Rullers of Eritrea

       1557/58             Ottoman rule
       1865                Egyptian rule
       1882                port of Assab is taken over by the Italian government
 6 Feb 1885                port of Massawa is taken over by Italy;
                           expansion in the hinterland follows
 1 Jan 1890                Italian colony (Eritrea)
 1 Jun 1936                part of Italian East Africa (province of Eritrea, formed by
                           the merger of the colony and the Ethiopian region of Tigre)
       1941                British administration
15 Sep 1952                federated with Ethiopia, under the sovereignty of the
                           Ethiopian crown
14 Nov 1962                integral part of Ethiopia
24 May 1993                independence (State of Eritrea)

Commandant of Assab
       1882 -        1885  Giulio Pestalozzi
Commandants of Massawa
 5 Feb 1885 - 15 Dec 1885  Tancredi Saletta (1st time)        (b. 1843 - d. 1909)
15 Dec 1885 - 18 Mar 1887  Carlo Gen�                         (b. 1836 - d. 1890)
18 Mar 1887 -    Oct 1887  Tancredi Saletta (2nd time)        (s.a.)
   Nov 1887 -        1888  Alessandro Asinardi di San Mariano
       1888 - 20 Dec 1889  Antonio Baldissera                 (b. 1838 - d. 1917)
20 Dec 1889 - 30 Jun 1890  Baldassare Orero                   (b. 1832 - d. 1914)
Governors
30 Jun 1890 - 28 Feb 1892  Giacomo Gandolfi
28 Feb 1892 - 22 Feb 1896  Oreste Baratieri                    (b. 1841 - d. 1901)
22 Feb 1896 - 16 Dec 1897  Antonio Baldissera                 (s.a.)
16 Dec 1897 - 25 Mar 1907  Ferdinando Martini
25 Mar 1907 - 17 Aug 1915  Giuseppe Salvago Raggi
17 Aug 1915 - 16 Sep 1916  Giovanni Cherina Ferroni
                           (1st time) (acting)
16 Sep 1916 - 20 Jul 1919  Giacomo De Martino
20 Jul 1919 - 20 Nov 1920  Camillo De Camillis
20 Nov 1920 - 14 Apr 1921  Ludovico Pollera
14 Apr 1921 -  1 Jun 1923  Giovanni Cherina Ferroni
                           (2nd time)
 1 Jun 1923 -  1 Jun 1928  Jacopo Gasparini                   (b. 1879 - d. 19...)
   Sep 1928 - 11 Jul 1930  Corrado Zoli                       (b. 1877 - d. 1951)
11 Jul 1930 - 15 Jan 1935  Riccardo Astuto dei Duchi
                           di Lucchesi
18 Jan 1935 - 22 Nov 1935  Emilio De Bono                     (b. 1866 - d. 1944)
22 Nov 1935 - 22 May 1936  Pietro Badoglio                    (b. 1871 - d. 1956)
 1 Jun 1936 -  1 Apr 1937  Alfredo Guzzoni                    (b. 1877 - d. 1965)
 1 Apr 1937 - 15 Dec 1937  Vincenzo De Feo                    (b. 1876 - d. 19...)
15 Dec 1937 -  2 Jun 1940  Giuseppe Daodice
 2 Jun 1940 - 19 May 1941  Luigi Frusci (acting)              (b. 1879 - d. 1949)
Administrators
 5 Feb 1941 -  4 May 1942  Sir William Platt                  (b. 1885 - d. 1975)
 4 May 1942 -  9 Nov 1944  Stephen Hemsley Longrigg           (b. 1893 - d. 1979)
 9 Nov 1944 - 14 Aug 1945  C.D. McCarthy
14 Aug 1945 -  1 Nov 1946  John Meredith Benoy                (b. 1896 - d. 1977)
 1 Nov 1946 - 19 Feb 1951  Francis Greville Drew              (b. 1892 - d. 1962)
UN high commissioner
19 Feb 1951 - 15 Sep 1952  Eduardo Anze Matienzo (Bolivia)    (b. 1902)
Chief administrator
19 Feb 1951 - 15 Sep 1952  Duncan Camerone Cumming            (b. 1903 - d. 1979)
Chief executives
15 Sep 1952 - 29 Jul 1955  Ato Tedla Bairu                    (b. 1914 - d. 19...)
 8 Aug 1955 -    Dec 1959  Asfaha Woldemikael                 (b. 1914)
   Dec 1959 - 14 Nov 1962  Abiye Abebe                        (b. 1918 - d. 1974)
                           (from 20 May 1960 chief administrator)
President
24 May 1993 -              Isaias Afwerki                      (b. 1946)