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Chapter 5
Variations in Consciousness
I) Circadian Rhythms
    A) Changes in energy level, mood, & efficiency through the day
            1) Controlled by the hypothalamus
            2) In the absence of outside cues, people fall into a 25 hour rhythm
            3) Outside cues draw us into a 24 hr. rhythm
            4) Jet Lag: Results from changing time zones too quickly for the circadian
                rhythms to change
II) Sleep
    A) 4 successive stages of  non-REM sleep plus REM sleep
            1) Stage 1
                a) Very light sleep
                b) Alpha waves are replaced with random activity
            2) Stage 2
                a) Sleep is deeper.
            3) Stage 3
                a) Sleep is deeper yet.
            4) Stage 4
                a) Very deep sleep
    B) REM Sleep
        1) Rapid eye movements  take place here
        2) EEG resembles waking pattern
        3) Signals from the motor cortex to the body are blocked
        4) Dreaming occurs
        5) Everyone dreams, even if they don't recall doing so; we tend to remember only
            the dreams that occur just before waking
        6) Functions of REM:
            a) Memory Consolidation
            b) Clearing of unnecessary memories

III) Sleep Cycles
    A) For the first two cycles, people progress down to stage 4, remain there
         awhile, then return to stage 2 & enter REM
    B) In later cycles
            1) Stage 4 seldom occurs
            2) Amount of REM steadily increases
            3) Most get 1 1/2 hours of REM & Stage 4 per night
    C) Quality & quantity of sleep diminish with age
    D) Stage 4 sleep diminishes the most in older adults
    E) Sleep Deprivation
            1) Causes lapses in attention, irritability, hand tremors
            2)  Loss of 4 nights sleep may lead to paranoia &   hallucinations
            3) Loss of sleep leads to REM rebound when the individual finally does get to
                sleep

IV) Dream Content
    A) Dreams reflect real-life worries, hopes, & desires
    B) Most involve people & places you know

V) Dream Meaning
    A) Freud: Dreams reflect the unconscious
    B) Recent research:  Dreams are a side effect of memory consolidation

VI) Sleep Disorders
    A) Somnambulism
            1) Occurs in Stage 4 sleep
            2) Person is not conscious
            3) It is not dangerous to awaken a sleepwalker
    B) Nightmares
            1) Vivid, disturbing dreams that occur in REM sleep
            2) More frequent when people are under emotional stress
    C) Narcolepsy
            1) Involves brain abnormality
            2) Person may suddenly fall into REM sleep without warning
    D) Sleep Apnea
            1) A dangerous condition where the person stops breathing while asleep
            2) Treated with devices that keep airways open
    E) Insomnia
            1) Impairment in functioning due to inability to sleep
            2) One major cause is worry about having insomnia

VII) Controlling Consciousness
    A) Meditation
            1) Alters consciousness through intense concentration
            2) Blocks out distractions
    B) Hypnosis
            1) A trance-like state
            2) Great concentration
            3) High suggestibility
            4) Reduced response to outside stimuli
    C) Hypnosis Facts
            1) Hypnotized subjects are fully aware of where they are and what they are doing
            2) People will not violate their moral standards under hypnosis
            3) People aren't any stronger while hypnotized -- they won't be able to do
                anything they can't do normally
            4) Even the most cooperative subjects seldom will reveal secrets under hypnosis
            5) A hypnotized person can & will lie, esp. if the hypnotist suggests lying would be
                a good idea
            6) People under hypnosis may change their demeanor if told they are much
                younger, but don't actually act like a child of that age
            7) The hypnotist only makes suggestions, which the subject can choose to follow
                or ignore
            8) The subject is in total control

VIII)  Related Links