontal cell; brain cell