II) Short Term Memory (STM)
    A) Limited capacity -- plus or minus seven units or chunks
    B) Chunking: organizing or grouping individual units of information
         into larger units
    C) Usually a syllable, word, or acronym
    D) Duration of 20-30 sec., due to limited capacity & interference
    E) STM Storage
            1) Increases with age
            2) Primarily due to increases in chunking ability with age
            3) Things that sound the same interfere with each other
    F) Displacement in STM

III) Long Term Memory (LTM)
    A) Huge capacity
    B) Potentially long duration (decades)
    C) Organized by meaning
    D) Procedural Memory
            1) Memory for motor skills learned through practice
    E) Declarative Memory
            1) Memory for facts and personal experiences

IV) Tulving’s View of Memory
    A) Episodic Memory
            1) Memory for personal events
    B) Semantic Memory
            2) Memory for common knowledge & meaning

V) Measuring Memory
    A) Recall Memory
            1) Remembering in the absence of the item being remembered
            2) Usually the most difficult test
    B) Recognition Memory
            1) Recognizing material when it is seen
            2) Often, but not always, easier than recall
    C) Relearning
            1) Assessed by comparing time needed to relearn material to initial learning time
            2) May be the most sensitive test

VI) Forgetting
    A) Rate of forgetting
            1) fastest right after initial learning
            2) slower for more meaningful material
    B) Causes
            1) Failure to Encode
                a) Failing to put material into LTM
                b) Common in "forgetting" people's names
            2) Consolidation Failure
                a) Loss due to organic disruption while the memory trace is being formed
            3) Decay
                a) Fading of memory through disuse
            4) Interference
                a) Confusion or entanglement of similar memories
            5) Motivated Forgetting
                a) Repression of memories, usually to avoid dealing with traumatic
                    experiences
            6) Retrieval Failure
                a) Inability to find the necessary memory cue for retrieval
                b) Sometimes temporary

VII) Reconstruction
    A) Piecing memory together from a few highlights, then filling in details
         based on what we think should have happened
    B) Eye Witness Testimony
            1) Relies greatly on reconstructive memory
            2) Influential in trials
            3) Accuracy is variable
            4) Witness beliefs about their own testimony over time

VIII) Hypnosis
    A) Increases rememberer's confidence & amount of inaccurate
         information
    B) Doesn't increase memory accuracy

IX) Factors Affecting Retrieval
    A) Serial Position
            1) Primacy Effect
                a) First items in a list are remembered better than items in the middle
                b) Probably due to greater odds of getting into long-term memory
            2) Recency Effect
                a) The last items in a list are remembered better than items in the middle, if
                     tested immediately
                b) Probably due to their still being in STM
    B) Environmental Context
            1) Becomes encoded along with the material being remembered
            2) Reinstating context often increases memory
    C) State-Dependent Memory
            1) Internal body states are encoded with memories
            2) Memories easier to retrieve when these body states are entered again
 
X) Biology and Memory
    A) The Hippocampus
             1) Forms long-term declarative memories
    B) The Frontal Lobes
             1) Important to recall of episodic memories
A) The Hippocampus
B) The Frontal Lobe

XI) Disorders
    A) Amnesia
            1) Partial or total forgetting of past or present experiences due to brain damage
    B) Anterograde Amnesia
            1) Person can remember events before the brain damage occurred, but cannot
                retain any new information
    C) Retrograde Amnesia
            1) Inability to remember events that happened before the brain damage occurred
    D) Psychogenic Fugue
            1) Traveling amnesia
            2) Once person feels psychologically safe, they regain previous memories and
                 forget those during the fugue
    E) Korsakoff’’s Syndrome
            1) Usually a result of chronic alcoholism due to a thiamin (vitamin B1) deficiency
            2) Severe anterograde amnesia

XII) Improving Memory
    A) Organization
            1) Memory greatly enhanced by actively organizing material as it is learned
    B) Spaced Practice
            1) Shorter practice sessions spaced widely apart; more effective than massed
                practice
    C) Mnemonic Devices
            1) Strategies that can increase memory, esp. for material that is not easily
                organized
            2) Impose an artificial structure on items that would otherwise be hard to
                remember
    D) Method of Loci
            1) Involves pairing each thing to be remembered with one of an organized set of
                familiar locations
    E) The Peg-Word Method
            1) Connecting each thing to be remembered in an interactive image with each
                item on a standard list
            2) Example list: One is a bun, two is a shoe, ...
    F) Acronyms
            1) Representing each item with a single letter that fits into a familiar word or
                phrase
            2) Example: "all cars eat gas" for the spaces in the bass clef
    G) Overlearning
            1) Practicing material well beyond the point needed to recall it for the moment
    H) Recall Practice
            1) Practicing recalling  material rather than just rereading it; Especially useful for
                college material

XIII)  Related Links