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APAKAH ELOHIM GELAR BERHALA?
diterjemahkan dari sumber berbahasa Inggeris

Mohon diperhatikan penyusun naskah ini menganut
istilah seperti YHWH, Yahweh, EL, Elohim, Yeshua dlsb, yang berlainan dengan yang dianut oleh OHOL YÁOHUSHÚA


diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa Indonesia oleh
OHOL YÁOHUSHÚA di INDONESIA



Is Elohim A Pagan Title?

Yahweh's Restoration Ministry
http://www.yrm.org/elohimpagantitle.htm

Bible kita merupakan terjemahan dari manuskrip Gerika dan Ibrani. Dipisahkan dari kepercayaan yang salah dan takhayul, Nama Bapa, Yahweh, tidak terlihat didalam berbagai terjemahan. Gelar "Elohim" dengan bentuk singkatnya "El" dan "Eloah" merupakan suatu istilah Kitab Suci Ibrani yang artinya Yang Maha Besar – jamak atau tunggal, (Mighty One(s)), dan dari istilah-istilah itulah maka para penerjemah menerapkan gelar Inggeris "God." (Pembaca sebaiknya jangan buru-buru menerjemahkan menjadi Tuhan, penerjemah.)
Ada sebagian orang yang menganut bahwa istilah "El" dan "Elohim" seharusnya tidak digunakan oleh Pendoa Sejati karena bangsa Kanaan kuno juga menggunakan istilah – istilah itu bagi tuhan-tuhan mereka, yang adalah berhala. Masalahnya sekarang terletak pada satu pertanyaan kunci: siapakah yang menggunakan lebih dahulu gelar Elohim, apakah bangsa Ibrani yang menggunakan bahasa surgawi yaitu bahasa Ibrani (purbakala, penerjemah), ataukah bangsa Kanaan yang menggunakan bahasanya yang masih termasuk dalam keluarga besar bahasa Semit?
Apabila kita setuju dengan pendapat bahwa bahasa Ibrani adalah bahasa yang pertama-tama digunakan oleh umat manusia, dan dapat membuktikan bahwa "Elohim" terdapat didalam naskah Ibrani yang paling kuno yang kita ketahui sekarang, maka kata dapat memahaminya bahwa istilah itu adalah satu istilah yang di-inspirasi dari Yahweh.
Kalau demikian, berarti yang terjadi adalah, istilah itu telah dipakai lebih dahulu di dalam bahasa Ibrani baru kemudian diserobot oleh bangsa Kanaan, dan bukan sebaliknya.
Kita dapat menguji dengan seksama hal itu memakai naskah Kitab Suci tertua yang ada sekarang, yaitu the Dead Sea Scrolls atau Naskah Gulung Laut Mati.
Salah satu dari naskah tersebut adalah Kitab Yesaya yang ditulis secara lengkap diatas kulit binatang, artinya naskah tersebut merujuk kewaktu 1,000 tahun sebelum munculnya metode penulisan Ibrani cara Masoret. (Naskah Gulung Laut Mati ditemukan pada abad 20, diduga ditulis paling lambat pada abad 1, sedang metode Masoret diduga baru muncul pada abad ke 6, penerjemah).
Setiap kitab dari Kitab Suci (Istilah Kitab Suci disini selalu dimaksud TNK, baca: Tanakh, artinya Tora-Neviim-Ketuvim, Taurat-Nabi-nabi-Kitab-kitab, sebanding dengan Perjanjian Lama, Alkitab-nya LAI, penerjemah.) terdapat setidak-tidaknya terwakili di dalam Naskah Gulung Laut Mati, kecuali Kitab Ester.
Didalam seluruh naskah gulung tersebut kita dapat melihat bahwa istilah El dan Elohim ditulis dengan huruf Ibrani (di dalam naskah berbahasa Ibrani, penerjemah). Pasal yang pertama-tama dari Kitab Suci tersebut, artinya salinan tertua kitab Kejadian dalam bahasa Ibrani, menyebut Pencipta kita dengan sebutan "Elohim."--"Pada mulanya Elohim menciptakan langit dan bumi."
Yigael Yadin, didalam bukunya, The Temple Scroll (vol. 2), menyalin tulisan Ibrani dari kitab Ulangan, dimana tampak istilah Elohim berkali-kali digunakan. (sebagai contoh, lihat kolom LIV, Deut. 13:3, p.401).
Kalau Yahweh saja menyebut diriNya sebagai Elohim, siapakah orangnya yang dapat menyalahkan? Apakah Musa yang ter-inspirasi menulis lima kitab pertama dari the Bible memakai istilah berhala kuno untuk Pencipta kita? Bila istilah El dan Elohim telah ada di dalam kitab yang paling dahulu terjadi, maka tidak dapat dikatakan istilah itu telah 'merayap' masuk kedalam kitab yang ada belakangan! Oleh karena tidak ditemukan lagi naskah yang lebih tua dari Gulungan Laut Mati, kita dapat menyimpulkan bahwa Yahweh telah meng-inspirasi-kan istilah Elohim itu. Musa menulisnya dan Israel menggunakannya.

Sumber yang bukan dari Kitab Suci?
Salah satu teori yang digunakan oleh orang-orang yang menolak menggunakan istilah Elohim adalah Kitab Suci kita merupakan hasil suntingan pekerjaan potong-tempel dari beberapa sumber naskah yang terpisah-pisah.
Naskah yang relatif lebih tua, sebutlah dengan sumber "J" (diduga dari "Y", YHWH, lalu di-Inggeris-kan menjadi "J", penerjemah).
Sumber ini mengandung the Tetragrammaton, (istilah Inggeris untuk kata Ibrani yang terdiri dari empat huruf Ibrani bernama Yod-He-Vav-He, huruf Ibrani purba huhi (download huruf Ibrani purba, simpanlah di C:\\Windows\Fonts\) seperti dalam Naskah Gulung laut Mati - baca dari kanan kekiri, tulisan ini kemudian dalam huruf Ibrani klasik yang dipermodern adalah vuvh (download huruf Ibrani modern, simpanlah di C:\\Windows\Fonts\) , penerjemah), sedangkan naskah yang lebih muda, sebutlah dengan sumber "E", menggunakan istilah "Elohim". Bermula dari sini mereka ber-argumentasi bahwa "Elohim" adalah sebutan yang dipinjam dari bangsa Kanaan untuk hal yang setara. Orang-orang yang menolak penggunaan Elohim menunjuk naskah versi "J" yang merupakan naskah paling tua dan lebih tepat, tanpa kata El atau Elohim. Namun demikian, argumen mereka runtuh bila dihadapkan dengan pernyataan yang berwenang: "Tentu saja tidak ada yang baru dalam penggunaan Elohim dalam J" (The Anchor Bible, Genesis, Vol. 1, p. 37.)
Teori pandangan "dokumenter" Kitab Suci ini, disebut juga hypotesa J-E-P-D, dianut oleh pengkritik sekuler Kitab Suci, mengarah kepada pertanyaan tentang inspirasi Kitab Suci. Naskah Gulung Laut Mati, sebagai naskah yang tertua yang ada sekarang, mengungkapkan cerita yang berbeda.
Hypotesa ini juga dikesampingkan oleh para peneliti modern dengan makin bertambah banyaknya jumlah peneliti Kitab Suci yang mengenali kepalsuannya.
Dalam tahun 1959 suatu interview didalam Christianity Today, peneliti bahasa Ibrani Cyrus H. Gordon menolak pandangan bahwa pemakaian "Elohim" dan "Yahweh" merupakan suatu nama-nama yang berbeda yang berasal dari sumber literatur yang berbeda. (Higher Criticism and Forbidden Fruit). Istilah Yahweh di-inspirasi-kan kepada kita langsung, sesuai dengan 2Timotius 3:16, dan bukan sebagai hasil dari konflik naskah-naskah serta gunting dan lem para penyunting.
Lebih lanjut, bila kita terus mengikuti teori ini, maka ke-otentik-an Kitab Suci sendiri menjadi perlu dipertanyakan. Apakah Kitab Suci diturunkan oleh Yahweh (secara langsung sekali jadi, penerjemah) atau diberikan kepada kita melalui suatu proses penyuntingan? Ini adalah satu hal yang paling penting dan mendasar yang menjadi perhatian orang-orang percaya atas Kitab Suci. Inspirasi Kitab Suci merupakan dasar kita orang-orang percaya untuk bertumpu. Kalau Kitab Suci tidak dapat dipercayai maka Kebenaran yang kita pegangi selama ini perlu dipertanyakan lagi.

Bahasa serumpun, Kata-kata serupa
Salah satu kunci untuk mengerti permasalahan ini yaitu dengan menyadari bahwa bahasa-bahasa Timur Tengah merupakan bahasa-bahasa yang serumpun atau sekeluarga, dimana yang satu punya hubungan dengan yang lain. Bagaimana serupanya bahasa-bahasa itu dapat kita jumpai seperti yang dikemukakan didalam buku How the Hebrew Language Grew, oleh Edward Horowitz. Dia menyatakan pendapatnya tentang bahasa-bahasa Semit, termasuk didalamnya adalah bahasa Ibrani dan bahasa-bahasa di Timur Tengah lainnya, demikian:
"Saudara bahasa Ibrani adalah bahasa Assyria, Babylonia, Arab, Syria, Ethiopia, dan juga, sesuai penemuan terakhir, Mesir. Dengan bahasa serumpunnya inilah dan bukan dengan rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa, bahasa Ibrani saling berkaitan erat. Hampir semua kata Ibrani yang umum ditemukan didalam bahasa-bahasa rumpun Semit lain dengan hanya mengalami perubahan yang kecil. Seseorang yang mengerti bahasa Ibrani dengan baik akan mengenali secara literal ratusan kata-kata Arab tanpa dia harus belajar bahasa Arab, karena bahasa Arab dan bahasa Ibrani mempunyai demikian banyak kata-kata umum yang hampir serupa…Semua bahasa-bahasa Semit itu kalau dirunut kebelakang akan menjadi satu bahasa Semit induk purbakala."
"Bahasa induk Semit purbakala" itu dahulunya adalah Bahasa Ibrani Kitab Suci. Kita dapat mengetahui bahwa ketika bangsa Israel memasuki Tanah Perjanjian, mereka tidak mengalami kesulitan dalam berkomunikasi dengan berbagai suku Kanaan yang sudah ada tinggal disana. Itu karena mereka menggunakan bahasa serumpun, seperti halnya orang-orang Jawa (teks aslinya Jerman, penerjemah.) mengenal bahasa Jawa Tinggi dan Jawa Rendah.
Apakah mengherankan jika bangsa Kanaan, yang dahulu kala telah tinggal di Tanah Perjanjian, yang bahasanya adalah salah satu bahasa didalam rumpun bahasa Semit yang diturunkan dari bahasa Ibrani purbakala, memakai kata yang sama, Elohim, yang dipakai bangsa Ibrani – dan yang mereka gunakan hanya untuk tuhan mereka yang bukan Yahweh?
Dengan cara pemikiran yang sama kita menjadi tahu juga bagaimana bisa terjadi Nama Suci "Yah" juga dipakai di Mesir. Perhatikanlah kata-kata berikut ini dari the Encyclopedia of Gods oleh Michael Jordan: "Yah-tuhan bulan. Bahasa Mesir. Yah mungkin hasil import yang dibawa ke Mesir oleh imigran berbahasa Semit …" (p. 291).
Praktek peminjaman nama sudah lumrah terjadi disepanjang sejarah.
Ketika sekelompok orang-orang melakukan migrasi mereka juga membawa kepercayaan, bahasa dan nama-nama didalam budaya mereka lalu menyebarkannya didaerah yang mereka datangi.
Salah satu argumen mengatakan bahwa istilah El dan Elohim merayap kedalam bahasa Ibrani setelah bertahun-tahun Kitab Suci asli ditulis, merujuk pada Yesaya 19:18: "Pada masa itu lima kota di Tanah Mesir harus menggunakan bahasa Kanaan, dan bersumpah kepada Yahweh tuan-tuan rumah; sebutan namanya, Kota kerusakan".
("Kota kerusakan" dari "city of destruction" adalah penerjemahan yang tidak tepat, dan seharusnya "kota keadilan" atau "city of righteousness" dari kata Ibrani ha-zedek)
(bandingkan dengan Alkitab-LAI dan Kitab Suci, bahasa Jawa, LAI, penerjemah. Berikut ini adalah kutipan penerjemah dari TNK, Yesaya 19:18:
Ibrani:

o°h½©r‰m¦n .¤rɤt‰C oh¦rŠg J¿¥n¨j ÏUh§v°h tUÇv©v oIÉH‹C
,I¼gŠC§J°b±u i‹gº³b‰F ,É‹p«§a ¿,Ir‰C©s§n
,œ¨j¤t‰k r¼¥n¨t¯h x¤rº¤v©v rhɈg ,I·tŠc‰m vɲu«vhœ‹k


Bacaan:
Bayom hahu yihyo khamesh arim be-erets mitsrayim medaberot shfat kna'an venishbaot lavɲu«vh tsevaot ir haheres yeamer le'ekhat.

Indonesia:
Pada hari itu akan ada lima kota di tanah mesir berbicara bahasa kanaan dan bersumpah kepada vɲu«vh panglima perang kota kerusakan orang akan menyebutnya).

Pasal ini merupakan nubuat tentang beralihnya kepercayaan Mesir di dalam Kerajaan, ketika semua orang bercakap-cakap dengan bahasa Ibrani. Ayat tersebut tidak berarti membawa bahasa Kanaan yang menyembah berhala ke dalam Israel. "Bahasa Kanaan" hanyalah kata puisi kiasan dalam budaya Ibrani karena bangsa Israel yang berbahasa Ibrani itu tinggal disana. (lihat Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature). Lebih jauh lagi, di dalam abad ke-8 Sebelum Mesias, ketika Yesaya menulis ini, bahasa bangsa Kanaan adalah bahasa Ibrani, bukan bahasa Kanaan.
Sebagai catatan kaki, dalam berpindah dari satu bahasa ke bahasa yang lain, tulisan yang kita gunakan untuk menyalin bunyi suatu nama tidak sama persis, agar tulisan itu dapat menyatakan dengan tepat bunyi dari kata dalam tulisan aslinya. (Melakukan transliterasi bukan translasi, penerjemah)
Beberapa orang berpendapat bahwa "El" merupakan sesuatu yang salah, sehingga membuat suatu sisipan atau penggantian yang tampaknya aneh, seperti misalnya mengganti "el" dengan "yl" didalam kata "Israyl." Ini adalah sekedar usaha perbaikan karena persepsi mereka atas "masalah el" itu. Ini tidak berbeda jauh dengan permasalahan ketika pihak gereja mengganti huruf g kecil dengan G besar dalam kata "god" untuk merubah istilah gelar generik menjadi satu nama.
Tetapi didalam kasus ini, penggantian "e" dengan "y", akan berdampak pada penggantian dalam kata Ibrani yang terinspirasi itu, yaitu mengganti huruf aleph dalam "el." dengan huruf yod . Kalau demikian apakah penggantian "el" menjadi "yl" akan membawa kita kepada kata yang tepat dan asli?
Bila demikian, bagaimana dapat membuktikan, bahwa "yl" adalah lebih benar? Dimanakah kata Ibrani "Israyl" dapat ditemukan di luar tulisan pribadi segelintir orang tertentu? Lebih dari itu, satu hal yang aneh, bagaimana mungkin penggantian "e" dengan "y" dapat membuat pengucapan kata-kata itu berbeda.

Kita tidak bisa membenarkan doktrin kita sendiri dengan cara merubah Kitab Suci agar selaras dengan kepercayaan kita, dengan menambahi atau mengurangi. Kita tidak punya kewenangan untuk berbuat demikian. Ini adalah Kitab Yahweh, bukan milik kita.
Satu perintah di dalam Kitab Wahyu 22:19 cukup sederhana dan jelas:
"Dan bila ada manusia yang mengurangi kata-kata Kitab nubuatan ini, Elohim akan mengambil bagiannya dari kitab kehidupan, dan dari kota suci, dan dari segala sesuatu yang dituliskan didalam kitab ini" (lihat juga Ulangan 4:2, Amsal 30:5-6).
Jadi jelaslah bahwa El, Eloah dan Elohim adalah rujukan yang tepat bagi "Yang Maha Kuasa (tunggal atau jamak, penerjemah)" di dalam Kitab Suci.

Contoh-contoh 'El' didalam Kitab Suci
Seseorang dapat membuat satu kasus yang padat bahwa bahasa yang asli di atas bumi, diturunkan dari langit yang paling atas, adalah bahasa Ibrani. Bahasa ini dahulu kalanya adalah bahasanya utusan-utusan dari surga yang selalu berbicara kepada umat manusia dalam bahasa Ibrani dan kepada orang-orang yang bahasa aslinya adalah bahasa Ibrani. Yahshua berbicara kepada BapaNya dalam bahasa Ibrani (Aram) ketika Dia digantung diatas tiang pancang, Matius 27:46. Kata-kataNya tidak diterjemahkan didalam Perjanjian Baru, yang mana mengandung harapan bagi kita.
Perhatikanlah apa yang Dia katakan itu. "Dan pada sekitar pukul ke sembilan Yahshua mengeluh dengan suara nyaring, katanya, 'Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani?' yang artinya, El-Ku, El-Ku, mengapa Engkau (telah) meninggalkan Aku?" "Eli" artinya "El saya" dalam bahasa Ibrani ("i" adalah singkatan dari kata ganti milik "milikku").
Bila El adalah satu istilah bersifat berhala dan dikutuk oleh Yahweh, pastilah Juru Selamat kita tidak pernah menggunakannya untuk memanggil BapaNya sendiri.
Bila "El" dahulu adalah satu rujukan yang bersifat berhala, mengapa banyak orang-orang suci menggunakan "el" didalam nama-nama mereka? Berikut ini nama-nama mereka dalam ejaan Inggeris, Elijah (EliYah), Elisha, Eliezer, Ezekiel, Daniel, Joel dan banyak lagi yang menggunakan kata Ibrani yang diakui ini, El. Bila El adalah begitu salah, mengapa nama-nama itu dipakai oleh malaikat maha agung Michael (nama yang artinya "Siapa yang seperti El") dan Gabriel ("El penuh kuasa")? Mahluk malaikat itu telah ada sebelum bumi ada, dan pasti sebelum bahasa-bahasa pemeluk kepercayaan berhala kuno ataupun sebelum tuhan-tuhan berhala.
Setelah memperoleh janji akan mempunyai keturunan yang menjadi bangsa yang besar melalui mimpinya yang dapat dia ingat ketika tidur bersandar di tangga, Yakub menyebut tempat dia tidur itu "Bethel," satu nama yang artinya "Rumah El" (Kejadian 28:19). Kemudian, dalam Kejadian 35, Yakub diberitahu oleh Yahweh untuk pergi ke Beth-el dan membangun altar di sana. Yakub menyebut tempat altar itu "El-Beth-el," atau "El Rumah Elohim." Di dalam Kejadian 33:20 dia membuat satu altar lagi, kali ini di Shalem, dan menyebutnya "El-eloah-Israel," atau "El, Elohim Israel." Pastilah datuk agung itu tidak akan memberi nama untuk tempat-tempat pemujaan berhala.
Bahkan sebelum ini, Abram menamakan anak laki-lakinya Ishmael, yang artinya "El akan mendengar."
Malaikat, didalam Matius 1:23, berkata bahwa nama Yahshua akan disebut Emmanuel, artinya "El bersama kita."
Jadi jelaslah bahwa sebutan El, Eloah, dan Elohim adalah istilah Ibrani yang sah yang di-inspirasi Yahweh dan dipakai oleh umatNya, termasuk PuteraNya. Kalau dikatakan berasal dari kepercayaan berhala maka mereka percaya kepada kepalsuan yang dibuat oleh manusia sendiri.


                            ----OOO----

Diterjemahkan oleh Ohol YAOHUSHUA di Indonesia
2002

Ke Halaman Depan Situs OHOL YÁOHUSHÚA di INDONESIA



Pertanyaan yang menarik...

Apakah Yesus mengeluh berseru kepada tuhan berhala yang disebut 'El' ketika diatas Salib?

Christian Thinktank
http://www.christian-thinktank.com/elwho.html
[Dibuat 4/28/97]

Baru-baru ini, XXX menulis:

When christ was on the cross, he blurted out "Eloi, Eloi, ...". The literal translation is NOT "My God, My God, why has thou forsaken me?" Rather, it is "My El, My El, why has thou forsaken me?" El is a pagan god, a *very* specific pagan god. Why would christ call out to this pagan god?

Ketika Kristus diatas kayu salib, dia berseru "Eloi, Eloi,...". Terjemahan secara literal BUKAN "God-ku, God-ku, mengapa Engkau meninggalkan aku?" tetapi "El-ku, El-ku, mengapa Engkau meninggalkan aku?" El adalah tuhan berhala, tuhan berhala yang *sangat* istimewa. Mengapa kristus berseru kepada tuhan berhala itu?

Dapatkah anda membantu saya menjawab pertanyaan ini (bahkan sekalipun bantuan itu hanya berupa petunjuk dimana letak halaman anda). Pertanyaan ini sedikit mengganggu saya dan saya tidak punya sedikitpun pendidikan theologia untuk dapat sekedar memberi jawaban... Terimakasih.

..............................................................

Pada dasarnya ada dua hal perlu kita ketahui untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut:

1. Siapa atau apakah dulunya "El" itu?

2. Bagaimanakah kemungkinan bahwa Yesus berdoa kepada 'El'?

Apa yang kita ketahui tentang "El"

Pertama-tama, mari kita simak data ekstra kitab suci ....

· "Kata il, ilu(m), atau el dikenal umum didalam semua bahasa serumpun Semit; dalam pengertian yang luas kata tersebut mempunyai pengertian satu nama umum yang berarti 'god,' (dalam bahasa Inggeris, atau tuhan dalam bahasa Indonesia, penerjemah) tetapi juga dapat berarti satu nama yang khusus tuhan." [MM:138]. Ini berarti kita harus menguji dahulu pengertian YANG MANA dari kedua arti tersebut yang dimaksud didalam kutipan yang diberikan.

· Dalam sejarah kuil Semit Barat, El adalah satu-satunya tuhan yang 'terkemuka' di Ebla (millenium ke-3 Sebelum Kristus) [EBLA0:179f], dan kemudian dengan cepat ditutupi kejayaannya didalam agamaa bangsa Kanaan, oleh 'anaknya laki-laki' Baal [PCE:93]. El secara umum tidak aktif, khususnya dibandingkan dengan Baal [PCE:123; POTW:171].

· Kata 'El' paling banyak dijumpai secara luas menurut literatur ANE adalah didalam sumber-sumber Canaanite Ugaritic [e.g. ANET:129-155, 659]. Dalam daftarnya, ANET hanya menuliskan SATU kejadian terdapat diluar bangsa Kanaan, dan ini ada dalam literatur Hitti [ANET:519]. Seperti telah dikemukakan diatas, El merupakan satu tuhan yang minor didalam pengertian keagamaan dan praxis Ugarit.

· Setelah melewati masa 'cikal bakal' agama ekstra-kitab suci ini, El kemudian menghilang dari muka bumi. Namanya kemudian dijumpai didalam bentuk senyawa dengan kata lain (elkunirsha) didalam satu mitos Semit Barat purbakala yang berbahasa Hitti [POTW:150; AI:310], dan mitos tersebut terpelihara didalam beberapa naskah Aram pada awal millenium pertama Sebelum Kristus. [POTW:225-226; AI:310].

· Tempat yang diperkirakan paling logis dimana El ini 'tinggal' yaitu didalam agama Phunisia, yaitu keturunan bangsa Kanaan. Tetapi disini, seperti juga ditempat lain, kita jumpai El tidur menyepi:

"Tuhan-tuhan yang dimuliakan dalam Phunisia Jaman Besi merupakan campuran tuhan-tuhan laki-laki dan tuhan-tuhan perempuan yang sudah dikenal sejak jaman Kanaan sebelumnya dan tuhan yang baru ternyata baru dikenal sejak awal millenium pertama (Sebelum Kristus, penerjemah). Dalam beberapa kejadian, beberapa tuhan yang lebih tua dan relatif penting telah berubah. Contohnya, El, pencipta dan raja dari tuhan-tuhannya bangsa Ugarit, hanya ditulis sekali didalam naskah tanah leluhurnya." [POTW:201]

· Versi Babylon (ilu, Akkadian Anu) juga menunjukkan terjadi penyurutan nama tuhan-tuhan itu. Hal ini terlihat didalam daftar nama-nama raja selama Jaman Perunggu Akhir (1500-1200 Sebelum Kristus), tetapi kemudian ketenarannya surut oleh tuhan-tuhan lokal dalam satu generasi atau sekitar itu [AHANE:74]. Anu pada mulanya cukup tenar meyakinkan, tetapi kemudian dapat kita saksikan di Ebla 'diturunkan dari singgasana ketenaran' oleh tuhan-tuhan keturunannya. Demikian ditulis dalam BABY:171-172:

Struktur dasar dari kuil [Babylon], paling tidak seperti tercatat didalam literatur purbakala paling awal yang telah ditemukan, menunjuk kepada tuhan-tuhan pada jaman millenium ketiga (Sebelum Kristus, penerjemah). Anu, tuhan langit, pemunculannya samar-samar sepanjang sejarah Mesopotamia, pada awalnya dikenal dari kepalanya. Beberapa lambangnya kemudian diambil alih, pertama-tama oleh Enlil, dan kemudian oleh Marduk serta Assur di Babylonia dan juga di Assyria...Enlil (Ellil), 'tuan angin', tuhan wali pelindung bangsa Nippur, adalah anak laki-laki Anu. Seperti ayahnya dia datang dikenal sebagai 'Bapa'

atau 'Raja' dari tuhan-tuhan dan yang pertama kali menggantikan Anu didalam mitologi.

Selanjutnya, kita perlu mencermati apakah arti "El" didalam kitab suci...

· "El" adalah istilah yang dipakai sebagai alternatif dari istilah Tuhan yang kuat --demikian menurut ZPEB (in. loc):

El--Sebagian besar merupakan pernyataan puitis untuk satu-satunya Tuhannya Israel yang Sejati; seringkali dalam bahasa Ibrani, dipakai awalan penunjuk kepastian, seperti dalam bahasa Inggeris the (true) God, walaupun awalan itu tidak perlu untuk menjelaskan the true God (Bilangan 12.13). Tetapi istilah itu, pada dasarnya berarti "kekuatan," dapat dipakai dalam kata sifat dan juga dapat menunjuk kepada orang yang besar kuasanya dan berkedudukan sosial tinggi (Yehezkiel 31:11), seperti misalnya Nebuchadnezzar, atau menunjuk kepada malaikat-malaikat (Mazmur 29.1)

· El kadangkala dipakai oleh bangsa Israel berlawanan dengan yang dimaksud oleh bangsa Kanaan! Demikian menurut EBC:5.211-212:

El secara umum menunjuk pada Kepala tuhan-tuhan didalam kuilnya bangsa Kanaan. Bangsa Israel umumnya menggunakan istilah tersebut untuk menunjuk kepada Yahweh, paling tidak, ada sedikit kesimpang siuran antara Tuhan mereka apakah sama dengan El-nya bangsa Kanaan...Bangsa Israel percaya bahwa Yahweh ada lebih dahulu baru kemudian muncul seperti dinyatakan oleh bangsa Kanaan, El dan kemudian anaknya Baal dan banyak lagi.....Didalam bagian puisi Perjanjian Lama, para penulis yang ter-inspirasi dengan leluasa menggunakan ungkapan sastera untuk memuja Yahweh. Didalam hati mereka para pe-mazmur itu setia kepada

Yahweh dan sadar bahwa El adalah satu gambar khayalan. Mereka juga meminjam uraian, ungkapan kesempurnaan, dan penghormatan kepada El. Pada waktu itu terlihat bahwa ada usaha untuk mengatasi polemik, karena pemazmur dengan tegas menyatakan bahwa hanya Yahweh adalah El dan tidak ada El lain kecuali Yahweh! Dilain saat para pemazmur secara kreatif menggunakan ungkapan sastera untuk memuja Yahweh.

· Oleh karena itu El menurut Kitab Suci adalah "satu istilah umum dan tidak merujuk kepada nama pribadi tuhan bangsa Ugarit El", kecuali dalam konteks perdebatan. [MM:139]

· Bangsa Israel pada hakekatnya telah 'mengosongkan' beberapa istilah mereka untuk tuhannya para penyembah berhala dan mengisi istilah itu dengan isi yang ter-inspirasi dari Tuhan digunung Sinai. Demikian menurut Livingston [PCE:182]:

Nama nama ini, dulu kala memisahkan diri dari kepercayaan berhala polytheisme dan naturisme serta mencerminkan satu kepribadian yang kuat dan dalam waktu yang bersamaan memberi tekanan pada kemuliaan, kesucian, keesaan dan keunikan tuhan.

· Didalam mazmur, istilah dalam Bible berbahasa Inggeris "my God (El)" umumnya setara dengan "my Father" [EBC:5.200]

The Net:

Nama El (dan variasi linguistiknya) dahulu kala, dipakai sebagai satu nama tuhan yang berpengaruh kuat dalam aliran utama kepercayaan berhala didalam budaya mula-mula bangsa Ebla dan Sumer, tetapi menyurut dari aliran utama pada tahun 1200 Sebelum Kristus. Nama spesifik El menghilang dari catatan-catatan bersamaan dengan ditutupnya Perjanjian Lama (sekitar 500-400 Sebelum Kristus). Didalam data kitab suci, Tuhannya Israel, Yahweh, dapat merampas nama 'El' karena Dia adalah Tuhan yang sejati dan satu-satunya Tuhan--berlainan sekali dengan El milik bangsa Kanaan yang pasif beserta anaknya laki-laki yang

aktif, Baal. Oleh karena itu maka 'El' didalam kitab suci BUKAN tuhan kepercayaan berhala (terkecuali dalam konteks yang menjadi perdebatan dalam hal tertentu), tetapi adalah Yahweh-- Tuhannya Abraham, Isak dan Yakub.

................................................................................................

Katakanlah adakah kemungkinan bahwa Yesus berdoa kepada 'El' ini -- yang adalah tuhan kepercayaan berhala yang dipercayai dimuka bumi selama 4-5 abad?

Ada beberapa pendekatan dan permasalahan yang harus kita ingat dalam menilik pertanyaan ini:

1. Ketika seseorang penyembah Satan sekarang ini berucap "Tu(h)an" didalam upacara mistis, apakah dia juga menujukan panggilannya itu kepada pribadi yang sama dengan kita ketika mengucapkan "Tu(h)an"? Pasti tidak sama! Kata 'tu(h)an' itu sendiri adalah satu gelar, seperti halnya "lord" atau "god" dalam bahasa Inggeris. Jadi, sekalipun "El" tetapi "El" yang diucapkan oleh Yesus pasti tidak sama tujuannya dengan tujuan para pemuja berhala bangsa Kanaan!

2. Hampir semua peneliti sepakat bahwa Yesus mengutip dari Mazmur 22. [EBC: Mt 27.46]. Ini merujuk kepada Mazmur 22.1 (2 didalam the MT) tujuan yang paling mungkin dimaksud oleh Yesus. Didalam Mazmur 22, 'my God' atau 'Tuhanku' (seperti tertulis diatas) menunjuk kepada Yahweh, dalam satu bentuk pendekatan "my Father" atau "Bapaku" (EBC: in loc).

3. Kitab LXX menerjemahkan pasal tersebut dengan memakai istilah 'God' (theos) bukan 'El' .

4. Para penulis Injil berbahasa Inggeris menerjemahkan istilah itu bagi kita!--bacalah ayat di dalam Kitab Matius 27.46:

About the ninth hour Jesus cried out in a loud voice, "Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?" -- which means, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"

Dalam Matius maupun Markus (Markus 15.34) tertulis bahwa Yesus mengucapkan "God" (theos) bukan "El".

5. Kenyataan bahwa "El" sebagai tuhan berhala sudah tidak berperan selama 4 - 5 abad (sedikitnya) dapat menjadi alasan bahwa SANGAT mungkin Yesus tidak sedikitpun bermaksud memanggil segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan El ini.

6. Tidak ada bukti sedikitpun yang menunjukkan bahwa berubah dari semula memuja Yahweh dan berpaling kepada tuhan bangsa Kanaan, setelah seumur hidupnya mengabdikan dirinya kepada Yahweh!

7. Sebenarnya, bentuk ucapan 'eloi' dan 'eli' didalam Matius dan juga Markus, secara umum adalah menurut bahasa Aram. [Bentuk ucapan Ibrani yang digunakan Matius--"eli"--juga masih mendukung ucapan dalam bahasa Aram, karena Targum didalam Mazmur tetap mempertahankan bentuk tulisan Ibrani untuk Nama TUHAN , sekalipun didalam kalimat berbahasa Aram...seperti halnya kalau kita menggunakan istilah Yahudi, Yahweh, didalam kalimat berbahasa Indonesia. Cf. EBC: dalam Matt. Loc.] Peluang mengkombinasi antara kata tambahan 'ku' dengan nama 'El' sangat kecil dibanding dengan kombinasi antara 'ku' dengan 'tuhan'

atau 'bapa'. Bentuk nama+ku sangat, sangat amat jarang didalam literatur religius, maka kemungkinannya sangat kecil (bahwa yang dimaksud adalah nama 'El' Kanaan, penerjemah.)

8. Yesus sebelumnya telah mengajarkan bahwa orang-orang Yahudi harus dan hanya mengenal kepada satu-satunya Tuhan yang sejati, seperti diungkapkan didalam percakapannya dengan wanita Samaria. (Yohanes 4.22: Kalian orang-orang Samaria menyembah apa yang kalian tidak kenal, tetapi kami menyembah apa yang kami kenal, karena keselamatan datangnya dari bangsa Yahudi). Jadi untuk apa dia pada akhir hayatnya menyembah kepada tuhannya bukan orang Yahudi?!

9. Terakhir, tentang hikayat sedih, penuh sindiran, didalam Mazmur tentang Penderita Yang Adil - dengan berbagai tingkat kepastian dan kejelasan. Bermacam-macam mazmur Penderita dialamatkan kepada Tuhan dengan berbagai nama (seperti Elohim, Yahweh, dll.), membantu kita tahu bahwa alamat tujuannya sama dengan yang dituju Mazmur 22. Untuk melihat jalinan hikayat sedih dalam mazmur, saya membuat daftar ayat paralel sebagai berikut ini, sesuai yang disarankan didalam DJEC:207ff. (Lihat juga tinjauan mendalam atas peran Mazmur tentang Penderitaan didalam DM:1452-1465.) Format dibawah ini adalah [pasal dalam injil, perihal, mazmur yang paralel (dengan tanda "?" bila diduga, tetapi masih dipertanyakan, ada kemungkinan sindiran)]:

· Matius 26.3-4

berkumpul dan mengajukan tuntutan untuk membunuh

31.14LXX

· Markus 14.1 (Matius 26.4)

membunuh dengan tipu muslihat

10:7-8

· Markus 14.18 (Yohanes 13.18)

orang yang makan bersama aku

41.9 LXX (mrk)

· Yohanes 15.25

membenci aku tanpa alasan

35.19; 69.4LXX

· Markus 14.34 (Matius 26.38)

sangat sedih

42.5, 11; 43.5 LXX

· Yohanes 12.27

jiwa yang kacau

6.3-4 LXX

· Markus 14.41 (Matius 26.45)

dikirim kepada tangan-tangan orang-orang berdosa

140.8 LXX

· Markus 14.45 (Matius 26.49; Lukas 22.47-48)

ciuman yang licik

38.12; 41.6

· Markus 14.54 (Matius 26.58; Lukas 22.54)

mengikuti dari jauh

38.11 LXX

· Markus 14.57

saksi-saksi palsu bangkit

27.12 LXX; 35.11 LXX

· Markus 14.61 (Matius 26.63; Markus 15.5; Matius 27.14; Lukas 23.9)

berdiam diri didepan penuntut

38.13-14

· Lukas 22.71

kami sudah mendengarnya sendiri

35.21

· Markus 15.3 (Lukas 23.10)

serangan kata-kata yang hebat

109.3

· Matius 27.34

memberi empedu

69.21 LXX

· Markus 15.24 (Mat 27.35; Luk 23.34; Yoh 19.24)

membagi jubah

22.18 LXX

· Markus 15.29 (Matius 27.39)

ejekan, mengangguk-anggukkan kepala

22.7 LXX

· Markus 15.30-31 (Matius 27.40,42)

"Selamatkanlah dirimu sendiri!"

22.8 LXX

· Matius 27.43

"Dia percaya dalam Tuhan, biarlah Tuhan yang membebaskan dia"

22.8 LXX? (pepoithen, elpisen)

· Markus 15.32 (Matius 27.44)

pencaci makian

22.6 LXX

· Markus 15.34 (Matius 27.46)

tangis karena tidak diperhatikan

22.1 LXX

· Lukas 23.46

"Kedalam tanganmu rohku keserahkan!"

31.5 LXX

· Yohanes 19.28

"Aku haus"

22.15? 69.21?

· Markus 15.36 (Matius 27.48)

menawari asam cuka untuk diminum

69.21 LXX

· Markus 15.39 (Matius 27.54)

disembah oleh orang-orang bukan Yahudi

22.27

· Lukas 23.47

sama sekali tidak berdosa (dikaios)

34.15, 17, 19, 21; 37.12; etc. LXX

· Markus 15.40 (Matius 27.55; Luk 23.49)

memperhatikan dari jauh

38.11 LXX

· Yohanes 19.36

tidak ada tulang yang dipatahkan

34.20 LXX

· Markus 15.43 (Lukas 23.51)

kerajaan Tuhan

22.28

[Orang menjadi tahu mengapa Kristus yang telah naik itu memilih kitab Mazmur sebagai rujukan kebelakang di dalam ucapannya ketika sedang melakukan perjalanan menuju Emaus -- Dia berkata kepada mereka, "Inilah yang kukatakan kepada kalian selagi aku masih bersama-sama dengan kalian: Segala sesuatunya harus dipenuhi, semua yang telah ditulis tentang aku didalam Torah Musa, kitab nabi-nabi dan Mazmur." ]

Abbreviations Used in References

Updated May 7/2002; To look for a non-book abbreviation or glossary entry, go to the Search form and follow instructions.

Common abbreviations: DSS (Dea Sea Scrolls); mss (manuscripts); NT (New Testament); OT (Old Testament/Tanach); ANE (Ancient New East). Books with an X: prefix are NOT in my library.
· [AAA] Atlas of Ancient Archaeology, Jacquetta Hawkes (ed), Barnes and Nobles: 1994.
· [AAF] Answering a Fundamentalist, Albert J. Nevins, M.M., Our Sunday Visitor Publishing:1990.
· [AB] Atlas of the Bible, John Rogerson, Facts on File: 1985.
· [ABC] Atlas of the Bible and Christianity, Tim Dowley (ed.), Baker:1997.
· [ABD] Anchor Bible Dictionary, David Noel Freedman (main ed.), DoubleDay:1992
· [ABH] Archeology and Bible History, Free and Vos, Zondervan:1992.
· [ABWT] Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East, Hans Nissen / Peter Damerow / Robert Englund (trans. Paul Larsen), U.Chicago: 1993.
· [ACAEC] Early Civilizations: Ancient Egypt in Context, Bruce G. Trigger, American University in Cairo:1993.
· [ACCS:Mark] Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture. Thomas Oden and Christopher Hall (eds.). IVP:1998.
· [ACH] Atlas of Classical History, Michael Grant, Oxford: 1994.
· [AEC] The Archaeology of Early Christianity--A History, William Frend, Fortress:1996.
· [AEL1] Ancient Egyptian Literature (3 vols), Miriam Lichtheim, Univ of Cal:1973, 1976, 1980.
· [AEL2] Ancient Egyptian Literature (3 vols), Miriam Lichtheim, Univ of Cal:1973, 1976, 1980.
· [AEL3] Ancient Egyptian Literature (3 vols), Miriam Lichtheim, Univ of Cal:1973, 1976, 1980.
· [AHANE] Archeological History of the Ancient Near East, Jack Finegan, Barnes&Nobles:1979.
· [AHSG] Archaeology, History, and Society in Galilee--the Social Context of Jesus and the Rabbis, Richard A. Horsley, Trinity Press: 1996.
· [AI] Ancient Israel. de Vaux, Roland, McGraw-Hill, 1965.two vols.
· [AILCC] Ancient Israelite Literature in its Cultural Context, John H. Walton, Zondervan: 1989.
· [AL] Ancient Literacy, William V. Harris, Harvard:1989.
· [AM] Ancient Mesopotamia, Leo Oppenheim-completed by Erica Reiner, Univ.Chicago: 1977 (2nd ed).
· [ANET] Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Relating to the Old Testament, with supplement. James B. Pritchard. PrincetonUP:1969 (3rd ed)
· [ANL] Archeology and Langauge: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins, Colin Renfreq, Cambridge: 1987.
· [ANT] The Archeology of the New Testament-The Life of Jesus and the Beginnings of the Early Church, Jack Finegan, Princeton: 1992 (revised edition)
· [AOOT] Ancient Orient and Old Testament. Kitchen, K.A. ,Intervarsity Press, 1966.
· [AOTI] Approaches to Old Testament Interpretation (2nd ed), by John Goldingay, IVP:1990.
· [AP:CBW] Can a Bishop be Wrong?--Ten Scholars Challenge John Shelby Spong, Peter C. Moore (ed.), Morehouse:1998.
· [AP:IDFB] In Defense of the Faith: Biblical Answers to Challenging Questions, Dave Hunt, Harvest House:1996.
· [ART] Aspects of Rabbinic Theology, Solomon Schechter, Jewish Lights: 1909/1993.
· [ATNT] The Text of the New Testament, Aland and Aland, Eerdmans/EJ Brill: 1989 (2nd ed).
· [ATRD] As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History, Jo-Ann Shelton, Oxford: 1988.
· [BABY] Babylon, Joan Oates, Thames and Hudson: 1986 (rev.ed.)
· [BAFCSALS] The Book of Acts in its First Century Setting: Ancient Literary Setting, Bruce Winter and Andrew Clarke (eds.), Eerdmans: 1993.
· [BAFCSDS] The Book of Acts in its First Century Settting: Diaspora Setting, by Irina Levinskaya, Eerdmans/Paternoster:1996 (vol 5 in the series)
· [BAFCSGR] The Book of Acts in its First Century Settting, vol 2: Graeco-Roman Setting, David W. Gill and Conrad Gempf, eds. Eerdmans: 1994.
· [BAFCSP] The Book of Acts in its First Century Setting: Vol 4--Palestinian Setting, ed. R. Bauchkham, Eerdmans: 1995, 526pp.
· [BAFCSPRC] The Book of Acts in its First Century Setting: Paul in Roman Custody, Brian Rapske, Eerdmans:1994.
· [BAM] Berossos and Manetho: Introduced and Translated--Native Traditions in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, Gerhard Verbrugghe and Wichersham, U.Mich: 1996.
· [BAW] Before Abraham Was: The Unity of Genesis 1-11, Kikawada and Quinn, Ignatius: 1985.
· [BBC] The Bible Background Commentary-NT. Keener, Craig. S. , IVP, 1993.
· [BCANON] The Canon of Scripture, F. F. Bruce, IVP: 1988.
· [BEALE] The Right Doctrine from the Wrong Texts, G. K. Beale (ed.), Baker:1994.
· [BEAP] Biblical Exegesis in the Apostolic Period. Longenecker, Richard. , Eerdmans Publishing, 1975.
· [BFC] Beyond Form Criticism: Essays in Old Testament Literary Criticism, Paul R. House (ed.), Eisenbrauns: 1992.
· [BHDL] Biblical Hebrew and Discourse Linguistics, Robert D. Bergen (ed.), Summer Institute of Linguistics: 1994.
· [BIAI] Biblical Interpretation in Ancient Israel, Michael Fishbane, Oxford: 1985.
· [BKC] Bible Knowledge Commentary, Kenneth L. Barker, Eugene H. Merrill, and Dr. Stanley D. Toussaint (eds). Victory Books.
· [BLOM] The Historical Reliability of the Gospels by Craig Blomberg, IVP: 1987.
· [BM] The Birth of the Messiah, by Raymond E. Brown, Doubleday: 1993.
· [BNTH] New Testament History. Bruce, F.F., Anchor, 1972.
· [BPM] Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs: Popular Movements at the Time of Jesuss, Richard Horsley and John Hanson, Harper & Row: 1985.
· [BQI] Beyond the Q Impasse: Luke's Use of Matthew, Allan J. McNichol (ed), Trinity: 1996. (International Institute for Gospel Studies).
· [BREC] Books and Readers in the Early Church, Harry Y. Gamble, Yale: 1995
· [BSNT] Behind the Scenes of the New Testament, Barnett, IVP: 1990.
· [BTE] The Bauer Thesis Examined: The Geography of Heresy in the Early Christian Church, T.A. Robinson, Edwin Mellen: 1988.
· [BTM] Before the Muses--An Anthology of Akkadian Literature (2 vols), Benjamin R. Foster, CDL Press:1996.
· [BTT] The Trinity, Edward Henry Bickersteth, Kregel: 1994. Reprint of 19th century work.
· [BVS] The Bible, Violence, and The Sacred: Liberation from the Myth of Sanctioned Violence, James G. Williams, HarperCollins: 1991.
· [CAE] Constantine and Eusebius, Timothy D. Barnes, Harvard: 1981.
· [CAM] Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East, Michael Roaf, Facts of File: 1990.
· [CAP] Christianity and Paganism, 350-750, J. N. Hillgarth (ed.), Univ of Penn Press: 1986.
· [CASA] Cambridge Annotated Study Apocrypha, Howard Clark Kee (ed.), Cambridge: 1989.
· [CBGR] Civilization before Greece and Rome, H.W.F. Saggs, Yale:1989.
· [CER] The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance, John Hale, Simon and Schuster: 1993.
· [CFMH] The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography, Arnaldo Momigliano, U of Ca: 1990.
· [CH:DECB] A Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs, David W. Bercot (ed), Hendrickson:1998.
· [CH:JCW] John Calvin and the Will: A Critique and Corrective, Dewey J. Hoitenga, Jr., Baker:1997.
· [ChRE] Chronicle of the Roman Emperors, Chris Scarre, Thames and Hudson: 1995.
· [CKC] Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan, Jerry Vardaman and Edwin Yamauchi, eds. Eisenbrauns:1989.
· [CKC2] Chronos, Kairos, Christos II, E. Jerry Vardaman (ed), Mercer UPress: 1998.
· [CMM] An Introduction to the New Testament. Carson, D.A.; Moo, Douglas; and Morris, Leon. , Zondervan, 1992.
· [COMFORT] Quest for the Original Text of the New Testament by Philip Wesley Comfort, Baker: 1992.
· [COTTD] Celsus On the True Doctrine: A Discourse Against the Christians, trans. R. Joseph Hoffman, Oxford: 1987.
· [COWA1] Chronologies in Old World Archaeology (2 vols), Robert W. Ehrich (ed)., Univ of Chicago: 1992.
· [COWA2] Chronologies in Old World Archaeology (2 vols), Robert W. Ehrich (ed)., Univ of Chicago: 1992.
· [CP] The Chronicle of the Pharoahs, Peter A Clayton, Thames and Hudson:1994
· [CR:NLBC] The Natural Limits to Biological Change, Lester & Bohlin, Probe Books: 1989.
· [CRCST] Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian & Secular Tradition, George A. Kennedy, Univ. of N.Carolina: 1980.
· [CRE] Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100-400, Ramsay MacMullen, Yale:1984.
· [CRJ] Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of Their Origins and Early Development, Hershel Shanks (ed.), Biblical Archeology Society: 1992.
· [CRST] The Christians as the Romans Saw Them, Robert Wilken, Yale: 1984.
· [Crux] Crucifixion, Martin Hengel, Fortress: 1977.
· [CS:AM] Animal Minds. Griffin, Donald R., Univ of Chicago, 1992.
· [CS:AWU] Are We Unique?, James Trefil, Wiley:1997.
· [CS:BR] Brain Repair, Stein, Brailowsky, and Will, Oxford: 1995.
· [CS:CCS] The Chemistry of Conscious States: How the Brain changes its Mind by J. Allan Hobson. Little/Brown: 1994,292pp.
· [CS:CD] Cognitive Development (3rd ed), by J. H. Flavell, P.H. Miller, and S. A. Miller, Prentice Hall:1993.
· [CS:CE] Conscious Experience, Thomas Metzinger (ed.), Schoningh: 1995.
· [CS:CEden] Consciousness Explained by Daniel C. Dennett. BackBay Books: 1991, 500pp.
· [CS:CMSM] Cognitive Models and Spiritual Maps. Jensine Andresen and Robert Forman (eds). ImprintAcademic:2000
· [CS:CRA] Consciousness Research Abstracts, Imprint Academic.
· [CS:DEERHB] Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain by Antonio Damasio. Grosset/Putnam: 1994,310+pp.
· [CS:DM] Deconstructing the Mind, Stephen P. Stich, Oxford: 1996.
· [CS:DPSOBB] Dynamic Patterns: The Self-Organization of Brain and Behavior by Scott Kelso. Bradford (MIT), 1995.
· [CS:EL] Goodbye, Descatres: The End of Logic and the Search for a New Cosmology of the Mind. Keith Devlin. John Wiley: 1997.
· [CS:EVM] Evolving the Mind: On the Nature of Matter and the Origin of Consciousness, A.G. Cairns-Smith, Cambridge: 1996.
· [CS:HBT] How Brains Think, William H. Calvin, BasicBooks:1996.
· [CS:HSCB] How the Self Controls its Brain, John C. Eccles, Springer-Verlag: 1994.
· [CS:IOSD] Immortality: The Other Side of Death, Gary Habermas and J.P. Moreland, Nelson:1992.
· [CS:JCM] Journeys to the Centers of the Mind--Toward a Science of Consciousness, Susan Greenfield, Freeman: 1995.
· [CS:JCSxx] The Journal of Consciousness Studies, cited by vol:issue, pps.
· [CS:KOM] Kinds of Minds: Towards and Understanding of Consciousness, Daniel Dennett, Basic Books/Harper: 1996.
· [CS:MBB] Memory, Brain, and Belief. Daniel Schacter and Elaine Scarry (eds). Harvard:2000.
· [CS:MCM] Minds, Causes, and Mechanisms: A Case Against Physicalism. Josep E. Corbi and Josep L. Prades. Blackwell: 2000.
· [CS:MD] Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Societies Reconstruct the Past. Daniel Schacter (ed). Harvard:1995.
· [CS:MI] The Making of Intelligence. Ken Richardson. Columbia:2000.
· [CS:MMQM] Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics, Henry P. Stapp, Springer-Verlag: 1993, 248pp.
· [CS:OOSSE] The Origins of Order: Self-organization and Selection in Evolution, S. A. Kauffman, Oxford: 1993.
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· [EBE] Encyclopedia Britannica (Electronic edition on CD).
· [EBI] Early Biblical Interpretation, Kugel and Greer, Westminster:
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· [EDNT] Exegetical Dict. of the NT (Balz and Schneider)
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· [FRC] The Rise of Christianity by W.H.C. Frend, Fortress: 1984. pp1022.
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· [GANE] The Ancient Near EastCyrus H. Gordon, Norton: 1965.
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· [GASCT] God at Sinai: Covenant and Theophany in the Bible and Ancient Near East, by Jeffrey J. Niehaus, Zondervan:1995.
· [GLA] The Galilee in Late Antiquity, Lee Levine (ed.), Jewish Theological Seminary of America: 1992.
· [GNT] Gnosticism and the New Testament, by Pheme Perkins, Fortress: 1993.
· [GNTI] New Testament Introduction. Guthrie, Donald., Intervarsity Press, 1970.
· [GNTT] New Testament Theology. Guthrie, Donald., Intervarsity Press, 1981.
· [GP] The Gnostic Paul--Gnostic Exegesis on the Pauline Letters, Elaine Pagels, Trinity Press: 1975
· [GP1] Gospel Perspectives, volumes I, II, III. Edited by R.T. France and David Wenham. JSOT: 1980-1983.
· [GP2] Gospel Perspectives, volumes I, II, III. Edited by R.T. France and David Wenham. JSOT: 1980-1983
· [GP3] Gospel Perspectives, volumes I, II, III. Edited by R.T. France and David Wenham. JSOT: 1980-1983
· [GPX] Gospel Parallels, Burton Throckmorton, Nelson: 1992 (5th ed.)
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· [GS] The Gnostic Scriptures, trans. and annots. by Bentley Layton, Doubleday: 1987.
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· [HALOT] Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Koeher, Baumgartner, and Stamm. Brill.
· [HAME] Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe, Edward Peters (ed.), Univ. of Penn: 1980.
· [HAMM] Historigraphy--Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Ernst Breisach, Univ.Chicago: 1994 (2nd ed).
· [HAP] The History of Ancient Palestine by G.W. Ahlstrom. Fortress: 1993, 990pp.
· [HAWH] The Harper Atlas of World History , Pierre Vidal-Naquet (ed.), Harper: 1992 (rev. ed.)
· [HCNT] Hellenistic Commentary to the New Testament, Boring, Berger, Colpe (eds.), Abingdon:1995.
· [HCSB] HarperCollins Study Bible with Apocrypha, Wayne Meeks (gen. ed.) with Society of Biblical Lit., HarperCollins: 1993.
· [HDT] Hittite Diplomatic Texts, Gary Beckman, Scholars Press:1996.
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· [HG] The History of Gnosticism, Giovanni Filoramo, Blackwell: 1990.
· [HI:AACSC] After the Apostles: Christianity in the Second Century. Walter Wagner, Fortress:1994.
· [HI:ABI] Archaeology: A Brief Introduction, Brian Fagan, Longman:1997 (6th ed).
· [HI:ABJ] The Atlas of Biblical Jerusalem. Dan Bahat. CartaIsrael:1994.
· [HI:AC] Ancient Civilizations, Christopher Scarre and Brian Fagan, Longman:1997.
· [HI:ACIT] Asclepius: Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies. Emma J. Edelstein and Ludwig Edelstein. Johns Hopkins:1998.
· [HI:ACLCAR] The Ancient City: Life in Classical Athens & Rome. Peter Connolly and Hazel Dodge. Oxford:1998.
· [HI:AGFF] Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction. A.B. Bosworth and E.J. Baynham (eds.). Oxford:2000.
· [HI:AGLS] Ancient Greek Literature and Society. Charles Rowan Beye. Cornell:1987 (2nd rev).
· [HI:AHGL] A History of Greek Literature, Albin Lesky (trans. by de Heer and J. Willis), Hackett:1963/66.
· [HI:AHKTA] Ancient History: Key Themes and Approaches. Neville Morley. Routledge:2000.
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· [HI:ALC] Ancient Literary Criticism: The Principal Texts in New Translations, Russell and Winterbottom (eds), Oxford:1972.
· [HI:ALM] Ainoi, Logoi, Muthoi: Fables in Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic Greek Literature. Gert-Jan van Dijk. Brill:1997.
· [HI:AMC] Ancient Mystery Cults. Walter Burkert. Harvard:1987.
· [HI:AMCEC] The Assumption of Moses: A Critical Edition with Commentary, Johannes Tromp, Brill:1993
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· [HI:AMH] Adam in Myth and History: Ancient Israelite Perspectives on the Primal Human. Dexter E. Callender, Jr. Eisenbrauns:2000.
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· [HI:ARC] The Ancient Roman City, John Stambaugh, Johns Hopkins:1988
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· [HI:AREPJC] Apologetics in the Roman Empire: Pagans, Jews, and Christians. Eds: Mark Edwards, Martin Goodman, Simon Price, Christopher Rowland. Oxford:1999.
· [HI:ASHL] The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, Thomas E. Levy (ed), Facts on File:1995.
· [HI:ASR] Abandonment of Settlements and Regions: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Approaches, Catherine Cameron and Steve Tomka (eds), Cambridge:1993.
· [HI:ATAH] Authority and Tradition in Ancient Historiography, John Marincola, CambridgeUpress:1997.
· [HI:ATG] Alexander the Great. Robin Lane Fox. Penguin:1973.
· [HI:ATMP] Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice, Colin Renfrew, Thames and Hudson:1996 (2nd ed).
· [HI:AVSI] Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction, Paul Bahm, Oxford:1996
· [HI:AWH] Arguing with Historians: Essays on the Historical and the Unhistorical. Richard Nelson Current. Wesleyan UP:1987.
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· [HI:BGBH] The Birth of God: The Bible and the Historian. Jean Bottero. PennState:2000.
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· [HI:BOC] The Birth of the Codex, Roberts and Skeat, Oxford:1983.
· [HI:BPEUIB] Biblical Perspectives: Early Use & Interpretation of the Bible in the Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Michael Stone and Esther Chazon (eds.). Brill:1998.
· [HI:CACD] The Church of the Ancient Councils: The Disciplinary Work of the First Four Ecumenical Councils, Peter L'Huillier, St. Vladimir's:1996.
· [HI:CAJI] Conceptions of Afterlife in Jewish Inscriptions. Joseph Park. MohrSiebeck:2000.
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· [HI:CCEC] Conflicts and Challenges in Early Christianity. Martin Hengel and C.K. Barrett, Donald Hagner (ed). Trinity:1999.
· [HI:CGLCE] The Coptic Gnostic Library: A Complete Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices (5 vols), James Robinson (gen.ed), Brill:2000.
· [HI:CityAI] The City in Ancient Israel, Volkmar Fritz, Sheffield Academic:1995.
· [HI:CLC] Classical Literary Criticism, D.A. Russell and Michael Winterbottom (eds). Oxford:1989.
· [HI:CM3] Classical Myth (3rd ed). Barry Powell. PrenticeHall:2001.
· [HI:CMTCOB] Classic Midrash: Tannaitic Commentaries on the Bible. Reuven Hammer (trans/ed). Paulist:1995.
· [HI:CMY6] Classical Mythology (6th ed), Mark Morford and Robert Lenardon. Longman:1999.
· [HI:COBW] Cities of the Biblical World: An Introduction to the Archaeology, Geography, and History of Biblical Sites, Lamoine DeVries, Hendrickson:1997.
· [HI:COCCL] The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, Howatson & Chilvers (eds), Oxford:1993.
· [HI:Comet44] The Comet of 44 B.C. and Caesar's Funeral Games, John T. Ramsey and A. Lewis Licht, Scholars:1997.
· [HI:CP48C] Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries, Ramsay MacMullen. Yale:1997.
· [HI:CTBSAW] Curse Tablets and Binding Spells from the Ancient World. John G. Gager. Oxford:1992.
· [HI:DAH] Disease and History, Cartwright and Biddiss, Barnes&Nobles:1972.
· [HI:DCH] The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew (Volume III). David J. A. Clines (ed), Sheffield Academic:1996.
· [HI:DGBM] Did the Greeks Believe in Their Myths?: An Essay on the Constitutive Imagination. Paul Veyne (trans. By Paula Wissing). UChicago:1983/1988t.
· [HI:DictJBP] Dictionary of Judaism in the Biblical Period. Jacob Neusner and William Scott Green (eds.). Hendrickson:1996.
· [HI:DictNTB] Dictionary of New Testament Background. Craig Evans and Stanley Porter (eds). IVP:2000. [Fourth in the Dictionary series]
· [HI:DID] The Didache: A Commentary, Kurt Niederwimmer (Linda Maloney, trans.), Fortress:1998.
· [HI:DOD] The Death of Death: Resurrection and Immortality in Jewish Thought, Neil Gillman, Jewish Lights Publishing:1997.
· [HI:DRE] The Divinity of the Roman Emperor. Lily Ross Taylor. Scholars:1931.
· [HI:DSFC] Diodorus Siculus and the First Century. Kenneth S. Sacks. Princeton:1990.
· [HI:DSS50A] The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years (vol 1). Peter Flint and James Vanderkam (eds.). Brill:1998.
· [HI:DSS50B] The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years (vol 2). Peter W. Flint and James C. Vanderkam (eds). Brill:1999.
· [HI:DSSB] The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible: The Oldest Known Bible Translated for the First Time into English. Martin Abegg, Jr., Peter Flint, and Eugene Ulrich. Harper:1999. (English translation of the biblical texts of the DSS. Has 'pierced' for Ps 22, by the way...)
· [HI:DSSOB] The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of the Bible. Eugene Ulrich. Eerdmans/Brill:1999.
· [HI:EAR] Education in Ancient Rome, Stanley F. Bonner, UCalPress:1977.
· [HI:ECF] Early Christian Fathers. Cyril C. Richardson (ed.). Macmillan:1970.
· [HI:EDF] Enoch and Daniel: A Form Critical and Sociological Study of Historical Apocalypses. Stephen Breck Reid. Bibal:1989.
· [HI:EFHWAE] The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth. M. L. West. Clarendon/Oxford:10997.
· [HI:EGAT] Enoch and the Growth of an Apocalyptic Tradition. James C. VanderKam. CBQMonograph Series: 1984.
· [HI:EGM1] Early Greek Mythography Volulme 1: Text and Introduction. Robert L. Fowler. Oxford:2000.
· [HI:ELAR] Everyday Life in Ancient Rome. Lionel Casson. Johns Hopkins:1998 (rev. ed.)
· [HI:EMDSS] Eschatology, Messianism, and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Craig Evans and Peter Flint (eds). Eerdmans:1997.
· [HI:EMPI] Exploratio: Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople. N.J.E. Austin and N. B. Rankov. Routledge:1995.
· [HI:ERP] The Economy of Roman Palestine, Ze'ev Safrai, Routledge:1994. (Only applies to the period AFTER the destruction of the 2nd Temple.)
· [HI:FAASHI] From Arrian to Alexander: Studies in Historical Interpretation. A. B. Bosworth. Oxford:1988.
· [HI:FAHNJ] Fiction as History: Nero to Julian. G. W. Bowersock. Ucal:1994.
· [HI:FARNP] The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives. Beryl Rawson (ed). Cornell:1986.
· [HI:FD] The Fate of the Dead: Studies in the Jewish and Christian Apocalypses. Richard Baukham. Brill:1998.
· [HI:FDM] The Forgotten Desert Mothers. Laura Swan. Paulist:2001.
· [HI:FFHPGR] The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times. Adrienne Mayor. Princeton:2000.
· [HI:FG] The Faces of the Goddess. Lotte Motz. Oxford:1997.
· [HI:FH] The Formation of Hell: Death and Retribution in the Ancient and Early Christian Worlds, Alan E. Bernstein, Cornell:1993.
· [HI:FJTC3] Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary (vol 3). Louis Feldman (trans and comm.) and Steve Mason (ed). Brill:2000.
· [HI:FJTC9] Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary (vol 9), Louis Feldman (trans and comm.) and Steve Mason (ed). Brill:2001.
· [HI:FMR] From Myth to Reason? Studies in the Development of Greek Thought. Richard Buxton (ed). Oxford:1999.
· [HI:FRSHM] From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods. Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier. Cornell:2001.
· [HI:GAB3] The Greek Apocalypse of Baruch (3 Baruch) in Hellenistic Judaism & Early Christianity, Daniel C. Harlow, Brill:1996
· [HI:GFAGH] Galilee from Alexander the Great to Hadrian 323BCE to 135CE: A Study of Second Temple Judaism, Sean Freyne, T&T Clark:1980
· [HI:GGOE] The Goddessess and Gods of Old Europe: Myths and Cult Images. Marija Gimbutas. Ucal:1982 (rev.ed).
· [HI:Ginz] The Legends of the Jews (multivols), Louis Ginzberg, John Hopkins paperbacks of JPS editions:1966.
· [HI:GLAA] Greek Literature--An Anthology, Michael Grant, Penguin:1990.
· [HI:GLAJJ] Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism (3vols), Menahem Stern, The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities:1980.
· [HI:GLGSLA] Guardians of Language: The Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity. Robert Kaster. Ucalifornia:1988.
· [HI:GLLPT] Guardian of Letters: Literacy, Power, and the Transmitters of Early Christian Literature. Kim Haines-Eitzen. Oxford:2000.
· [HI:GMM] Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod. Charles Penglase. Routledge:1994.
· [HI:GRM] Greek and Roman Maps, O.A. W. Dilke, JohnsHopkins:1985.
· [HI:HAF] Historia and Fabula: Myths and Legends in Historical Thought from Antiquity to the Modern Age. Peter G. Bietenholz. Brill:1994.
· [HI:HBC] Handbook of Biblical Chronology, Jack Finegan, Hendrickson:1998 (Rev.ed.)
· [HI:HCA] A History of Christianity in Asia: Volume I, Beginnings to 1500, Samuel Hugh Moffett, Orbis:1998 (2nd rev).
· [HI:HF] Hidden Futures: Death and Immortality in Ancient Egypt, Anatolia, the Classical, Biblical and Arabic-Islamic World. J. M. Bremer, Th. P. J. van den Hout, R. Peters (eds.). Amsterdam UP:1994.
· [HI:HGLF2] History of the Graeco-Latin Fable II: The Fable during the Roman Empire & in the Middle Ages. Francisco Rodriguez Adrados (Leslie A. Ray, trans.). Brill:2000.
· [HI:HHL] A History of the Hebrew Language, Angel Saenz-Badillos (trans. by John Elwolde), Cambridge:1993.
· [HI:HHMBI] Historical Handbook of Major Biblical Interpreters, Donald McKim (ed), IVP:1998.
· [HI:HHRVEC] Hellenists and Hebrews: Reappraising Division within the Earliest Church. Craig C. Hill. Fortress:1992.
· [HI:HIHL] Hellenism in the Holy Land. John Collins and Gregory Sterling (eds). NotreDame:2001.
· [HI:HIMink] Historical Understanding. Louis O. Mink. Cornell:1987.
· [HI:HJAELC] The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ. Gary R. Habermas. College Press:1996. (Good discussion on the modern theories of mythicism, the new gnosticism, Jesus Seminar, etc.)
· [HI:HLAG] Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece, Lesley Adkins and Roy Adkins, Facts on File:1997.
· [HI:HLAR] Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome, Lesley Adkins and Roy Adkins, FactsOnFile:1994.
· [HI:HLL] Hippocratic Lives and Legends. Jody Rubin Pinault. Brill:1992.
· [HI:HOS] History of the Samaritans. Nathan Schur. Peter Lang:1992 (rev.ed).
· [HI:HSJ] Hidden Sayings of Jesus: Words Attributed to Jesus Outside the Four Gospels. William Morrice. Hendrickson:1997.
· [HI:HSQCPL] Holy Scripture in the Qumran Commentaries and Pauline Letters, Timothy Lim, Oxford:1997.
· [HI:HTG] Honor Thy Gods: Popular Religion in Greek Tragedy. Jon D. Mikalson. UNC/Chapel Hill:1991.
· [HI:HTNNAR] Homer the Theologian: Neoplatonist Allegorical Reading and the Growth of the Epic Tradition. Robert Lamberton. Ucalifornia:1986.
· [HI:HWST] Holy Writings, Sacred Test: The Canon in Early Christianity. John Barton. Westminster John Knox:1997.
· [HI:IAW] Isis in the Ancient World, R. E. Witt, JohnsHopkins:1971.
· [HI:IGCG] Information Gathering in Classical Greece. Frank S. Russell. UMich:1999.
· [HI:IIW] It is Written: Scripture Citing Scripture, DA Carson and H.G.M. Williamson, Cambridge:1988.
· [HI:IPAJ] Interpreting the Past: Ancient Jewelry. Jack Ogden. BritishMuseum:1992.
· [HI:IRL] Introduction to Rabbinic Literature. Jacob Neusner. ABRL/Doubleday:1994.
· [HI:ISAA] Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine, Peter Garnsey, CambridgeUpress:1996.
· [HI:ISGM] In Search of God the Mother: The Cult of Anatolian Cybele. Lynn Roller. Ucalifornia:1999.
· [HI:ITM2] Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, H.L. Strack and Gunter Stemberger, Fortress:1992.
· [HI:JAGR] The Jews among the Greeks & Romans:A Diaspora Sourcebook. Margaret K. Williams. Johns Hopskins:1998.
· [HI:JCFCR] Judaism and Christianity in First-Century Rome. Karl P. Donfried and Peter Richardson (eds.). Eerdmans:1998.
· [HI:JCPAS] Jews, Christians, and Polytheists in the Ancient Synagogue: Cultural Interaction during the Greco-Roman Period. Steven Fine (ed). Routledge:1999.
· [HI:JFCCE] Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era: The Age of Tannaim. George Foot Moore. (reprints of 1927/1930 vols). Hendrickson.
· [HI:JGA] The Jews in the Greek Age, Elias J. Bickerman, Harvard:1988.
· [HI:JJX] Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition. John Painter. Fortress:1997.
· [HI:JONT] Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Robert E. Van Voorst. Eerdmans:2000. (Very balanced treatment.)
· [HI:JPCA] The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity from Alexander to Bar Kochba, John H. Hayes and Sara R. Mandell, WJK:1998.
· [HI:JPFC] The Jewish People in the First Century: Historical Geography, Political History, Social, Cultural and Religious Life and Institutions. S. Safai and M. Stern (eds.). Fortress:1974.
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· [HI:TG] The Greeks, Jean-Pierre Vernant (ed), UchicagoPress:1995.
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· [HI:TOS] The Timetables of Science, Hellemans and Bunch, Touchstone: 1991 (2nd ed)
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· [HSOBX] Hard Sayings of the Bible, Kaiser/Davids/Bruce/Brauch, IVP:1996.
· [HSOJ] Hard Sayings of Jesus by F.F. Bruce, IVP:1983.
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· [ICGSL] An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages, Sabatino Moscati (ed), Otto Harrassowitz: 1980.
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· [JAGNT] Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus, Murray Harris, Baker: 1992.
· [JCS:xx] The Journal of Consciousness Studies, cited by vol:issue, pps.
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· [JPB] Judaism: Practice and Belief 63BCE-66CE, E.P. Sanders, SCM: 1992, 595p.
· [JPECT] The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600), by Jaroslav Pelikan, Univ of Chicago: 1971.
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· [JREC] Jewish Responses to Early Christians, by Claudia Setzer, Fortress: 1994.
· [JSOTGP1] Gospel Perspectives, volumes I. Edited by R.T. France and David Wenham. JSOT: 1980-1983.
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· [JSOTGP3] Gospel Perspectives, volumes III. Edited by R.T. France and David Wenham. JSOT: 1980-1983.
· [JTJ] Jews in the Time of Jesus--an Introduction, Stephen Wylen, Paulist Press: 1996.
· [JTLTA] The Jews in Their Land in the Talmudic Age, Gedaliah Alon, Magnes Press-Hebrew University: 1984.
· [JTM] Judaisms and Their Messiahs at the Turn of the Christian Era, Neusner, Green, Frerichs (eds.), Cambridge: 1987.
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· [KD] Keil & Delitzch commentaries on the OT.
· [KJOT] Knowing Jesus through the Old Testament, C. J. Wright, IVP: 1992.
· [KOC] The Origins of Christianity, Howard Clark Kee, Prentice Hall: 1973.
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· [LCMAM] Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, Martha T. Roth, Scholars Press:1995.
· [LE] The Linguistics Encyclopedia, Kirsten Malmkjaer (ed.), Routledge: 1991.
· [LHC] A History of Christianity, by Kenneth Latourette, Harper & Row: 1975 (2vols)
· [LIB] The Language and Imagery of the Bible, G.B. Caird, Westminster:1980.
· [LOF] Living on the Fringe--The Archeology and History of the Negev, Sinai and Neighboring Regions in the Bronze and Iron Ages, Israel Finkelstein, Sheffield Academic:1995.
· [LPJG] The Past of Jesus in the Gospels, Eugene Lemcio, Cambridge: 1991.
· [LS:LBI] Linguistics and Biblical Interpretation. Peter Cotterell & Max Turner. IVP:1989.
· [LS:MAT] Metaphor and Thought, Andrew Ortony, ed., Cambridge: 1993 (2nd ed), 678p.
· [LS:SL] Sociolinguistics, Bernard Spolsky, Oxford:1998.
· [LSAC] Legacy-the Search for Ancient Cultures by Michael Wood. Sterling (NY), 1994.
· [LSNTG] Linguistics for Students of New Testament Greek: A Survey of Basic Concepts and Applications, by David Alan Black, Baker:1995 (2nd ed.)
· [LTJM] The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, Alfred Edersheim, Hendrickson:1993.
· [MCMF] Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations, D.T. Potts, Cornell: 1997.
· [ME] The Medieval Experience:300-1400, by Jill Claster, NYU Press: 1982.
· [MEOT] Messianic Expectation in the Old Testament, Joachim Becker, T&T Clark: 1977.
· [MHSNT] More Hard Sayings of the New Testament, Peter H. Davids, IVP: 1991.
· [MJ] A Marginal Jew--Rethinking the Historical Jesus, John P. Meier, Doubleday: 1991
· [MJJT] Middle Judaism: Jewish Thought 300BCE to 200CE, Boccaccini, Fortress: 1991
· [MM] Myth and Mystery: An Introduction to the Pagan Religions of the Biblical World by Jack Finegan. Baker: 1989, 320+pp.
· [MMA] The Mind of the Middle Ages, by F.B. Artz, Univ. of Chicago: 1980.
· [MNT] The Making of the New Testament: Origin, Collection, Text and Canon., Patzia, IVP: 1995.
· [MSECT] Miracle Stories of the Early Christian Tradition , Gerd Theissen, T&T Clark: 1983
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· [MTNT3] The Text of the New Testament--Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, Bruce Metzger, Oxford 1992 (3rd ed).
· [MWR] Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods, Jean Bottero, Univ of Chicago:1992.
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· [NDIEC3] New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity (volume 3). G.H.R. Horsley, Ancient History Documentary Centre, Macquarie University:1983.
· [NDIEC4] New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity (volume 4). G.H.R. Horsley, Ancient History Documentary Centre, Macquarie University:1987.
· [NDIEC5] New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity (volume 5). G.H.R. Horsley, Ancient History Documentary Centre, Macquarie University:1989.
· [NDIEC7] New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity, vol 7., S.R. Llewelyn and R.A. Kearsley, MacquarieU: 1994.
· [NDIEC8] New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity (volume 8). S.R. Llewelyn, Ancient History Documentary Centre, Macquarie University:1997.
· [NHAAC] The Norton History of Astronomy and Cosmology, John North, Norton:1995.
· [NHAGR] The Nature of History in Ancient Greece and Rome, Charles W. Fornara, Univ. of Calif Press: 1983.
· [NHH] New Horizons in Hermeneutics, Anthony C. Thiselton, Zondervan: 1992.
· [NHL] The Nag Hammadi Library, ed. James M. Robinson, HarperCollins: 1988 (3rd ed.)
· [NHTB] Nag Hammadi Texts and the Bible: A Synopsis and Index, Craig Evans/ Robert Webb/ Richard Wiebe (eds.), E.J. Brill: 1993
· [NICNT] : New International Commentary on the New Testament
· [NICOT] : New International Commentary on the Old Testament
· [NIDNTT] : New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, Colin Brown, eds. Zond.
· [NIDOTTE] : New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis, William A. VanGemeren (gen.ed.). Zondervan:1997+ (5 vols)
· [NIEBF] Nelson's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Bible Facts, eds. Packer, Tenney, White. Thomas Nelson: 1995 (2nd ed)
· [NS:AAA] Anthropomorhpism, Anecdotes, and Animals. Robert Mitchell, Nicholas Thompson, H Lyn Miles (eds.). SUNY:1997.
· [NS:AWB] Animals without Backbones. R. Buchsbaum, M. Buchsbaum, J. Pearse, V. Pearse. Uchicago:1987 (3rd ed.)
· [NS:BPS] The Biology Problem Solver. M. Fogiel. REA:1998.
· [NS:BTEF] Biology through the Eyes of Faith, Richard T. Wright. HarperCollins:1989.
· [NS:CERCN] Cosmic Evolution: The Rise of Complexity in Nature. Eric Chaisson. Harvard:2001.
· [NS:DBB] Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. Michael J. Behe. Touchstone:1996. (by a professor of biochem)
· [NS:DLO] The Diversity of Living Organisms. R.S.K. Barnes (ed). Cambridge/Blackwells:1998.
· [NS:ECA] Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology (4 vols), David Levinson and Melvin Ember (eds), HenryHolt:1996.
· [NS:EI] The Ecology of Insects: Concepts and Application. Martin Speight, Mark Hunter, and Allan Watt. Blackwell:1999.
· [NS:FC] Fractals and Chaos: Simplified for the Life Sciences. Larry Liebovitch. Oxford:1998.
· [NS:GGG] Genes, Genesis, and God: Values and their Origins in Natural and Human History, Holmes Rolston III, Cambridge:1999.
· [NS:GPL] Genes, People, and Languages. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. North Point Press:2000.
· [NS:HLCS] How the Leopard Changed His Spots: The Evolution of Complexity. Brian Goodwin. Scribner:1994.
· [NS:Hole] The Hole in the Universe: How Scientists Peered over the Edge of Emptiness and Found Everything. K.C. Cole. Harcourt:2001.
· [NS:IBWI] In the Beginning was Information. Werner Gitt. Christliche Literatur-Verbreitung e.V.:1997. (information science approach to the origin of life)
· [NS:IMM] In the Minds of Men: Darwin and the New World Order. Ian T. Taylor. TFE Publishing: 1991, Toronto (3rd ed.)
· [NS:IRH] Induced Responses to Herbivory. Richard Karban and Ian T. Baldwin. UChicagoPress:1997.
· [NS:NBC] Not by Chance!--Shattering the Modern Theory of Evolution. Lee Spetner. Judaica Press:1997. (by a biophysicist...E. Simon (prof. of biology at Purdue: "certainly the most rational attack on evolution that I have ever read")...information vs. randomness approach)
· [NS:ND] Nature's Destiny: How the Laws of Biology reveal Purpose in the Universe. Michael J. Denton. Free Press:1998. (MD, PhD, research fellow in human molecular genetics)
· [NS:PHE] Principles of Human Evolution--A Core Textbook. Roger Lewin. Blackwell Science:1998 (rev.ed.).
· [NS:PM] The Prehistory of the Mind: The Cognitive Origins of Art and Science. Steven Mithen. Thames and Hudson:1009.
· [NS:QE] Quantum Evolution: The New Science of Life, Johnjoe McFadden, Norton:2000.
· [NS:REEORT] Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. Pascal Boyer. Basic Books:2001.
· [NS:RHLP] The Red Hourglass: Lives of the Predators. Gordon Grice. Dell:1998.
· [NS:SAT] Starlight and Time: Solving the Puzzle of Distant Starligth in a Young Universe. D. Russell Humphreys. Master Books:1994.
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· [NS:TBH] The Book of Nothing--Vacuums, Voids, and the Lastest Ideas about the Origins of the Universe. John D. Barrow. Pantheon:2000.
· [NS:TBW] The Blind Watchmaker. Richard Dawkins. Norton:1996.
· [NS:TC] The Carnivores. R.F.Ewer. Cornell:1973.
· [NS:TEFC] The Triumph of Evolution and the Failure of Creationism. Niles Eldredge. Freeman:2000.
· [NS:THX] The Triple Helix: Gene, Organism, and Environment. Richard Lewontin. Harvard:2000.
· [NS:TME] The Meaning of Evolution: The Morphological Construction and Ideological Reconstruction of Darwin's Theory. Robert J. Richards. UChicago:1992.
· [NS:TMM] The Meme Machine. Susan Blackmore. Oxford:1999. (forward and recc. by R. Dawkins...has a chapter on religion as memplex)
· [NS:TSG] The Selfish Gene. Richard Dawkins. Oxford:1989.
· [NS:VD] Vital Dust: Life as a Cosmic Imperative, Christian de Duve. BasicBooks:1995.
· [NS:WCD] When Cells Die: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Apoptosis and Programmed Cell Death. Lockshin, Zakeri, and Tilly (eds.). Wiley-Liss:1998
· [NT:7CAGAC] The Seven Cities of the Apocalypse & Greco-Asian Culture. Roland H. Worth, Jr. Paulist:1999.
· [NT:7CARC] The Seven Cities of the Apocalypse & Roman Culture. Roland H. Worth, Jr. Paulist:1999.
· [NT:AAJ] Authenticating the Activities of Jesus. Bruce Chilton and Craig A. Evans (eds). Brill:1999.
· [NT:ACM] Ancient Christian Magic: Coptic Texts of Ritual Power, Marvin Meyer and Richard Smith (eds.), 1994.
· [NT:AHOC] A Hymn of Christ: Philippians 2:5-11 in Recent Interpretation & in the Setting of Early Christian Worship, Ralph Martin, IVP:1997(3rd ed).
· [NT:AOSSC] Arguments from Order in Synoptic Source Criticism: A History and Critique, David Neville, Mercer:1994.
· [NT:APM] A Preface to Mark: Notes of the Gospel in its Literary and Cultural Settings, Christopher Bryan, Oxford:1993.
· [NT:ASMG] Aramaic Sources of Mark's Gospel. Maurice Casey. Cambridge:1998.
· [NT:BASHH] The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History, Colin Helmer, Eisenbrauns:1989.
· [NT:BEAP2] Biblical Exegesis in the Apostolic Period (2nd Ed). Richard N. Longenecker. Eerdmans/Regent:1999.
· [NT:CALC] Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ, Harold Hoehner, Zondervan:1977
· [NT:COJ] The Christology of Jesus, Ben Witherington III, Fortress:1990.
· [NT:CRP] The City in Roman Palestine, Daniel Sperber, Oxford:1998.
· [NT:CTENTM] The Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts. Philip W. Comfort and David P. Barrett (eds.). Baker:1999.
· [NT:CTT] The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance, Bruce M. Metzger, Oxford:1987.
· [NT:DictJG] Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels. Joel Green, Scot McKnight, I Howard Marshall (eds.), IVP:1992.
· [NT:DictLNT] Dictionary of the Later New Testament and its Development. Ralph Martin and Peter Davids (eds.), IVP:1997.
· [NT:DictPL] Dictionary of Paul and his Letters. Gerald Hawthorne, Ralph Martin, Daniel G. Reid (eds.), IVP:1993.
· [NT:DNTE] Dictionary of New Testament Exegesis
· [NT:ECHJ] Early Christianity and Hellenistic Judaism, T&T Clark:1996.
· [NT:EITS] Elect in the Son: A Study of the Doctrine of Election, Robert Shank, Bethany:1970/1989.
· [NT:GAC] The Gospels for All Christians: Rethinking the Gospel Audiences, Richard Bauckham (ed), Eerdmans:1998.
· [NT:GAJC] The Gospel according the John, by D.A. Carson, Eerdmans:1991.
· [NT:GECNT] The Greek-English Concordance to the New Testament (NIV). Kohlenberger III, Goodrick and Swanson, Zondervan:1997.
· [NT:GMPIT] The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, including the Demotic Spells, Hans Deiter Betz (ed.), UChicago:1992 (vol 1, 2nd ed).
· [NT:HCJF] The Historical Christ and the Jesus of Faith: The Incarnational Narrative as History, C. Stephen Evans, Oxford:1996.
· [NT:HEGM] The Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark. Dennis R. MacDonald. Yale:2000.
· [NT:HJFCC] The Hellenization of Judea in the First Century After Christ, Martin Hengel, SCM/Trinity:1989.
· [NT:HPKP] Honor, Patronage, Kinship & Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture. David A. deSilva. IVP:2000.
· [NT:HRI] Hellenistic Religions--An Introduction. Luther H. Martin. Oxford:1987.
· [NT:HROJG] The Historical Reliability of John's Gospel--Issues and Commentary. Craig L. Blomberg. IVP:2001.
· [NT:HWSPP] Hearing the Story: the Politics of Plot in Mark's Gospel, Richard Horsley, WJK:2001.
· [NT:IP] Index Patristicus, Goodspeed, Hendrickson:1993.
· [NT:ITSP] Is There a Synoptic Problem? Rethinking the Literary Dependence of the First Three Gospels, Eta Linnemann, Baker:1992.
· [NT:JFHD] Jesus and the Fundamentalism of His Day. William Loader. Eerdmans:2001.
· [NT:JGIS] Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey, Craig L. Blomberg, Broadman & Holman:1997.
· [NT:JH01] Judaism and Hellenistic: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early Hellenistic Period, Martin Hengel, Fortress:1974 (Note: there is a later edition of this in the 90's that is out of print.)
· [NT:JHC] Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies, Craig Evans, Brill:1995. (Excellent book. Situates Jesus squarely in His Jewish (as opposed to Cynic) setting. $163, but a killer. Covers all the messianic passages from Qumran.)
· [NT:JJCO] James the Just and Christian Origins. Bruce Chilton and Craig A. Evans (eds.). Brill:1999.
· [NT:JLH] Jesus and the Logic of History, Paul Barnett, Eerdmans: 1997.
· [NT:JMD] Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora, T&T Clark:1996.
· [NT:JMOJPG] The Jesus Mysteries: Was the "Original Jesus" a Pagan God? Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy. Harmony:1999.
· [NT:JMW] Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical and Theological Study, Graham H. Twelftree, IVP:1999.
· [NT:JRFF] Jesus' Resurrection: Fact or Figment: A Debate between William Lane Craig and Gerd Ludemann. Paul Copan and Ronald K. Tacelli (eds). IVP:2000.
· [NT:JSPP] Jesus the Seer--The Progress of Prophecy. Ben Witherington III. Hendrikson:1999.
· [NT:JTHPUP] Jesus the Healer: Paradigm or Unique Phenomenon, Keith Warrington, Paternoster:2000.
· [NT:L7C] The Letters to the Seven Churches, Updated Edition, W. M. Ramsey (edited by Mark W. Wilson), Hendrickson:1994.
· [NT:LFD] Life in the Face of Death: The Resurrection Message of the New Testament, Richard Longnecker (ed.), Eerdmans:1998.
· [NT:LGQ] The Lost Gospel Q, Borg (consulting ed.), Ulysses Press: 1996.
· [NT:LTG] The Living Text of the Gospels, D.C. Parker, CambridgeUPress:1997.
· [NT:LTJN] Living in the Time of Jesus of Nazareth. Peter Connolly. Steimatzky:1983.
· [NT:MEC] Modelling Early Christianity: Social-Scientific studies of the New Testament in its Context. Philip Esler (ed). Routledge:1995.
· [NT:MNTD] The Making of the New Testament Documents. E.E. Ellis. Brill:1999. (major reappraisal of gospel formation theories--looks good so far)
· [NT:NDIEC6] New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity, Vol 6., Llewelyn and Kearsley, Ancient History Documentary Research Centre/Macquarie Univ: 1992.
· [NT:NJC] Nazarene Jewish Christianity--from the End of the New Testament Period until its Disappearance in the Fourth Century, Ray Pritz, Magnes Press:1988.
· [NT:NTDOTT] New Testament Development of Old Testament Themes, by F.F. Bruce, Eerdmans:1968.
· [NT:NTWICA] The New Testament World: Insights from Cultural Anthropology. Bruce J. Malina. WJK:1993 (rev.ed).
· [NT:P] Paul, by E.P. Sanders, Oxford:1991.
· [NT:PACL] Paul: A Critical Life, by Jerome Murphy-O'Connor OP, Oxford:1996.
· [NT:PAH] Paul and Hellenism, by Hyam Maccoby, SCM/Trinity:1991.
· [NT:PAL] Paul and the Law: A Contextual Approach, by Frank Thielman, IVP:1994.
· [NT:PBDA] Paul between Damascus and Antioch, Martin Hengel and Anna Maria Schwemer, WJK:1997
· [NT:PCP] The Pre-Christian Paul, Martin Hengel, SCM/Trinity:1991.
· [NT:PEC] Prophecy in Early Christianity and the Ancient Mediterranean World, David E. Aune, Eerdmans:1983.
· [NT:PJJAD] Paul, Judaism, and Judgment According to Deeds. Kent Yinger. Cambridge:1999.
· [NT:PJT] Paul the Jewish Theologian: A Pharisee among Christians, Jews, and Gentiles, Brad H. Young, Hendrickson:1997.
· [NT:PP] Pauline Parallels, Fred Francis and J. Paul Sampley, Fortress:1984 (2nd ed).
· [NT:RCJ] The Ruling Class of Judea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome A.D. 66-70, Martin Goodman, CambridgeUpress:1987.
· [NT:RPMC] Religious Propaganda & Missionary Competition in the New Testament World, Lukas Bormann, Kelly Del Tredici, & and Angela Standhartinger (eds), Brill:1994. (Well over half of it is in German.)
· [NT:SEC] Studies in Early Christology. Martin Hengel, T&T Clark: 1995.
· [NT:SSSK] Saint Saul: A Skeleton Key to the Historical Jesus. Donald Harman Akenson. Oxford:2000.
· [NT:TMP] The Midrashic Process, Irving Jacobs, Cambridge:1995.
· [NT:TSH] The Two-Source Hypothesis: A Critical Appraisal. Arthur Bellinzoni, Jr (ed.). Mercer UP:1985. (Out of print, but one of the most thorough and balanced discussion I had seen on this.)
· [NT:TSOQ] The Shape of Q: Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel, John Kloppenborg (ed.), Fortress: 1994.
· [NT:WSPRS] What Saint Paul Really Said--Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity?, by N.T. Wright, Eerdmans:1997.
· [NT:Z] The Zealots, Martin Hengel (trans. David Smith), T&T Clark:1989.
· [NTA] New Testament Apocrypha, Wilhelm Schneemelcher (ed) and R. McL. Wilson (trans.), Westminster/John Knox:1991 (2 vols)
· [NTB] The New Testament Background, C.K.Barrett (ed), Harper Collins: 1987.
· [NTCI] New Testament Criticism and Interpretation, eds. D.A. Black and D.S. Dockery. Zondv: 1991, 600+pp.
· [NTD] The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?, F. F. Bruce, Eerdmans: 1943.
· [NTF] New Testament Foundations: A Guide for Christian Students--Vol.1: The Four Gospels, Ralph P. Martin, Eerdmans: 1975.
· [NTLE] The New Testament in Its Literary Environment. Aune, David E., Westminster, 1987.
· [NTPG] The New Testament and the People of God, N. T. Wright, Fortress: 1992.
· [NTSE] The New Testament in its Social Environment, Stambaugh and Balch, Westminster: 1986.
· [NTTJ] New Testament Theology: The Theology of the Gospel of John, by D. Moody Smith, Cambridge: 1995.
· [NWNTI] Noncanonical Writings and New Testament Interpretation, Craig Evans, Hendrickson: 1992.
· [OB] The Origin of the Bible, P.W. Comfort (ed.), Tyndale: 1992.
· [OCS] The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture, B.D. Ehrman, Oxford: 1993.
· [OT:9C] The Nine Commandments: Uncovering the Hidden Pattern of Crime and Punishment in the Hebrew Bible. David Noel Freedman. Doubleday:2000.
· [OT:AAI] The Archeology of Ancient Israel, Amnon ben-Tor (ed.), Yale:1992.
· [OT:ABC] Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. A. K. Grayson. Eisenbrauns:1975/2000.
· [OT:AEBA] The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife. Erik Hornung. Cornell:1999.
· [OT:AEOT] Ancient Egypt and the Old Testament, John D. Currid, Baker:1997.
· [OT:AHBSF] Atra-Hasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood. W.G. Lambert and A.R. Millard. Eisenbrauns:1999 reprint of 1969 OUP.
· [OT:AHT] The History of Tyre (Revised Edition). H.J. Katzenstein, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press/Beer Sheeva:1997. (Only covers up to 539 BCE)
· [OT:ALANE] Archives and Libraries in the Ancient Near East, 1500-300 BC, Olof Pedersen, CDL Press: 1998.
· [OT:ALB2] Archaeology of the Land of the Bible Volume II: The Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Periods (732-332 BCE), Ephraim Stern, AnchorBible/Doubleday:2001.
· [OT:ALTB] Archaeology and the Land of the Bible, Amihai Mazar, Doubleday:1992 (Anchor Bible series)
· [OT:ANE3K] The Ancient Near East c. 3000-330bc, Amelie Kuhrt , Routledge:1995 (2 vols.)
· [OT:ANSCIG] Abraham in the Negev: A Source-Critical Investigation of Genesis 20:1-22:19. T. Desmond Alexander. Paternoster:1997. (Decides that existing Source-Critical /JEDP theories are contra-indicated by the data...)
· [OT:AOT] Archaeology and the Old Testament, Alfred J. Hoerth, Baker:1998.
· [OT:AP] State Archives of Assyria, volume IX: Assyrian Prophecies. Simo Parpola. Helsinki UP:1997.
· [OT:BAIW] The Bible as It Was, James L. Kugel, Harvard:1997.
· [OT:BANE] The Bible and the Ancient Near East, Cyrus Gordon and Gary Rendsburg, Norton:1997 (4th ed).
· [OT:BBC1] The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Genesis-Deuteronomy, John H. Walton & Victor Matthews, IVP:1997.
· [OT:BBCALL] The IVP Bible Background Commentary--Old Testament. Walton, Matthews, & Chalvalas. IVP:2000. [Outstanding.]
· [OT:BDCR1] The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception (Vol One). John J. Collins and Peter W. Flint (eds.). Brill:2001.
· [OT:CAANEB] Creation Accounts in the Ancient New East and in the Bible. Richard J. Clifford. Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series:1994.
· [OT:CANE] Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Jack M. Sasson (ed.). Hendrickson:1995 (4vols)
· [OT:CCAE] Canaan and Canaanite in Ancient Egypt. Alessandra Nibbi. (Self):1989.
· [OT:CEANE] The Care of the Elderly in the Ancient New East. Marten Stol and Sven P. Vleeming (eds.). Brill:1998.
· [OT:CIANE] Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Near East. Guy Bunnens (ed). Peeters Press, Louvain: 1996.
· [OT:CityAM] The Ancient Mesopotamian City, Marc Van De Mieroop, Oxford-Clarendon: 1997.
· [OT:CKIJ] TheChronology of the Kings of Israel & Judah, Gerson Galil, Brill:1996.
· [OT:CMHE] Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic. Frank Moore Cross. Harvard:1973.
· [OT:COTK] Chronicle of the Old Testament Kings. John Rogerson. Thames and Hudson:1999.
· [OT:CRLTU] Canaanite Religion according to the Liturgical Texts of Ugarit. G. del Olmo Lete (trans. Wilfred G.E. Watson). CDL Press:1999.
· [OT:CSME] Creation Stories of the Middle East. Ewa Wasilewska. Jessica Kingsley:2000.
· [OT:CSP] Chronicles and its Synoptic Parallels in Samuel, Kings, and Related Biblical Texts. Eds: John Endres, William Millar, John B. Burns. Glazier/Liturgical: 1998.
· [OT:CTWH] Cuneiform Texts and the Writing of History. Marc van de Mieroop. Routledge:1999.
· [OT:DAAE] Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt, John H. Taylor, UChicago:2001.
· [OT:DLAM] Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat. Greenwood Press:1998.
· [OT:DOTE] Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis, Willem A. VanGeren (gen. Ed.), Zond:1997 (5 vols).
· [OT:EEE] Exodus: The Egyptian Evidence, E.S. Frerichs and L.H. Lesko (eds), Eisenbrauns:1997.
· [OT:EIAI] Education in Ancient Israel: Across the Deadening Silence, James L. Crenshaw, Doubleday: 1998.
· [OT:EML] Early Mesopotamian Law. Russ VerSteeg. Carolina Academic:2000.
· [OT:FAI] Families in Ancient Israel, L.G. Perdue, Blenkinsopp, John J. Collins, Carol Meyers, WJK:1997.
· [OT:FBM] The Five Books of Moses, Everett Fox (trans), Schocken: 1995.
· [OT:FHiero] Fascinating Hieroglythics: Discovering, Decoding, and Understanding the Ancient Art, Christian Jaq, Sterling:1996.
· [OT:FSN] The Final Sack of Nineveh. John Malcolm Russell. Yale:1998.
· [OT:GCDSS] Graphic Concordance to the Dead Sea Scrolls, James H Charlesworth, WJK:1991.
· [OT:GOE] The Gods of Egypt. Claude Traunecker. Cornell:2001.
· [OT:HAE] A History of Ancient Egypt. Nicolas Grimal. Barnes&Noble/Blackwell:1994.
· [OT:HAILXX] Hebrew/Aramaic Index to the Septuagint, Keyed to the Hatch-Redpath Concordance. Takamitsu Muraoka, Baker:1998.
· [OT:HHWAI] History and Historical Writing in Ancient Israel: Studies in Biblical Historiography. Tomoo Ishida. Brill:1999.
· [OT:HIBAJW] A History of Israel from the Bronze Age through the Jewish Wars. Walter C. Kaiser Jr., Broadman and Holman: 1998.
· [OT:HLAE] Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt, Rosalie David, FactsonFile:1998.
· [OT:HLBT] Hebrew Law in Biblical Times, Ze'ev Falk, Eisenbrauns:2001(2nd ed).
· [OT:HLTTG] Hammurabi's Laws: Text, Translation and Glossary. M. E. J. Richardson. SheffieldAcademic:2000.
· [OT:HPI] A History of Prophecy in Israel, Joseph Blenkinsopp, WJK:1996 (revised and enlarged edition).
· [OT:HVS] Hebrew Verse Structure. M. O'Connor, Eisenbrauns:1980/97. [the standard work]
· [OT:I] The Israelites, B.S.J. Isserlin, Thames and Hudson:1998.
· [OT:IBHS] An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Bruce Waltke and M. O'Connor, Eisenbrauns:1990.
· [OT:IIE] Israel in Egypt: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition, James K. Hoffmeier, Oxford: 1997.
· [OT:ILANE] Intellectual Life of the Ancient Near East. Jiri Prosecky (ed.). Oriental Institute (Prague):1998.
· [OT:IPIWR] Interested Parties: The Ideology of Writers and Readers of the Hebrew Bible. David J.A. Clines. JSOT/Sheffield:1995.
· [OT:ISH] Insearch of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History, John Van Seters, Eisenbrauns: 1997.
· [OT:ISL] Introduction to the Semitic Langauges: Text Specimens and Grammatical Sketches, Gotthelf Bergstrasser (trans. and notes. By Peter T. Daniels), Eisenbrauns:1983 (original text in 1928)
· [OT:ITUVD] Influences and Traditions Underlying the Vision of Daniel 7:2-14--the Research History from the End of the 19th Century to the Present, Jurg Eggler, UFribourg:2000.
· [OT:JRSP] Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives. A. Graeme Auld. T&T Clark:1998.
· [OT:KH] The Kingdom of the Hittites. Trevor Bryce. Clarndon/Oxford:1998.
· [OT:LABS] State Archives of Assyria, Vol X: Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Simo Parpola. Helsinki UP:1993.
· [OT:LAE] Letters from Ancient Egypt, Edward Wente, ScholarsPress:1990.
· [OT:LEM] Letters from Early Mesopotamia, Piotr Michalowski, ScholarsPress:1993.
· [OT:LIANE] Life in the Ancient Near East, 3100-332 BCE, Daniel C. Snell, Yale:1997.
· [OT:MASW] The Messenger in the Ancient Semitic World. Samuel A. Meier. Harvard/Scholars Press:1988.
· [OT:MM] Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, The Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Stephanie Dalley. Oxford:1989.
· [OT:MPHB1] Major Poems of the Hebrew Bible at the Interface of Hermeneutics and Structural Analysis (vol 1). J. P. Fokkelman. Van Gorcum:1998.
· [OT:ORNEI] The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age. Walter Burkert. Harvard:1992.
· [OT:OTDATRR] The Old Testament Documents: Are They Reliable and Relevant?, Walter C. Kaiser, Jr. IVP:2001.
· [OT:OTOT] The Old Testament of the Old Testament: Patriarchal Narratives and Mosaic Yahwism, R.W.L. Moberly, Fortress:1992.
· [OT:OTPFOC] Old Testament Prophecy: From Oracles to Canon, by Ronald E. Clements, WJK:1996.
· [OT:OWWW] Oral World and Written Word, Susan Niditch, WJK:1996.
· [OT:PAB] Persia and the Bible, Edwin Yamauchi, Baker:1990/1996.
· [OT:PPC] Peoples of the Past--Canaanites. Jonathan N. Tubb. Univ. of Oklahoma Press:1998.
· [OT:PRSA] A Prophet Reads Scripture: Allusion in Isaiah 40-66. Benjamin D. Sommer. Standford:1998.
· [OT:PSIB] Political Satire in the Bible, Ze'ev Weisman, SBL:1998.
· [OT:PTLTR] Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, K. A. Kitchen, Aris and Philips: 1982.
· [OT:PW] The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies, and Trade, Maria Eugenia Aubet (trans. Mary Turton), CambridgeUpress:1993.
· [OT:PWVDM] Pharaoh's Workers: The Villagers of Deir El Medina, Lenard Lesko (ed), Cornell:1994.
· [OT:RIAM] Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia, Jean Bottero, Uchicago:2001.
· [OT:SAAS7] State Archives of Assyria Studies Volume VII: References to Prophecy in Neo-Assyrian Sources, Martti Nissinen, Helsinki:1998.
· [OT:SAAS9] State Archives of Assyria Studies Volume IX: Assyrian Prophecies, Simo Parpola, Helsinki:1997.
· [OT:SATROTE] Story as Torah: Reading the Old Testament Ethically, Gordon J. Wenham, TTClark:2000.
· [OT:SBEG] State Archives of Assyria Cuneiform Texts, volume I: The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh. Simo Parpola. Helsinki UP:1997. (Cuneiform only-NO translation!)
· [OT:SHB] Spelling in the Hebrew Bible, Francis Andersen and A. Dean Forbes, Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute: 1986.
· [OT:SQVP] The Search for Quotation: Verbal Parallels in the Prophets. Richard L. Schultz. JSOTS:1999.
· [OT:SSMJ] Scribes and Schools in Monarchic Judah: A Socio-Archeological Approach, David Jamieson-Drake, Almond Press:1991.
· [OT:TAE] Temples of Ancient Egypt, Byron E. Shafer (ed.), Cornell:1997
· [OT:TCHB] Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Emanuel Tov, Fortress:1992.
· [OT:TE] The Egyptians, Sergio Donadoni (ed), Uchicago:1997.
· [OT:TIPE] The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, K.A. Kitchen, Aris&Philips: 1986, London.
· [OT:TPI] The Prophecy of Isaiah, J. Alec. Motyer, IVP:1993.
· [OT:TT] A Test of Time, David Rohl, Arrow/Random:1995.
· [OT:VG] The Vengeance of God, H.G.L. Peels, Brill:1995.
· [OT:WBCMPS] War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Lawrence H. Keeley. Oxford:1996.
· [OT:WDBWK] What did the Biblical Writers Know & When did they Know it?, William G. Dever, Eerdmans:2001.
· [OT:WSIANEP] Writings and Speech in Israelite and Ancient Near Eastern Prophecy, Ehud Ben Zvi and Michael Floyd (eds), SBL:2000.
· [OTEC] The Old Testament in Early Christianity: Canon and Interpretation in the Light of Modern Research, E. Earle Ellis, Baker: 1991.
· [OTP] The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (2 vols), Charlesworth (ed), Doubleday: 1983.
· [OTPs] Old Testament Parallels, Matthews and Benjamin, Paulist: 1991, 276.
· [OWC] Old World Civilizations--the Rise of Cities and States, Goran Burenhult, gen. ed. Harper/American Museum of Natural History: 1994.
· [PAC] Pagans and Christians, Robin Lane Fox, HarperCollins: 1986.
· [PAK] Pharoahs and Kings, David Rohl, Crown: 1995.
· [PANE1] The Ancient Near East, Vol I: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures, Pritchard, Princeton: 1958..
· [PANE2] The Ancient Near East, Vol II: A New Anthology of Texts and Pictures, Pritchard, Princeton: 1975.
· [PC] Paul the Convert, Alan F. Segal, Yale: 1990.
· [PCE] The Pentateuch in Its Cultural Environment. Livingston, Herbert G., Baker, 1974.
· [PCSue] Suetonius: The Twelve Caesars, Penguin Classics.
· [PCTAIR] Tacitus: The Annals of Imperial Rome, Penguin Classics.
· [PCTTH} Tacitus: The Histories, Penguin Classics.
· [PE] Prophets and Emporors: Human and Divine Authority from Augustus to Theodosius, David Potter, Harvard: 1994.
· [PFJFC] Paul--Follower of Jesus or Founder of Christianity?, David Wenham, Eerdmans: 1995.
· [PH:APJ] Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Michael Martin. Temple:1990.
· [PH:ATMS] Animals and Their Moral Standing, Stephen R.L. Clark, Routledge:1997.
· [PH:Audi2] Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, Routledge:1998.
· [PH:CGBT] Can God be Trusted? Faith and the Challenge of Evil. John G. Stackhouse, Jr.Oxford:1998.
· [PH:DDW] Divine Discourse: Philosophical Reflection on the Claim that God Speaks, Nicholas Wolterstorff, Cambridge:1995.
· [PH:DNNHE] Dark Nature: A Natural History of Evil. Lyall Watson. Harper:1995.
· [PH:EAE] The Evidential Argument from Evil. Daniel Howard-Snyder. IndianaUP:1996.
· [PH:EBIV] Epistemology: Becoming Intellectually Virtuous, W. Jay Wood, IVP:1998. (In the Contours of Christian Philosophy series)
· [PH:EG] Eternal God: A Study of God without Time. Paul Heim. Oxford:1988.(Defends the logical coherence of a God "outside of" time.)
· [PH:FAR] Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God, Alvin Plantinga and Nicholas Wolterstorff (eds), NotreDame:1983.
· [PH:FWPS] Free Will--A Philosophical Study. Laura Waddell Ekstrom. Westview/Perseus:2000.
· [PH:GAE] God and Evil: An Introduction to the Issues. Michael L. Peterson. Westview:1998. (An excellent technical book on the POE in its various forms.)
· [PH:GN] Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals, Frans De Waal, Harvard:1996. (Fascinating--field documentation of social cooperation in higher primates.)
· [PH:HEGG] Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God. Marilyn McCord Adams. Cornell:1999.
· [PH:IEE] Issues in Evolutionary Ethics, Paul Thompson (ed.), SUNY:1995.
· [PH:ONN] Objectivity is Not Neutrality: Explanatory Schemes in History. Thomas Haskell. JohnsHopkins:1998.
· [PH:OV] The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation, Matt Ridley, Viking:1996.
· [PH:POER] The Problem of Evil (Oxford Readings in Philosophy). Marilyn McCord Adams and Robert Merrihew Adams (eds.). Oxford:1990.
· [PH:POP] The Problem of Pain. C.S. Lewis. Simon/Schuster:1962
· [PH:PTE] Probability and Theistic Explanation. Robert Prevost. Oxford:1990.
· [PH:RHW] Reason for the Hope Within. Michael Murray (ed.). Eerdmans:1999. (Absolutely the best book I have read on philosophical apologetics ever! EVERY Christian college student should read this book carefully.)
· [PH:RMPG] Why Believe? Reason and Mystery as Pointers to God. C. Stephen Evans. Eerdmans/IVP:1996.
· [PH:TCPPP] Truth or Consequences: The Promise and Perils of Postmoderism, Millard J. Erickson, IVP:2001.
· [PH:TEE] The Temptations of Evolutionary Ethics, Paul Lawrence Farber, UCpress:1994. (Excellent survey of the history of evolutionary ethics.)
· [PH:VE] Virute Ethics: A Critical Reader, Daniel Statman (ed.), EdinburghUpress:1997.
· [PJC] On Pagans, Jews, and Christians, Arnaldo Momigliano, Wesleyan Univ. Press: 1987.
· [PLG] The Preface to Luke's Gospel--Literary convention and social context in Luke 1.1-4 and Acts 1.1, Loveday Alexander, Cambridge: 1993.
· [PLW] Paul the Letter-Writer, Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, The Liturgical Press: 1995.
· [PM] Parallel Myths, J.F. Bieflein, Ballantine: 1994.
· [PMT] Postmodern Times: A Christian Guide to Contemporary Culture, Gene Edward Veith, jr., Crossway: 1994.
· [POTT] Peoples of Old Testament Times D. J. Wiseman, ed. Oxford: 1973.
· [POTW] Peoples of the Old Testament World; Hoerth, Mattingly, Yamauchi (eds.), Baker: 1994.
· [PPDS] Priest, Prophets, Diviners, Sages, by Lester Grabbe, Trinity Press: 1995.
· [PREC] Pagan Rome and the Early Christians, Stephen Benko, Indiana University Press: 1984.
· [PRRE] Polybius: The Rise of the Roman Empire, Penguin Classics: 1979.
· [PS:AHU] At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity, Stuart Kauffman, Oxford: 1995.
· [PS:CAMW] Coming of Age in the Milky Way. Ferris, Timothy, Anchor, 1988.
· [PS:DAC] A Different Approach to Cosmology: From a Static Universe through the Big Bang towards Reality. Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey Burbidge, and Jayant V. Narlikar. Cambridge:2000.
· [PS:ES] The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of the Scientific Age, John Horgan, Addison-Wesley: 1996.
· [PS:IB] The Infamous Boundary: Seven Decades of Controversy in Quantum Physics, David Wick, Birkhauser: 1995.
· [PS:ID] Intelligent Design, William A. Dembski, IVP:1999.
· [PS:IQM] The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics by Roland Omnes. Princeton: 1994, 550pp.
· [PS:IRPL] Inventing Reality: Physics as Language by Bruce Gregory, Wiley Science: 1990 (229pp).
· [PS:MD] Maxwell's Demon: Why Warmth Disperses and Time Passes, Hans Christian von Baeyer, Random:1998.
· [PS:MT] The Mathematical Tourist (updated), Ivars Peterson, WH Freeman:1998.
· [PS:NLU] The Non-Local Universe: The New Physics and Matters of the Mind. Robert Nadeau and Menas Kafatos. Oxford:1999.
· [PS:PB] Paradigms and Barriers: How Habits of Mind Govern Scientific Beliefs. Howard Margolis. UChicago:1993.
· [PS:SKSR] Schroedinger's Kittens and the Search for Reality, John Gibbon, Little/Brown: 1995.
· [PS:TES] The Edges of Science. Morris, Richard, Simon-Schuster, 1990.
· [PS:TIC] Thinking in Complexity, K. Mainzer, Springer-Verlag: 1994.
· [PS:TMM] The Matter Myth, Paul Davies and John Gribbin, Touchstone:1992.
· [PsC] Pseudonymity and Canon, David G. Meade, Mohr (Siebeck): 1986 (Tubingen)
· [PTS] The Place is Too Small for Us: The Israelite Prophets in Recent Scholarship, Robert P. Gordon (ed.), Eisenbrauns: 1995.
· [PUT] Philosophy for Understanding Theology, Diogenes Allen, John Knox:1985.
· [RC] Rhetorcial Criticism, Phyllis Trible, Fortress: 1994.
· [REF:EBP] Encyclopedia of Biblical Prophecy: The Complete Guide to Scriptural Predictions and their Fulfillment, J. Barton Payne, Baker:1973.
· [RF] Reasonable Faith, William Lane Craig, Crossway Books:1994.
· [RFC] Reasonable Faith, Winfried Corduan, Broadman&Holman:1993.
· [RG] The Redaction of Genesis, Gary A. Rendsburg, Eisenbraus:1986.
· [RI] Risen Indeed--Making Sense of the Resurrection, Stephen T. Davis, Eerdmans: 1993.
· [RJJ] The Religion of Jesus the Jew, Geza Vermes, Fortress: 1993.
· [RKH] Introduction to the Old Testament. Harrison, R.K. , Eerdmans Publishing, 1969.
· [RLRS] Roman Law and Roman Society in the New Testament, A.N. Sherwin-White, Oxford: 1963, reprinted Baker: 1992.
· [RMML] Redating Matthew, Mark, and Luke by John Wenham, IVP: 1992.
· [RNC] The Rise of Normative Christianity, Arland J. Hultgren, Fortress: 1994.
· [RNE] The Roman Near East: 31BC - AD337, Fergus Millar, Harvard: 1993.
· [ROC] The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History, Rodney Stark, Princeton: 1996.
· [RPWAH] Reading Papyri, Writing Ancient History, Roger S. Bagnall, Routledge: 1995.
· [RRB] Reason and Religious Belief by Peterson, Hasker, Reichenback, and Basinger, Oxford: 1991.
· [RRE] The Religions of the Roman Empire, John Ferguson, Cornell:1970.
· [RS] Related Strangers: Jews and Christians 70-170 C.E., Stephen G. Wilson, Fortress: 1995.
· [RTG] ReThinking Genesis, Duane Garrett, Baker: 1991.
· [RW] The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, William McNeill, Univ. of Chicago:1991.
· [SAI] The Sage in Israel and the Ancient Near East, John Gammie and Leo Perdue (eds.), Eisenbrauns: 1990.
· [SC] The Supremacy of Christ, Ajith Fernando, Crossway: 1995.
· [SC2] Scripture in Context II: More essays on the Comparative Method, Willaim Hallo, James Moyer and Leo Perdue (eds.), Eisenbrauns:1983.
· [SCAP] The Synagoges and Churches of Ancient Palestine, Leslie Hoppe, The Liturgical Press: 1994.
· [Schaff] History of the Christian Church, Philip Schaff, AP&A, 3 vols.
· [SDFML] Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend , Maria Leach (ed.), HarperRow: 1972.
· [SHJ] Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research, Bruce Chilton and Craig Evans, eds. Brill: 1994.
· [SOC:CPSE] Coercive Power in Social Exchange, Linda D. Molm, Cambridge:1997
· [Soden] The Ancient Orient by Wolfram von Soden (translated by Schley), Eerd: 1994.
· [SPI] The Synoptic Problem--An Introduction, Robert Stein, Baker: 1987.
· [SPP] Sage, Priest, Prophet: Religious and Intellectual Leadership in Ancient Israel, Joseph Blenkinsopp, WJKP:1995.
· [SS] The Scepter and the Star--The Messiahs of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Ancient Literature, John J. Collins, Doubleday: 1995.
· [STB] Sacrifice in the Bible, Roger Beckwith and Martin J. Selman, eds. Baker/Paternoster: 1995.
· [STOT] The School Tradition of the Old Testament, E.W. Heaton, Oxford: 1994.
· [Sumer] The Sumerians, C. Leonard Wooley, Norton:1965.
· [SWWRT] The Sages: The World and Wisdom of the Rabbis of the Talmud., Ephraim E. Urbach. Harvard: 1975, trns. 1987.
· [TAM] The Ancient Mysteries: A Sourcebook, Marvin Meyer (ed.), HarperCollins:1987.
· [TANT] The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation based on M.R. James, J. K. Elliott's, (Oxford: 1993)
· [TAPA] Through the Ages in Palestinian Archeology, Walter E. Rast, Trinity Press: 1992.
· [TAW] Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World, Chris Scarre, Dorling Kindersley: 1993.
· [TC] Textual Criticism--Recovering the Text of the Hebrew Bible, McCarter (Jr), Fortress: 1986. pp.94.
· [TCQ] Three Crucial Questions about Jesus, Murray J. Harris, Baker: 1994.
· [TCS1] The Context of Scripture: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World, William W. Hallo and K. Lawson Younger, eds., Brill: 1997.
· [TCS2] The Context of Scripture, vol 2: Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World. Hallo and Younger (eds.). Brill:2000.
· [TDNT] Theological Dict. of the NT (Kittel)
· [TDNTlittle] Theological Dict. Of the NT, Abridged (the "little Kittel")
· [TDOT] Theological Dict. of the OT
· [TEOM] To Each its Own Meaning: An Introduction to Biblical Criticisms and Their Application, Steven L. McKenzie and Stephen R. Haynes (eds.), WJKP: 1993.
· [TFH] The First Historians: The Hebrew Bible and History, Baruch Halpern, Penn State: 1988.
· [TH:ALPD] Angels of Light, Powers of Darkness. Stephen Noll. IVP:1998.
· [TH:BMR] Black Man's Regligion: Can Christianity be Afrocentric? Glenn Usry and Craig S. Keener, IVP:1996]
· [TH:DBF] Defending Black Faith: Answers to Tough Questions about African-American Christianity. IVP:1997.
· [TH:DDECT] A Different Death: Euthanasia & the Christian Tradition. Edward J. Larson & Darrel W. Amundsen. IVP:1998.
· [TH:DF4V] Divine Foreknowledge--Four Views. James Bielby and Paul Eddy (eds), IVP:2001.
· [TH:DW] Diverse Worship: African-American, Caribbean & Hispanic Perspectives. Pedrite U. Mayard-Reid. IVP:2000.
· [TH:FTC2] The Fire that Consumes: The Biblical Case for Conditional Immortality (rev.ed). Edward William Fudge. Paternoster:1994.
· [TH:GAT4V] God and Time--Four Views. Gregory Ganssle (ed). IVP:2001.
· [TH:HHLHQ] Hell: A Hard Look at a Hard Question. David Powys. Paternoster:1997.
· [TH:HLD] Hell: The Logic of Damnation. Jerry L. Walls. UofNotreDame:1992.
· [TH:HX] Homosexuality: The Use of Scientific Research in the Church's Moral Debate. Stanton Jones and Mark Yarhouse. IVP:2000.
· [TH:NCP] The New Chosen People: A Corporate View of Election. William W. Klein. Academie/Zondervan:1990.
· [TH:NDET] New Dimensions in Evangelical Thought: Essays in Honor of Millard J. Erickson, David Dockery (ed), IVP:1998.
· [TH:PDPP] Powers of Darkness: Principalities & Powers in Paul's Letters. Clinton Arnold. IVP:1992.
· [TH:PDREPG] The Prince of Darkness: Radical Evil and the Power of Good in History, Jeffrey Burton Russell, Cornell:1988.
· [TH:POFHX] Portraits of Freedom: 14 People Who Came out of Homosexuality, Bob Davies and Lela Gilbert, IVP:2001.
· [TH:SWH] Slaves, Women, and Homosexuals: Exploring the Hermeneutics of Cultural Analysis. William Webb. IVP:2001.
· [TH:TCS] The Clarity of Scripture. James Callahan. IVP:2001.
· [TH:TGWR] The God Who Risks: A Theology of Providence, John Sanders, IVP:1998. (outstanding explication, and partial defense of the "openness of God" movement)
· [TH:TNH] The Nature of Hell. The Evangelical Alliance. ACUTE:2000.
· [TH:TVH] Two Views of Hell: A Biblical and Theological Dialogue. Edward William Fudge and Robert A. Peterson. IVP:2000.
· [TJL] The Jesus Legend, G.A. Wells, Open Court: 1996.
· [TJQ] The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth, Ben Witherington III, IVP: 1995.
· [TK] Two Kingdoms: The Church and Culture through the Ages, Clouse, Pierard, and Yamauchi, Moody:1993.
· [TLNT] Theological Lexicon of the New Testament by Ceslas Spicq and translated by James D. Ernest. Hendrikson: 1982, trans 1994. 3 vols.
· [TM] The Messiah: Developments in Earliest Judaism and Christianity, James Charlesworth (ed.), Fortress: 1992.
· [TMOT] The Messiah in the Old Testament, Walter Kaiser, Jr., Zondervan: 1995, 256p.
· [TNTCR] The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research, Ehrman and Holmes, eds., Eerdmans: 1995.
· [TOB] The Other Bible, Willis Barnstone (ed.), Harper-Collins: 1984.
· [TOH] The Timetables of History (3rd ed), Berhard Grun, Touchstone/Simon-Schuster: 1991.
· [TRCRE] Trade Routes and Commerce of the Roman Empire, M.P. Charlesworth, Ares:1926(2).
· [TRKW] Rekindling the Word: In Search of Gospel Truth, Carsten Peter Thiede, Trinity Press: 1995.
· [TS] The Tablet and the Scroll: Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo, Cohen, Snell, Wiesberg (eds.), CDL Press:1993.
· [TTC] The Twelve Caesars, Michael Grant, Barnes&Nobles: 1975.
· [TTT] Tracing the Threads: Studies in the Vitality of Jewish Pseudepigrapha, John C. Reeves (ed.), Scholars Press: 1994.
· [TWOT] Theological Wordbook of the OT (Waltke et. al)
· [TYPOS] Typos, by Goppelt.
· [UDNT] Unity and Diversity in the New Testament, James D.G. Dunn, Trinity/SCM: 1990 (2nd ed).
· [UDWJ] Understanding the Difficult Words of Jesus, Bivin and Blizzard, Destiny Image: 1994 (2nd ed).
· [UG] The Unfinished Gospel: Notes on the Quest for the Historical Jesus, by Evan Powell, Symposium Books: 1994.
· [VAI] Vital Apologetic Issues, Roy Zuck (ed.), Kregel:1995.
· [VL] The Vanished Library: A Wonder of the Ancient World, by Luciano Canfora, Univ. of Calif: 1987.
· [WAG] What are the Gospels: A comparison with Graeco-Roman Biography, Richard A. Burridge, Cambridge: 1992.
· [WBC] Word Biblical Commentary (multivols)
· [WF] A Witness Forever: Ancient Isrrael's Perception of Literature and the Resultant Hebrew Bible, Isaac Rabinowitz, CDL Press: 1993.
· [WOTT] Wisdom in the Old Testament Traditions, Donn F. Morgan, John Knox: 1981.
· [WR:AI] Answering Islam, Norman Geisler and Abdul Saleeb, Baker: 1993.
· [WR:AJOJ] Answering Jewish Objections to Jesus: General and Historical Objections. Michael L. Brown. Baker:2000. (first in a trilogy, good detail and depth).
· [WR:AJOJ2] Answering Jewish Objections to Jesus: Theological Objections. Michael L. Brown. Baker:2000.
· [WR:ARMI] Anthropological Reflections on Missiological Issues, Paul G. Hiebert, Baker:1994.
· [WR:AW] The Awakening of the West: The Encounter of Buddhism and Western Culture, Stephen Batchelor, Parallax:1994.
· [WR:BIG] Buddhism--an Introduction and a Guide, Christmas Humphrey, Penguin: 1962 (3rd ed.)
· [WR:BL] Buddist Logic, F. Stcherbatsky, Dover: 1930 (vol 1).
· [WR:BS] Buddhist Scriptures, Edward Conze, Penguin:1959.
· [WR:CACR] Christianity and Comparative Religion, JND Anderson, IVP: 1970.
· [WR:CCCC] Communicating Christ Cross-Culturally Hesselgrave, David J.,. Zond., 1978.
· [WR:CELWR] Can Evangelicals Learn from World Religions? Jesus, Revelation & Religious Traditions. Gerald R. McDermott. IVP:2000.
· [WR:CFOF] Christian Faith and Other Faiths by Stephen Neill, IVP:1984.
· [WR:CGWR] The Compact Guide to World Religions, Dean C. Halverson (gen. ed.), Bethany: 1996.
· [WR:CM] Comparative Mythology. Jaan Puhvel. Johns Hopkins:1987.
· [WR:CSWR] A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: Virtuosos, Priests, and Popular Religion. Stephen Sharot. NYU:2001.
· [WR:CTTQ] Companion to the Quran, by William Montgomery Watt, Oneworld:1967/1994.
· [WR:CWR] Christianity and World Religions: The Challenge of Pluralism (rev.ed.), Sir Norman Anderson, IVP:1984.
· [WR:DAMY] A Dictionary of Asian Mythology. David Leeming. 2001.
· [WR:DBF] Divided by Faith--Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America. Michael Emerson and Christian Smith. Oxford:2000.
· [WR:DWM] A Dictionary of World Myth. Peter Bently (ed). FactsonFile:1995.
· [WR:Eliade] The Eliade Guide to World Religions, by Mircea Eliade and Ioan P. Couliano, HarperCollins: 1991.
· [WR:ESW] Essential Sacred Writings from Around the World, by Mircea Eliade, HarperCollins:1967.
· [WR:FIC] Faiths in Conflict? Christian Integrity in a Multicultural World. Vinoth Ramachandra. IVP:1999.
· [WR:GAITM] The Gods of Asia: Image, Text, and Meaning. T.S. Maxwell. Oxford:1997.
· [WR:GB] The Golden Bough, Sir James George Frazer, Macmillian:1922.
· [WR:GCQ] A Guide to the Contents of the Quran, by Faruq Sherif, Garnet:1995.
· [WR:GEML] Good and Evil in Myth & Legend, Anthony Mercatante, Barnes & Nobles:1978.
· [WR:GG] The Global God: Multicultural Evangelical Views of God, Aida Besancon Spencer and William David Spencer (eds.), Baker:1998.
· [WR:HBP] A History of Buddhist Philosophy, David Kalupahana, Univ. of Hawaii: 1992.
· [WR:HI] A History of India: Volume One, Romila Thapar, Penguin:1966.
· [WR:HIS] The History of Islam. Robert Payne. Barnes&Noble:1959.
· [WR:HM] Hero Myths. Robert A. Segal (ed). Blackwell:2000.
· [WR:HPI] A History of Philosophy in Islam, T.J. de Boer, Dover: 1903.
· [WR:HRI1] A History of Religious Ideas: From the Stone Age to the Eleusinian Mysteries, Mircea Eliade (Willard R. Trask, trans.), UChicagoPress: 1978.
· [WR:HRI2] A History of Religious Ideas: From Gautama Buddha to the Triumph of Christianity, Mircea Eliade (Willard R. Trask, trans.), UChicagoPress: 1982.
· [WR:HRI3] A History of Religious Ideas: From Muhammad to the Age of Reforms, Mircea Eliade (Alf Hiltebeitel, Diane Apostolos-Cappadona, trans.), UChicagoPress:1985.
· [WR:IB] Introducing Buddha, Jane Hope and Borin Van Loon, Totam:1995.
· [WR:ISM] In Search of Muhammed, Clinton Bennett, Cassell:1998. (good critical analysis of the sources of M's life)
· [WR:JIQ] Jesus in the Qur'an, Geoffrey Parrinder, Oneworld: 1995.
· [WR:LBLH] The Life of Buddha as Legend and History. Edward J. Thomas. Dover:1949.
· [WR:MBTP] Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet, by Karen Armstrong, Harper:1992.
· [WR:MLES] Muhammad:His Life based on the Earliest Sources. Martin Lings. Inner Traditions International:1983. (Good discussion of the various Christian/Jewish influences on the life of the "pre-Islamic" Muhammad.)
· [WR:MNNA] The Mythology of Native North America, David Leeming and Jake Page, UoklahomaPress:1998.
· [WR:MOI] Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, by F.E. Peters, SUNY:1994.
· [WR:MYB] Mythologies. Yves Bonnefoy (ed) and Wendy Boniger (trans). UChicago:1991 (2 vols).
· [WR:NAMBW] The New Age Movement and the Biblical Worldview: Conflict and Dialogue. John P. Newport. Eerdmans:1998. (Excellent, 600page interaction with all facets of New Age movements. Very detailed and thorough.)
· [WR:NF] Neighboring Faiths: A Christian Introduction to World Religions, Winfried Corduan, IVP:1998. (Corduan is clearly one of the most lucid, fair, and helpful writers in the fields of apologetics, religious studies, and philosophy of religion.)
· [WR:OK] The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book, Ibn Warraq (ed.), Prometheus:1998.
· [WR:OR] Our Religions, Arvind Sharma (ed.), HarperCollins: 1993.
· [WR:QR] The Quiet Revolution: The Story of a Living Faith around the World, Robin Keeley (ed.), Eerdmans:1985.
· [WR:RICQ] Rethinking Islam: Common Questions, Uncommon Answers, Mohammed Arkoun (trans. Robert D. Lee), Westview:1994.
· [WR:RT] Religions and the Truth by Hendrik M. Vroom, Eerd: 1989.
· [WR:SC] The Supremacy of Christ, Ajith Fernando, Crossway: 1995.
· [WR:Sigal] The Jew and the Christian Missionary: A Jewish Response to Missionary Christianity, Gerald Sigal, KTAV: 1981.
· [WR:SOQ] The Sources of the Qur'an--A Critical Review of the Authorship Theories, Hamza Njozi, World Assembly of Muslim Youth: 1991.
· [WR:SW] Sacred Writings--A Guide to the Literature of Religions, Gunter Lanczkowski, Harper: 1961.
· [WR:TB] The Teaching of the Buddha,Buddhist Promoting Foundation: 1966.
· [WR:TEH] The Epic Hero. Dean A. Miller. Johns Hopkins:2000.
· [WR:TQK] The Quran, Muhammed Zafrulla Khan (trans.), Olive Branch Press:1997.
· [WR:TQS] The Quran, M.H.Shakir (trans.), Tahrike Tarsile Quran, Inc:1993 (8th ed).
· [WR:WATNH] What About Those Who have Never Heard? Three Views on the Destiny of the Unevangelized. John Sanders (ed). IVP:1995.
· [WR:WTB] The World of Tibetian Buddhism, The Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso), Wisdom Pubs: 1995.
· [WR:WTBT] What the Buddha Taught, Walpola Rahula, Grove:1974 (2nd ed.)
· [WR:WWNCM] Who's Who in Non-Classical Mythology, Egerton Sykes with new material by Alan Kendall, Oxford: 1952, 1993.
· [WR:YIA] Yahweh in Africa: Essays on Africa and the Old Testament. Knut Holter. PeterLang:2000.
· [WR:ZIH] Zoroaster in History, Gherardo Gnoli, Bibliotheca Persica:2000.
· [WS:AHTO] A History of their Own: Women in Europe from Prehistory to the Present (vol 1), Bonnie Anderson and Judith Zinssser, Harper&Row:1988.
· [WS:AHW] A History of Women: From Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints. Pauline Schmitt Pantel (ed). Belknap/Harvard:1992.
· [WS:AST] An Anthology of Sacred Texts by and about Women, Serinity Young (ed.), Crossroad: 1995.
· [WS:ATW] Apology to Women: Christian Images of the Female Sex, Ann Brown,IVP: 1991.
· [WS:AWB] All the Women of the Biblee, Edith Deen, HarperCollins:1955.
· [WS:DWCH] A Dictionary of Women in Church History, Mary L. Hammack, 1984.
· [WS:EWEC] Essays on Women in Earliest Christianity, volume 1, Carroll Osburn (eds), College Press: 1993.
· [WS:FAB] Feminism and the Bible, Mardi Keyes, IVP: 1995.
· [WS:GNG] Gender & Grace, Mary Stewart Van Leeuwen, IVP: 1990.
· [WS:ISNW] I Suffer Not a Woman: Rethinking I Timothy 2.11-15 in Light of Ancient Evidence, Richard and Catherine Clark Kroeger, Baker: 1992.
· [WS:JWGRP] Jewish Women in Greco-Roman Palestine, Tal Ilan, Hendrickson:1995.
· [WS:PPW] Praying with Passionate Women: Mystics, Martyrs, and Mentors, Bridget Mary Meehan, Crossroad: 1995.
· [WS:TCP] The Creation of Patriarchy, Gerda Lerner, Oxford:1986.
· [WS:TSOS] Their Stories, Our Stories--Women of the Bible, Rose Sallberg Kam, Continuum: 1995.
· [WS:UWAT] Uppity Women of Ancient Times, Vicki Leon, Conari Press (Berkeley): 1995.
· [WS:WAB] Women, Authority, and the Bible, Alvera Mickelson (ed.), IVP: 1986.
· [WS:WAP] Women in Ancient Persia (559-331 BC) , Maria Brosius, Clarendon-Oxford:1996.
· [WS:WB] The Woman's Bible, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Northeastern Univ. Press:1895.
· [WS:WBC] The Womens Bible Commentary, Carol A. Newsom and Sharon Ringe (eds.), WJK:1992.
· [WS:WIB] Woman in the Bible by Mary J. Evans, IVP:1983.
· [WS:WIC] Women in the Church: A Biblical Theology of Women in Ministry, Stanley Grenz and Denise Kjesbo, IVP:1995.
· [WS:WIM] Women in Ministry--Four Views, Bonnidell and Robert Clouse (eds.), IVP:1989.
· [WS:WIP] Women in Prehistory, Margaret Ehrenberg, Univ. of Oklahoma:1989.
· [WS:WLGR] Women's Life in Greece and Rome: A sourcebook in translation, Mary Lefkowitz and Maureen Fant(eds.), John Hopkins: 1992 (2nd ed).
· [WS:WLT] "Women Like This"--New Perspectives on Jewish Women in the Graeco-Roman World, Amy-Jill Levine (ed.), Scholars Press: 1991.
· [WS:WWR] Women in World Religions, Arvind Sharma (ed.), SUNY:1987.
· [WS:WWWP] When Women were Priests by Karen Jo Torijesen, HarperCollins: 1995.
· [WTOT] The Text of the Old Testament, Ernst Wurthwein, Eerdmans: 1994 (2nd ed).
· [WWJ] Who was Jesus?, N.T. Wright, Eerdmans:1992.
· [WWRJ] The Wisdom and Wit of Rabbi Jesus, William Phipps, Westminster/John Knox: 1993.
· [X:JATCH] Jesus and the Constraints of History: Bampton Lectures 1980, A. E. Harvey, Duckworth:1982
· [X:NS:HADPE] How about Demons?:Possession and exorcism in the modern world. Felicitas Goodman. IndianaUpress:1988.
· [X:TH:BDUFE] But Deliver us From Evil: An introduction to the demonic dimension in pastoral care. John Richards. London, Dartman, Longman and Todd:1974.
· [X:TH:CTETN] Christ Triumphant: Exorcism then and now. Graham Twelftree. Hodder and Stoughton:1985.
· [X:TH:DPDOI] Deliverance: Psychic Disturbances and Occult Involvement. Michael Perry (ed). SPCK:1987.
· [X:TH:DPMHAT] Demonic Possession: a medical, historical, anthropological, and theological symposium. John Warwick Montgomery (ed). Bethany:1976.
· [X02:JCDMSG] Jesus Christ--Divine Man or Son of God? James R. Brady. University Press of America:1992.
· [X02:JSOTGP6] Gospel Perspectives: The Miracles of Jesus, Vol 6. David Wenham and Craig Blomberg (eds.). JSOTpress:1986.
· [X02:TAMMT] Theios Aner and the Markan Miracle Traditions: A Critique of the Theios Aner Concept as an Interpretive Background of the Miracle Traditions Used by Mark. Barry Blackburn. Tubingen: Mohr, 1991. (revision of Ph.D thesis of 1986 for Univ. of Aberdeen]
· [X03:NTMSRHS New Testament Miracle Stories in the Religious-Historical Setting: A Religionsgeschichliche Comparison from a Structural Perspective, Wehner Kahl, Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1994.
· [X04:MECW] Miracle in the early Christian World: A study in sociohistorical method. Howard Clark Kee. Yale:1983.
· [X04:PCCM] Pagan-Christian conflict over miracle in the second century. Harold Remus. Patristic:1983.
· [XL] Extinct Languages. J. Friedrich, Dorset, 1957.
· [ZPEB] Zondervan Pictorial Ency. of the Bible 1986.



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