Glossary

Achievement motivation:

"...achievement motivation: The desire to experience success and to participate in activities in which success depends on personal effort and abilities..."(Slavin, 2003, p.339).

Appreciation:

"Appreciation...means more than merely to like. It begins with valuing, proceeds with seeking, and is fulfilled in perceiving...a synonym for gratitude" (Berends, 1986).

Artificial emergence systems:

"...artificial emergence systems...are built with a conscious understanding of what emergence is"(Johnson, 2001, p. 20).

Attention :

"Attention determines the activity of the brain"(Schwartz & Begley, 2002, p. 329).

Butterfly effect:

"The butterfly effect came to be the most familiar icon of the new science, and appropriately so, for it is the signature of chaos. The phrase comes from the title of a 1979 paper by Lorentz called 'Predictability: Does the Flap of a Butterfly's Wings in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas?' The idea is that, in a chaotic system, small disturbances grow exponentially fast, rendering long-term prediction impossible" (Strogatz, 2003, p. 183)

Chaos:

"Ecologists stumbled upon chaos in a simple model for the dynamics of a wildlife population. ...a handful of pure mathematicians starting with Henri Poincare had known about chaos for 70 years. ...that's typical of the obstacles facing the development of any cross-disciplinary science. Most scientists work comfortably in their narrow specialties, walled off from their intellectual neighbors by barriers of language, taste, and scientific culture. Lorentz was not like that. He was a meteorologist whose first love had been mathematics. There were people like him in every field, mavericks within their own communities. What they had in common was a feeling for dynamics, for flow, for hidden patterns and symmetries, and above all, for the lure of the darkest corner of theoretical science: the realm of non-linear problems.

In the Autumn of 1988, when Lou Pecora, ...working at the U.S Naval Research Laboratory in WA, studying positron annihilation in solids, spin waves in magnets, and other problems in solid state physics, asked himself if chaos could be useful. Pecora and his postdoctoral fellow Tom Carrol..."(Strogatz, 2003, p. 194)

"Chaos can sync"

"To understand how chaos works, the first step is to understand chaos itself.

In colloquial usage, chaos means a state of total disorder.

In its technical sense, however, chaos refers to a state that only appears random, but is actually generated by nonrandom laws. It looks erratic superficially, yet it contains cryptic patterns and is governed by rigid rules. It's predictable in the short run but unpredictable in the long run. And it never repeats itself: Its behavior is nonperiodic.

The chaos governed by the Lorentz equations, for example, is vividly illustrated by a strange and beautiful contraption, a desktop waterwheel designed by William Malkus, one of Lorentz's former colleagues at MIT" (Strogatz, 2003, pps. 184-186)

Chronosystem:

"...chronosystem: patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course of the sociohistorical conditions in which the individual lives"(Brofenbrenner, 1979, 1986, 1993).

Circle Technique:

"In the Circle Technique, you view a question by giving details concerning the different internal and external influences affecting the situation.

You are the center of the circle.

Your external influences and environment lie outside the circumference of the circle.

The circle's circumference is the contact boundary between you and your external influences.

Shake the circle up to merge the perspectives for a possible outcome or an overview of the situation"(Day, 1996, p. 167).

Classical morphology

"...classical morphology explained the observed homologies as due to a universal law of harmony and conceived the organism as a microcosm, a unity in the multitude, governed by this law. It was this aesthetic factor of balance and harmony which must have been the impetus for Goethe�s involvement in natural science. Although it was only later that the term 'homology' got its strict definition: Owens, in 1948, called organs homologous if they corresponded in their position, irrespective of their function, while analogous organs were only functionally equivalent" (Bertalanffy,1975, p. 87).

Compartment theory:

"Compartment theory, the investigation of systems consisting of subunits between which transport processes take place. ...an open system. LaPlace transforms, net- and graph- theory make analysis possible...the most general formal properties of systems can be axiomatized in terms of self-regulation of living systems is especially striking in the restoration following disturbances, in the regeneration of lost parts, and the goal-directed behavior of organisms. The explanation of these phenomena was the arena in which the battle between mechanism and vitalism was fought" (Bertalanffy, 1975).

Constructivism:

"The National Research Council held that both Vygotsky and Piaget studied ...a new science of learning: its focus on the processes of knowing. ...even young infants are active learners" (Bransford, Brown & Cocking, 2000, p. 10).

Cosmic Quantum mechanics:

"Cosmic Quantum mechanics:

...de Broglie described a variation inherent in sub-atomic particles which describes and determines their possible trajectories, the rule being that the possible rays of its wave are the same as its possible trajectories, and

(1) the derivative of B over A

IND dL =an extremum, and

(2) the derivative of dL over lambda= an integer for stable ORBITS.

IND = N (X,Y,Z) + the index of refraction of de Broglie's wave.

Thales describes the vibration inherent in cosmic bodies with the formula:

(3) F = .072 times the square root of NUM over R in astronomical units

where NUM = the average atomic number of constituent atoms. This formula is approximate, based on the assumption that NUM = 1 for JUPITER.

Making use of Equation (2) and of de Broglie's ideas, Thales gets

(4) IND + C/V = C/F times 1/Lambda =

INT = INTEGER = One for each planet but > 1

For stars in a galaxy, particularly in elliptical" (Humphrey, 1973, p. 211).

"The smallest physical units behave on the one hand like corpuscles and on the other like waves; as a result certain phenomena must be described by the particle scheme, others by the wave scheme and both concepts are equally necessary and complement each other in representing different aspects of reality" (Bertalanffy, 1975, p. 136-143).

Creative visualization:

"Creative visualization is the technique of using your imagination to create what you want in your life" (Gawain, 1995, 17).

"Every moment of your life is infinitely creative and the universe is endlessly bountiful. Just put forth a clear enough request and everything your heart truly desires must come to you" (Gawain, 1995, 16).

"The only thing necessary is that you have the desire to enrich your knowledge and experience, and an open enough mind to try something new in a positive spirit" (Gawain, 1995, 20).

Cybernetics:

"...cybernetics, a term introduced by Norbert Wiener in 1948. It became evident that the cybernetic or feedback model is applicable to many biological phenomena. These include all the phenomena comprised under the term homeostasis, such as temperature regulation, etc." (Bertalanffy, 1975, 118-120).

"The best known of the various system approaches is cybernetics, the theory of 'communication and control,' with its basic concepts of information transfer and feedback. Although the feedback scheme is widely applicable, the frequent identification of cybernetics with system theory is incorrect. Cybernetic systems represent one highly important, but rather special case of general systems" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 136-143).

Darwin:

"...from the appearance of Darwin's work in 1859 to the 1920s there was an enormous amount of discussion... Eduard von Hartmann's critique in 1875 was one of the earliest and is still the best. I reviewed the main arguments in 1949, but evolutionists paid little attention. [1952 translated into English]" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 136-143).

Deterministic state:

"That's what it means to be deterministic: the current state determines the future state uniquely"(Strogatz, 2003, 187).

Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow:

"Lorentz's paper 'Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow,' buried on pages 130 to 141 of the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, was cited only about once a year for the first decade of its existence. But once the chaos revolution was in full swing, in the 1970s and 1980s, the little model averaged a hundred citations a year.

...A few scientists in diverse fields began to realize that they were all seeing manifestations of the same mysterious phenomenon" (Strogatz, 2003, 187).

Ecological systems theory:

"...ecological systems theory: 5 systems or environments affect the individual and their interactions with their environment:

microsystem: setting in which an individual lives...

mesosystem: relation between microsystems or connections between contexts...

exosystem: experience in social areas where individual has no active role...

macrosystem: culture in which individual lives...

chronosystem: patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course

of the sociohistorical conditions in which the individual lives"(Brofenbrenner, 1979,

1986, 1993).

Eleatics:

"...eleatics, who taught that only a static being was real and that all changes are illusions. This controversy has persisted in one form or another throughout the epochs of occidental philosophy and science. The Eleatic viewpoint is inherent in atomism and finds _expression in a biology which emphasizes structure over function and which compares the organism to a crystal"(Bertalanffy,).

Electromagnetic radiation [ER] :

"On Oct. 19, 1900, German physicist, Max Planck, submitted to the Berlin Physical society, a proposal: ...electromagnetic radiation [ER] exists as tiny, indivisible packets of energy (quanta),rather than as a continuous stream" (Schwartz & Begley, 2002, 261).

Emergent complexity:

"Emergent complexity without adaptation ...has no function...dynamic means it forms patterns in time as well as space

artificial emergence systems...are built with a conscious understanding of what emergence is" (Johnson, 2001, 20).

Epigenetic landscape:

"Many system problems concern structural or topological properties of systems rather than quantitative relations and these can be handled by graph theory and net theory. Waddington's 'epigenetic landscape' belongs to these topological approaches" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 136-143).

Ethics:

"Spinoza's ethics is the most remarkable effort in this direction. Then, with the development of classical mechanics a system of absolute natural laws governing the ultimate material of reality was formulated. Thus, not only the world of inert matter, but also that of life and the soul were interpreted as a game of atoms. This was the mechanistic world view which also formed the basis for Kant's theory of cognition. Modern physics as well as modern biology showed that this was insufficient.

Today we are striving for a world view which regards the organismic model, and biological rather than physical concepts, as fundamental. This new perspective, however, differs from previous ones in an important point: it realizes its relativity and limitations...

The limitation and effectiveness of creative scientific thinking lies in the realization that our symbols and models reflect reality in a for a modern concept of life and for a reorientation of the scientific world view.... these topics comprise molecular and organismic biology, feedback mechanisms and open systems, cybernetics and general system theory and finally, the question of man's position in nature in a necessarily limited way. In contrast to the dogmatism of previous times, we now recognize that we see the world in a perspective, and that our cognition of it is but an aspect of reality" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 113-114).

Exosystem:

"...experience in social areas where individual has no active role"(Brofenbrenner, 1979,

1986, 1993).

Feedback circuit :

"A model of goal-directed behavior is offered by modern control technology. The basic principle is that of the feedback circuit, such as that found in a thermostatic regulation.

....The theory of such feedback mechanisms is known as

'open systems', a theory only a few decades old....deals with the kinetics of reactions in open systems as well as with the energetic conditions of these reactions, their thermodynamics"(Bertalanffy, 1975, 118-120).

Feedback loop :

"...the likelihood of a feedback loop correlates directly to the general interconnectedness of the system" (Johnson, 2001, 115).

General System Theory:

"General System Theory...aims at a general theory of wholeness, of entire systems in which many variables interact and in which their organization produces strong interactions"(Bertalanffy, 1975, 121-122).

Gratitude:

"Gratitude is thankfulness for what is so (the givens in life) rather than for what is imagined or wished for. It has to do with grace. It is only in the moment of gratitude that grace becomes effective" (Berends, 1975/1986, 172)

Hardware:

(control technology, automation, computerization, etc.)

Healing:

"...to cure most illnesses, we need to understand living systems in their integrity" (Barabasi, 2002, 181).

Healthy egos:

"...healthy egos have implicit trust in the spirit's overview and are therefore guided unerringly through the living matrix of structural information that opens ever before them. ...as their co-creative expression with spirit matures, the frequency of their exchange quickens until it oscillates so many times per second that it requires some effort to distinguish ego from spirit. In healthy function, the two work together in much the same way as do the mitochondria and organelles of a human cell. The cell itself is the true entity, rarely considered in terms of its components; so it is with ego and spirit in the true human. ...a partnership of spirit and ego is so rapid and smooth an energy exchange that, like components of the cell, they are not normally considered distinct from the entity they together compose. ... when the debilitating assumptions of history are pulled out from beneath human genius, it will be like a ship lifting anchor or a bird taking to the air. The future holds inventions of a far more organic nature than those of the historical era ...they will be ecologically enhancing, durable, and easy to produce. But the chief feature distinguishing them from solid state historical structures is that they will be alive" (Corey. 1991/1995, 146).

Hierachical order:

"...the most important is that of hierachical order. In Living nature, this problem is intimately connected with problems of differentiation, of negentropic trends which transcend present mathematical and physical theory" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 136-143).

Homology:

"Homology is a basic concept in comparative anatomy, morphology, and the theory of evolution. ...It is not a purely zoological concept, but rather a special case of �'isomorphy' occurring in general systems" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 85-86).

"Homology plays an important role also in genetics and molecular biology, since it is used to explain the correspondence of chromosome segments and DNA-chains as well as genetically determined enzymes and their reactions..." (Bertalanffy, 1975, 85-86).

Hubs

"Hubs: Just as in society, a few connectors know an unusually large number of people, ... the architecture of the world wide web is dominated by a few very highly connected nodes, or hubs" (Barabasi, 2002, 58).

Imagination:

"...it is important to learn to see beyond the senses. On a material plane this faculty of looking beyond is usually called

imagination. ...the transition from a material to a spiritual concept of reality must be made in consciousness" (Berends, 1975/1986,171)

Integration:

"Chapter 9 Integration

One of the minds most interesting features is its capacity to interconnect a range of processes within its present activity, as well as its functioning across time. Researchers studying diverse aspects of mental life...from social psychology to the neurosciences...have used the term 'integration' to refer to the collaborative, linking functions that coordinate various levels of processes within the mind and between people. ...integration can be understood as a fundamental aspect of interpersonal experience and the developing mind" (Siegel, 1999, 301).

Interpersonal experience:

"...interpersonal experience shapes brain structure and function, from which the mind emerges"(Siegel, 1999, 301).

Intuitive impressions:

"...the meaning and significance of intuitive impressions reflect your unique individuality" (Day, 1996, 191).

Irreversible thermodynamics:

"The expansion of conventional thermodynamic theory to include open systems is known as irreversible thermodynamics" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 118-120).

ISSS (International Society for Systems Sciences):

"This led to the foundation of the society for General System Research (initially named Society for General System Theory)" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 155).

"This society still exists today under the name ISSS, International Society for Systems Sciences" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 159).

Liapunov functions:

"In external description the system is considered a black box; its relations to environment and other systems are graphically presented in block and flow diagrams. The system description is in terms of inputs and outputs. ...its general forms are transfer functions relating input and output. ...typically is in terms of communication (exchange of information between a system and its environment and within the system) and control of the system's function with respect to the environment (feedback), to use Wiener's definition of cybernetics. As mentioned, internal and external descriptions largely coincide with descriptions by continuous or discrete functions"(Bertalanffy, 1975, 162).

Linear equations:

"Linear equations describe simple, idealized situations where causes are proportional to effects and forces are proportional to responses"(Strogatz, 2003, 179).

LTD (long-term depression):

"...occurs when a synapse is altered so that it is less likely to fire. By making the wrong connection less likely, quicker learning is promoted. This occurs when we do trial and error learning (Siegfried, 1997). In other words, cells change their receptivity to messages based on previous stimulation" (Jensen, 1998, 14).

LTP (Lasting learning, or long-term potentiation):

" Learning and memory are two sides of a coin�.if you have learned something, the only evidence of the learning is memory. Donald Hebb, the great Canadian psychologist, correctly postulated over fifty years ago that learning occurs when a cell requires less input from another cell the next time it's activated....LTP has tentatively been accepted as essential to the actual process of learning. Since its discovery in1973 by Bliss and Lomo, countless experiments have defined its intricacies"

A cell is electrically stimulated over and over so that it excites a nearby cell. If a weaker stimulus is then applied to the neighboring cell a short time later, the cell's ability to get excited is enhanced... (Jensen, 1998, 14).

Macrosystem:

"Macrosystem: culture in which individual lives"(Brofenbrenner, 1979,

1986, 1993).

Mental power:

"Does use and exertion of mental power gradually change the material structure of the brain, just as we see, for example, that much-used muscles become stronger? It is not improbable, although the scalpel cannot easily demonstrate this." Quote from Samuel Thomas Soemmering, 1791 (Restak, 2003, ix).

Mesosystem:

"Mesosystem: relation between microsystems or connections between contexts"(Brofenbrenner, 1979, 1986, 1993).

Metacognition:

"...metacognitive behavior and children's learning modes, the ability of the child to function and grow as an independent knowledge seeker, is realized" (Brofenbrenner, 1979, 1986, 1993).

Microsystem:

"Microsystem: setting in which an individual lives"(Brofenbrenner, 1979, 1986, 1993).

Miracles:

"What at first might seem amazing or impossible to the very limited type of education our rational minds have received, become perfectly understandable once we learn and practice with the underlying concepts involved. ...you are working miracles in your Life" (Gawain, 1995, 21).

Morphogenesis:

From Albert Turing (who died in 1954), Johnson offers the definition of: "morphogenesis: the capacity of all life-forms to develop ever more baroque bodies out of impossibly simple beginnings" (Johnson, 2001, 14).

Morphology:

"The origins of morphology provide a strange example for the parallelism of discoveries which is so often found in the history of science. Its basic concepts were discovered twice in almost identical formulation: once in the 1790s by Goethe, and then about twenty years later by Geoffrey St. Hilaire....It is...true that Platonism was an essential ingredient in classical morphology, but it is not essential for typology" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 85-86).

"...morphology in biology but also as the source of a dynamic philosophy of nature"(Bertalanffy, 1975, 136-143).

Music :

"But what is listening to music if not the search for patterns"(Johnson, 2001, 128).

Neo-Darwinism:

"Neo-Darwinism or the Synthetic Theory of evolution has incorporated genetics, cytology, molecular biology as well as physiological and population genetics into its framework" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 136-143).

Neo-positivism :

"Academic philosophy became far removed from the realities of our time and its mightiest force, science and technology. The breakdown of religion and philosophy was followed by the collapse of social values. The first half of the century was dominated by

neo-positivism in varying forms: sense data, protocol sentences, Cartesian matter, and related neo-positivist concepts proved to be widely off the mark as ultimate in scientific procedure and in the actual disciplines from physics to sociology and beyond. Existentialism flourished as a counter movement in the early period after the First World War. What remained was a vulgar materialism which deified material affluence and made man a beast in sex and aggression. This, in turn, found its

reductio ad absurdumin the many flaws of civilization such as pollution, race and students' riots, escapism in the drug culture, wanton crime, mental disorders, sects of unreason, in the intellectual breakdown of an affluent society based on that crude materialism. There is a physical relativity due to the fact that all our knowledge is human knowledge and a cultural relativity due to our situation at a certain point in human history" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 136-143).

Neuroplasticity:

"Neuroplasticity: refers to the ability of neurons to forge new connections, to blaze new paths through the cortex, even to assume new roles ...rewiring of the brain (was thought in 20^th Century Science to have been lost with the final years of childhood)" (Barabasi, 2002,15).

Nonlinearity :

"In fact, life depends on nonlinearity. In any situation where the whole is not equal to the sum of the parts, where things are cooperating or competing, not just adding up their separate contributions, you can be sure that nonlinearity is present....This synergistic character of nonlinear systems is precisely what makes them so difficult to analyze. They can't be taken apart. The whole system has to be examined all at once, as a coherent entity....this necessity for global thinking is the greatest challenge in understanding how large systems of oscillators can spontaneously synchronize themselves. More generally, all problems about self-organization are fundamentally nonlinear. ...In 1963, while trying to understand the nonpredictability of weather, Lorenz wrote down a set of three differential equations, nonlinear ones"(Strogatz, 2003, 179)

Noosphere:

The Universe as conceived by: "... noosphere...Teillard de Chardin" (Johnson, 2001, 115).

OCD, 4 Steps:

"OCD, 4 Steps:

Re-label

Reattribute

Refocus

Revalue"(Schwartz & Begley, 2002, 278).

Open systems:

"open systems, a theory only a few decades old...deals with the kinetics of reactions in open systems as well as with the energetic conditions of these reactions, their thermodynamics" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 118-120).

Organismic conception:

"...organismic conception....In living systems, we find an enormous range of levels of organization....In contrast to the second law of thermodynamics which prescribes that physical processes proceed in the direction of increasing probability and uniformity, the living organism is maintained in a state of fantastic improbability....The

principle of selection is not a physical law...complicated molecules will disintegrate. In the realm of physics and chemistry there is no principle saying that certain systems tend to maintain themselves; that a 'survival of the fittest' or a transition

to higher order and organization takes place"(Bertalanffy, 1975, 117).

Pacemaker:

Johnson, in the Introduction to Emergence, traces the

"... evolution of this new science, suggesting the problem of the pacemaker to be the conflicting difference between mechanistic, Darwinian concepts of evolution and the new paradigm of functionality as the adaptive behavior of choice for the organism. In August, 2000, in Japan, Toshiyuki Nakagaki announced he had trained an amoeba-like organism called the slime mold to find the shortest route through a maze. Software and video games of the 21^st century are designed on the principles observed in the slime mold population" (Johnson, 2001, 22).

Pacemaker theories:

"...He also mentions the work on pacemaker theories by B.M Shafer in 1962 and how Evelyn Fox Keller, Lee Segal, and Mitch Resnick at MIT performed their classic study in bottom-up behavior....The epic clash and subsequent resolution of the dialectic animated the first half of the 19^th Century; the Darwinian and social reform movements used scattered web imagery through the second half of the Century. The first few decades of the 20^th Century found their ultimate expression in the exuberant anarchy of the explosion, while later decades lost themselves in the faceless regimen of the grid....Charles Darwin and George Eliot used the web as a way of understanding biological evolution and social struggles: a half century later, the futurists embraced the explosions of machine-gun fire, while Picasso used them to re-create the horrors of war in Guernica. ...an undeniable component of the history of thinking"(Johnson, 2001, 22).

Panta rhei:

In 1950-1953: "...from the dawn of Greek philosophy, there has come down to us a saying of Heraclitus of Ephesus: Panta rhei, everything is in flux. He was arguing against a rival philosophy, that of Parmenides and his school of eleatics, who taught that only a static being was real and that all changes are illusions. This controversy has persisted in one form or another throughout the epochs of occidental philosophy and science. The Eleatic viewpoint is inherent in atomism and finds _expression in a biology which emphasizes structure over function and which compares the organism to a crystal"

Paradigms:

"Laszlo states that his mentor, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, had a breadth of vision coupled with penetrating logic, founded on solid technical and experimental knowledge. It is only the truly great scientist who can rise above his field, having mastered its techniques and theories, and take in broader horizons. These men turn to philosophy as a means of assessing the meaning and significance of what they have done and are trying to do. We get more than theories, we get perspectives or paradigms as Thomas Kuhn describes them.

Perspectives:

"...differing perspectives....what counts as primary, or irreducible data?" (Schwartz & Begley, 2002, 256).

Principle of selection:

"The principle of selection...is not a physical law....complicated molecules will disintegrate. In the realm of physics and chemistry there is no principle saying that certain systems tend to maintain themselves; that a 'survival of the fittest' or a transition to higher order and organization takes place" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 117).

Process philosophy:

Process philosophy "Whitehead: the reality is the process."

Pseudovitalism:

"...pseudovitalism; it already presupposes a basic difference between inanimate and animate nature. The self-preservation of living systems requires and presupposes an ordering of their processes. In the cell as well as in the organism physical and chemical processes are ordered in such a way that they achieve not only the self-preservation, but also the development and evolution of the system. This self-regulation of living systems is especially striking in the restoration following disturbances, in the regeneration of lost parts, and the goal-directed behavior of organisms. The explanation of these phenomena was the arena in which the battle between mechanism and vitalism was fought.

Psychophysical laws:

"Australian philosopher, David Chalmers:

'We need psychophysical laws, connecting physical laws to subjective experience'" (Schwartz & Begley, 2002, 47).

Pythagorean school of philosophy:

"...some 2500 years ago, Alcmaeon of Croton, an associate of the Pythagorean school of philosophy, proposed that conscious experience originates in the stuff of the brain" (Schwartz & Begley, 2002, 23).

Quantum theory:

In quantum theory, experience is the essential reality, and matter is viewed as a representation of the primary reality, which is experience.

Reductionism:

"Reductionism: The all-encompassing laws of self-organization" (Barabasi, 2002, 237).

Reductionist approach:

"We seem to witness, in contemporary science, a change in basic categories of knowledge, of which the complexities of modern technology represent only one, and probably not even the most important, manifestation. This development is related to the revision of the so-called mechanistic approach in science. The latter was epitomized in the third Axiom of Descartes' Discours de la Method, which states that one should 'start with the simplest objects most easy of discernment, in order to rise gradually step by step to an understanding of the most complex'- a statement which summarizes the analytical or reductionist approach. In contrast to this, we are now confronted with problems loosely indicated by terms like system, organization, and the like. Not even physics is mechanistic anymore, since matter became dematerialized in modern theory, determinism reached its limits in quantum theory and ultimate particles are entities defined only by highly abstract mathematical expressions...the conventional categories, concepts, and models of physics and chemistry do not deal with organismic characteristics. They leave out just what is specific to living things and life processes, consciously and purposely, psychology in the first half of this century set out to model itself after the paradigms of physics" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 136-143).

Redundancy:

"Redundancy: a huge number of alternate paths between most pairs of nodes" (Barabasi, 2002, 111).

Rehearsal:

"... rehearsal The extended repetition of material after it has been presented" (Santrock, 1994, 250).

Resonance:

"...resonance of states bonds patient and therapist. By joining they become part of a larger system that develops its own self-organizational processes and coherent life history. In many ways, therapy reflects the challenge of all human relationships: understanding and accepting people as they are, and yet nurturing further integration and growth. These connections within ourselves and with others are the essence of living vital lives and remaining open to all layers of our own emerging experiences" (Siegel, 1999, 300).

Return to the conditioned reflex:

"Present-day society and civilization are essentially determined by a tendency which I have called the return to the conditioned reflex. Since Nietzsche first recognized the nihilism of our civilization, the resulting devaluation of higher values with the concomitant moral decay and spread of mental disorders, the techniques of the conditioned reflex developed in animal psychology have assumed an importance never expected previously. ...If a meaningless signal is associated often enough with the gratification of a drive, the desired or expected behavior is automatically released by this otherwise meaningless signal. This is essentially Pavlov's technique. The desired behavior may also be achieved by rewarding its accidental occurrence. This is the technique of animal trainers and psychologists like Skinner. Furthermore, the motivation research founded by Dr. Dichter in Vienna is developing into a science of mass persuasion utilizing advertising and mass media in the service of our commercial-militaristic society. These techniques can indeed achieve what the advertising agency wants. They can make the human animal buy everything and anything, from detergents to cigarettes, from cars to American presidents, up to wars and atomic self-destruction. This is the practical outcome of a theoretical view which sees in human behavior only a slight variation of animal behavior. What has been lost--because it was never included in the original premises--are the specifically human features of responsibility, free decision, and true human values. Referring to an expression of the sociologist Reisman, human behavior is increasingly other-directed by the modern methods of mass persuasion and the mass media... the increasing bestialization of man and ...the outcome of his 'scientific' conditioning towards the subhuman drives of aggression, blood thirst, and lust for destruction can be one of only two possibilities: at best, a Brave New World as described by Aldous Huxley, populated by human machines... and, at worst, the atomic self-destruction of a mankind that has exhausted its God-given heritage for the pottage of pseudo-civilization" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 124-126).

Rhythmicity :

"Rhythmicity means that something repeats its behavior at regular time intervals: sync means that two things happen simultaneously....Synchronous fireflies not only flash in unison, they also flash periodically, at fixed intervals"(Strogatz, 2003, 198-199).

Robot model:

"The result was the robot model of man, dominated by the stimulus-response (S-R) and conditioning scheme of behavior derived from animal experiments and bypassing or denying any specificity of human as compared to animal behavior, a revision of basic categories appears to be due and is manifest in recent developments in psychology, such as the theories of Piaget and Inhelder" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 136-143).

Scaffolding:

"...scaffolding (Vygotsky, 1978). An important caregiver's role in early parent-child interaction. Through their attention and choice of behaviors, caregivers provide a framework around which they interact with infants" (Santrock, 1994, 435).

Schema:

"schema: Information that already exists in an individual's mind" (Santrock, 1994, 256).

Scheme:

" ...scheme ...A cognitive structure or network of associations that organizes and guides an individual's perceptions"(Santrock, 1994, 381).

"Scheme: The basic unit of an organized pattern of sensorimotor functioning" (Santrock, 1994, 201).

Scientific method:

"... scientific method An approach that can be used to discover accurate information about behavior and development and that includes the following steps: identify and analyze the problem, collect data, draw conclusions and revise theories" (Santrock, 1994, 35)

Script:

"script...A schema for events" (Santrock, 1994, 257).

SDLC System development life cycle:

"SDLC System development life cycle

...a methodology to develop information systems that consist of these phases: problem definition, analysis, design and programming, testing and implementation, and maintenance. ...SDLC is one of the oldest and most traditional methods for developing information systems" (Gupta, 2000, 298).

Selection:

"...selection presupposes self-maintenance, adaptability, reproduction, etc., of the living system. These, therefore, cannot be the effect of selection. ...that a theory so vague, so insufficiently verifiable, and so far from the criteria otherwise applied in 'hard' science, could become a dogma, can be explained only on sociological grounds.
Society and science have been steeped in the ideas of mechanism, utilitarianism, and the economic concept of free competition; instead of God, selection was enthroned as ultimate reality.

On the other hand, it seems symptomatic that the present discontent with the state of the world is also felt in evolutionary theory. I believe this is the explanation why leading evolutionists like J. Huxley and Dobzhansky express sympathy with the somewhat muddled mysticism of Teillard de Chardin" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 136-143).

Self-preservation:

"The self-preservation of complex organic systems is already pre-supposed in the principle of selection. The seemingly mechanistic explanation offered for the origin of life is, in reality, a pseudovitalism" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 118-120).

Self-regulation of living systems:

"...self-regulation of living systems is especially striking in the restoration following disturbances, in the regeneration of lost parts, and the goal-directed behavior of organisms" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 136-143).

Set theory:

"...set theory...Many system problems concern structural or topological properties of systems rather than quantitative relations and these can be handled by graph theory and net theory. Waddington's 'epigenetic landscape' belongs to these topological approaches"(Bertalanffy, 1975, 136-143).

Simulation :

"...this applicability of formal, abstract models is utilized nowadays extensively in the method of simulation....applications of the principle of isomorphy...in a new field of science which I had initiated before the advent of cybernetics. It is the field of General System Theory. ...aims at a general theory of wholeness, of entire systems in which many variables interact and in which their organization produces strong interactions" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 121-122).

Software:

"software... (application of system concepts and theory in social, ecological, and economical, etc., problems)" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 163).

Symbol:

"As a biologist I have found that the specificity of human behavior can best be formulated by means of the concept of symbol and symbolic activities. Man... lives in a world of symbols. Human language is an immense system of symbols...the goal-directedness of our actions is made possible by the symbolic anticipation of an as yet non-existent future. The logical functions and the algorithmic character of language, of thought, and of science would be impossible without symbolic representations. In contrast to the biological values of self-preservation and of the preservation of the species in the struggle for existence, man's values are those of morality and religion. Even human insanity and delusion are only possible on a symbolic basis, due to the existence of unreal ideas. The phenomena of war and of human self-destruction are not forms of the biological struggle for existence, but result from a false deification of symbols, be they called democracy, communism, political economy, religion, or ideology" (Bertalanffy, 1975, 121-122).

Sync:

"So the study of sync has always been entwined with the study of nonlinearity.

Starting in the 1960s and 1970s, all of the pioneers of sync--people like Weiner, Winfree, Kuramoto, Peskin, and Josephson--were already blazing one path up the Mt., on the trail of spontaneous order in enormous systems of oscillators. With the rise of chaos theory, an army of new allies had joined the quest, clambering up a different trail but headed for the same peak"(Strogatz, 2003, 180-182)

Synchronized Chaos:

"..with Robert Newcomb, an electrical engineer at the U of Maryland who designed his own brand of chaotic circuits...

Kevin Cuomo was doing his Ph.D. research on synchronized chaos in electrical circuits and their possible uses in communication"(Strogatz, 2003, 198-199)

"Synchronized chaos brings us face-to-face with a dazzling new kind of order in the universe, or at least one never recognized before: a form of temporal artistry that we once thought uniquely human. It exposes sync as even more pervasive, and even more subtle, than we ever suspected"(Strogatz, 2003, 205).

System:

"System: ...a collection of parts that work together to achieve specific goals and function in an environment" (Gupta, 2000, 401).

System design:

"System design... the process of developing a step-by-step map that shows developers how to convert system requirements into a workable, operational system" (Gupta, 2000, 401)

System Theory:

"System Theory. ...aims at a general theory of wholeness, of entire systems in which many variables interact and in which their organization produces strong interactions"(Bertalanffy, 1975, 121-122).

Systems Technology:

" ...systems technology, the problems arising in modern technology and society"(Bertalanffy, 1975, 163).

System theory of the organism:

"In the 1920s, Bertalanffy called organismic biology 'the system theory of the organism'. ...In 1947, von Bertalanffy ascertained that �there exist models, principles and laws that apply to generalized systems or their subclasses irrespective of their particular kind, the nature of the component elements, and the relations or forces between them. We postulate a new discipline called General System Theory.He created a new paradigm for the development of theories and a new paradigm for transdisciplinary synthesis. Many of our intellectual and almost all of our practical problems have to do with

Self-regulation of living systems:

...self-regulation of living systems is especially striking in the restoration following disturbances, in the regeneration of lost parts, and the goal-directed behavior of organisms" (Bertalanffy, 1975, p. 136-143).

Symbol:

"The explanation of these phenomena was the arena in which the battle between mechanism and vitalism was fought. As a biologist I have found that the specificity of human behavior can best be formulated by means of the concept of symbol and symbolic activities. ...Man... lives in a world of symbols. Human language is an immense system of symbols...the goal-directedness of our actions is made possible by the symbolic anticipation of an as yet non-existent future. The logical functions and the algorithmic character of language, of thought, and of science would be impossible without symbolic representations. In contrast to the biological values of self-preservation and of the preservation of the species in the struggle for existence, man's values are those of morality and religion. Even human insanity and delusion are only possible on a symbolic basis, due to the existence of unreal ideas. The phenomena of war and of human self-destruction are not forms of the biological struggle for existence, but result from a false deification of symbols, be they called democracy, communism, political economy, religion, or ideology" (Bertalanffy, 1975, p. 136-143).

System approaches:

"The best known of the various system approaches is cybernetics, the theory of communication and control, with its basic concepts of information transfer and feedback. Although the feedback scheme is widely applicable, the frequent identification of cybernetics with system theory is incorrect. Cybernetic systems represent one highly important, but rather special case of general systems....system approaches include information theory, the theory of automata, game theory, queueing theory, and others. ...the most important is that of hierachical order. In Living nature, this problem is intimately connected with problems of differentiation, of negentropic trends which transcend present mathematical and physical theory" (Bertalanffy, 1975, p. 136-143).

Systemic phenomena:

"... systemic phenomena (system design, system management, system development, and so on) In 1435, Leon Battista Alberti published his theory of perspective in Florence. The most magnificent system of symbols is human language. Another system of symbols signifying reality is science" (Bertalanffy, 1975, p. 136-143).

Theory of mechanism:

The theory that life ultimately is reducible to physicochemical events and laws is called the theory of mechanism.

Unitive Bonding:

"Unitive Bonding:...Feelings of bliss, awe and wonder....

In The Old Ways, eco-poet laureate Gary Snyder wrote:

'When I was young, I had an immediate deep sympathy with the natural world,...an indefinable awe.'

Carl Jung reported that, while standing on Mt. Kilimanjaro...he saw himself as part of the ongoing pageant of life, a link in the continuing evolutionary chain connecting past, present, and future. This perception forever after gave his life a sense of perspective, showing him his place in history"(Swan, 1992, p. 240-241).

Unorganized complexity:

"Warren Weaver said, up to recent times, science was concerned with linear causality, cause and effect, two-variable problems, stimulus-response and the like. This was the prototype of thinking in classical physics. Somewhat later, the problem of unorganized complexity appeared, which is essentially answered by statistical laws. The paradigm of laws of unorganized complexity is the second principle of thermodynamics. Now, however, we are confronted with problems of organized complexity at all levels of the hierarchic structure of the universe. The classical form of process law is the differential equation. The laws of unorganized complexity are founded in the theory of probability. ...the laws of organized complexity... are essentially system laws" Bertalanffy, 1975, p. 136-143).

Vitalists:

"From the Heraclitean point of view, structure is a result of function and the organism resembles a flame rather than a crystal. The modern eleatic scientist seeks and finds everywhere closed systems in equilibrium, the Heraclitean talks in terms of irreversible processes and steady states. During the heyday of mechanism, physiologists like Claude Bernard and Dubois-Reymond said that organisms were not in static, but in dynamic equilibrium. But the meaning of this term was never clearly defined until, in 1932, von Bertalanffy showed that true equilibria can occur only in closed systems and that, in

open systems, disequilibria called steady states or 'flow equilibria'" (Bertalanffy, 1975, p.127).

"...the vitalists...claimed a vital force, called life force, entelechy, or soul had to be assumed to direct the processes in the organism in a way that preserves the system...but contradicts natural science. ...do we have scientific explanations and models for ordered processes, for the maintenance of disequilibrium, for goal-striving, etc...." (Bertalanffy, 1975).

Whole-word method:

"Whole-word method: A learning to read technique that emphasizes learning direct associations between whole words and their meanings"(Santrock, 1994, p. 315)

Will:

"By exerting its will, Descartes declared, the immaterial human mind could cause the material human machine to move" (Schwartz & Begley 2002, p. 33).

"The true moral act: it is the power of attention...to select one possibility over all others that invests us with an efficacious will" (Schwartz & Begley 2002, p. 325).

World contribution:

"A basic need of all human beings is to make a positive contribution to the world and to our fellow beings, as well as to improve and enjoy our own lives. We all have a great deal to offer the world and to each other, each in our own unique way. To a great degree, our own personal sense of well-being is a function of how much we are expressing this" (Gawain 1995, p. 184).

World view:

"Our survey has shown that from the sixteenth century to the present, our general world view always corresponded to the stages of scientific development. At first, there were the great triumphs in mathematics, documented by names like Descartes, Leibnitz, and Newton. These led to the attempt to create a world view more geometric starting from a number of axioms concerning ultimate reality" (Bertalanffy 1975).

ZPD (Zone of proximal development):

"ZPD (Zone of proximal development) Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with the guidance and assistance of adults or more highly skilled children"(Santrock 1994, p. 223)