II) Behaviorist Theory
    A) Social Cognitive Theory
            1) Bandura
                a) Reciprocal Determinism
                b) Self-Efficacy
                    1) One's perception of personal effectiveness
                    2) One of Bandura's  personal/cognitive factors)
            2) Rotter's Locus of Control
                a) Internal Locus
                b) External Locus

III) Psychoanalytic Theory
    A) Assumptions
            1) Traits transcend situations
            2) Personality formed in childhood
    B) Personality components
            1) Id: Concerned with drive satisfaction, provides the motive power;
                follows the pleasure principle
                a) Primary drives: sex and aggression
            2) Ego: Rational thought; controls & channels id; follows the reality
                principle
            3) Superego: Oversees balance between ego & id; internalized parental
                control; much like a conscience
C) Psychosexual Stages
        1) Oral Stage
            a) Infants are preoccupied with the mouth as a source of pleasure and
                means of expressions
        2) Anal Stage
            a) Kids learn about delay of gratification
            b) Kids gain pleasure and libido satisfaction from being in control
            c) Anal Personality
                1) Problems in the anal stage supposedly lead to either excessive
                    orderliness or excessive messiness
        3) Phallic Stage
            a) Freud believed sex-role identification occurred
            b) Mechanisms included castration anxiety (Oedipus, boys) & penis
                envy (Elektra, girls)
            c) Phallic Personality
                1) Problems in the phallic stage supposedly lead to sex-role
                    identification problems, promiscuity, vanity, or exhibitionism
        4) Latency Stage
            a) A time of focus on achievement and mastery of skills
            b) Libido is channeled into mastery activities
            c) Freud thought little of interest happened here
            d) Others have argued the sense of  self-esteem is established here
        5) Genital Stage
            a) The time of mature personality, intimacy with others
            b) Libido satisfied by adult- type sexual activity
III) The MMPI-2
    A) The most widely-used inventory
    B) Consists of 567 true-false questions
    C) MMPI-2: Clinical Scales
            1) Hypochondriasis(Hs):  Exaggerated concern about physical health
            2) Depression (D):  Distress, depression
            3) Hysteria (Hy):  Physical symptoms w/ no cause
            4) Psychopathic Deviate (Pd):  Disregard for moral & social standards
            5) Masculinity-Femininity (Mf):  Having traditional male or female
                traits
            6) Paranoia (Pa): Fear of others & suspiciousness
            7) Psychasthenia (Pt): Rigidity, tension, worry
            8) Schizophrenia (Sc): bizarre & unusual thinking
            9) Hypomania (Ma): Excitability, impulsiveness
          10) Social Introversion (S): Modesty, Shyness

X) Projective Tests
    A) The Rorschach
             1) Subject tells what each blot looks like and what aspect of the blot
                triggered that response
            2) Responses scored on use of parts vs. wholes, movement, content, use
                of color
            3) Criticized for lack of reliability, low validity (inability to predict
                behavior)
    B) The TAT
            1) Consists of 19 vague or ambiguous drawings
            2) Person describes what is happening in each
    C) Sentence Completion
            1) A projective test requiring completion of open-ended sentences
            2) May be more reliable than the TAT

XI) Magazine Quizzes
    A) "Personality" tests in popular magazines often use vague terms and rely on the the "Barnum Effect".  "Always have a little something foreverybody.” (Famed circus owner P.T. Barnum)
             1) In this case involves having everyone's assessment be vague (so it
                fits) but positive (so you'll believe it)

XII)  Related Links