{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0\deflang1033{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}{\f1\fswiss\fcharset0 Arial;}{\f2\fnil\fcharset2 Symbol;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Msftedit 5.41.15.1503;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\sb100\sa100\sl240\slmult1\qr\f0\fs24 Rachel Elston\par Phorensics Science\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par TOXICOLOGY\par \pard\sb100\sa100\sl240\slmult1 http://www.mpss.jus.gov.on.ca/english/pub_safety/centre_forensic/about/toxicology.html\par http://toxlab.umc.edu/\par \pard\sb100\sa100 Toxicologists analyze body tissues and fluids, as well as non-biological material such as tablets, powders or liquids. This analysis is important in instances when the presence or absence of alcohol, drugs or poisons is important to a case. These examinations are most often required in coroner's investigations or in cases of impaired driving, sexual assault, fire death, homicide, or crimes involving drugs. \par INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 Mass Spectrometers\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Chromatographs\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Immunoassay \par \pard\sb100\sa100\par FORENSIC BIOLOGY/DNA\par http://www.biology.washington.edu/fingerprint/elementa.html\par The chemical structure of everyone's DNA is the same. The only difference between people (or any animal) is the order of the {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "basepair.html"}}{\fldrslt{\cf1\ul base pairs}}}\cf0\ulnone\f0\fs24 . There are so many millions of base pairs in each person's DNA that every person has a different sequence. \par Using these sequences, every person could be identified solely by the sequence of their base pairs. However, because there are so many millions of base pairs, the task would be very time-consuming. Instead, scientists are able to use a shorter method, because of repeating patterns in DNA. \par These patterns do not, however, give an individual "fingerprint," but they are able to determine whether two DNA samples are from the same person, related people, or non-related people. Scientists use a small number of sequences of DNA that are known to vary among individuals a great deal, and analyze those to get a certain probability of a match. \par \line DNA isolated from blood, hair, skin cells, or other genetic evidence left at the scene of a crime can be compared, through VNTR patterns, with the DNA of a criminal suspect to determine guilt or innocence. VNTR patterns are also useful in establishing the identity of a homicide victim, either from DNA found as evidence or from the body itself. \par INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par http://www.biology.washington.edu/fingerprint/blot.html\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 restriction enzymes\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}gel electrophoresis\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}radioactive genetic {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "probe.html"}}{\fldrslt{\cf1\ul probe}}}\cf0\ulnone\f0\fs24\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par ENTYMOLOGICAL FORENSICS\par http://folk.uio.no/mostarke/forens_ent/forensic_entomology.html\par Forensic entomology is the use of insect knowledge in the investigation of crimes or even civil disputes. Forensic entomology is not only a useful tool to decide how long human remains have been undetected, but forensic entomology can also be used to find out whether the corpse have been moved after death, the cause of death, and also solve cases of contraband trafficking.\par INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par http://folk.uio.no/mostarke/forens_ent/crime_scene_forens_enty.shtml\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 Photographs should be taken. \par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}thermometers\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}sticky traps w/slow drying adhesive\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}insect nets\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}incubators\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par TRACE EVIDENCE\par http://www.michigan.gov/msp/0,1607,7-123-1593_3800-15961--,00.html\par An examiner in this unit will see a wide range of evidence and must be proficient in several areas. The following types of evidence are analyzed in Trace Evidence:\par Hairs and Fibers \par Paints (automotive and architectural) \par Explosives \par Glass \par Headlamp Filaments \par Footwear and Tire Impressions \par Physical Matches \par Arson Debris \par Acids/Bases\par \par INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 cameras\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}microscopes\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par CHEMISTRY\par http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/mar98/889200837.Ch.r.html\par http://www.pasco.com/products/cat/25.html\par \pard\sb100\sa100\sl240\slmult1 Forensic Chemists are often called upon to identify unknown substances at the scene of a murder or to detect toxic substances in the environment that may have caused a death. They often test for the presence of nitrates on the skin, which could indicate whether or not someone has fired a gun. \par INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 Beakers\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Burets\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Bunsen Burners\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par \par FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY\par http://www.geocities.com/Athens/7429/forensicpsychprep.html\par A forensic psychologist is any psychologist who by virtue of training or experience may assist a court or other fact finder in arriving at a just or correct decision. For example a forensic psychologist may assist in a wide variety of civil matters. Civil matters include but are not limited to lawsuits or insurance claims where emotional suffering is a part of the claim, determination of competency of an aged or ill person to make decisions, whether a death was an accident or a "disguised suicide" in an insurance claim case, or in a wide variety of other areas. \par http://people.howstuffworks.com/lie-detector.htm\par INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 Lie Detectors\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par FORENSIC IMAGINGING\par http://www.troopers.state.ny.us/forsc/labsect/imaging.html\par http://www.iupui.edu/it/stratdir/gburk2.html\par Forensic Imaging provides a variety of assistance and support services to investigators in the field, ranging from initial crime scene processing to help with courtroom presentations.\par INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 Advanced computer programs\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Image Techniques\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION\par http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles1/nij/178280.txt\par The purpose of crime scene investigation is to help establish what happened (crime scene reconstruction) and to identify the responsible person. This is done by carefully documenting the conditions at a crime scene and recognizing all relevant physical evidence. The ability to recognize and properly collect physical evidence is oftentimes critical to both solving and prosecuting violent crimes. It is no exaggeration to say that in the majority of cases, the law enforcement officer who protects and searches a crime scene plays a critical role in determining whether physical evidence will be used in solving or prosecuting violent crimes. \line\par INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 ropes\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}cones\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}crime scene barrier tape\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par CLANDESTINE LAB INVESTIGATION\par http://www.ffpsafety.com/Draeger/clandestine_lab_kits.htm\par \f1 Various hazardous gases can be generated by clandestine drug manufacturing laboratories. The physiological effects of these gases can vary from mild irritation, choking, severe nausea or rendering investigating personnel unconscious. \par \f0 INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 Lab Investigation Kits\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par FORENSIC ALCOHOL ANALYSIS\par http://wwwscience.murdoch.edu.au/teaching/pec235/forensicalc.htm\par Using tests such as breathalizer tests and blood and urine samples you can discover whether an individual was drinking at that time, and the intoxication level.\par INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 Alcohol breath detectors\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Blood tests\par \pard\sb100\sa100 ARSON ANALYSIS\par https://www.thermo.com/com/cda/products/product_application_details/1,,1000001009550,00.html\par There are many cases of arson and arson analysis is used to figure where and when and how a fire was started in a location. Using records from brinks home security and other security devices you could find out how long it took for the fire to start. Using Ionization detectors you can detect what kind of fuel was used to begin a fire.\par INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 Ionization Detector \par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Smoke alarms\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par FIREARMS AND TOOLMARKS\par http://www.sheriff-forensics.ocgov.com/FirearmsToolmarks.aspx\par Typical analyses include:\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent360{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-360\li720\sb100\sa100 Firearms function tests\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Determining the type(s) of firearm used to shoot recovered bullets and cartridge cases\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Comparison of bullets and cartridge cases to recovered firearms\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Comparison of evidence from different crime scenes to look for a common gun\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Determination of shooting distance\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Restoration of obliterated serial numbers\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Operation of the NIBIN (National Integrated Ballistics Information Network) database\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Comparison of tools to marks left behind at crime scenes\par \pard\sb100\sa100 INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 Gun replicas\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Simulation of shot\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY\par http://www.geocities.com/huseyin_afsin/engindex.htm\par \cf2 Forens\u305?c Odontology has made a great improvement not only in age, sexuality, race determination and identification from the teeth,but also determination of the accused by the bite marks.Some changes connected with the age, some pathological events and dentist's treatments have an importance as distinctive findings.This type of findings can be used even after many years of death.With these knowledges the dead's age, race and habits can be informed.A positive identification can be possible by this way.Because the enamel of teeht,has such a speciality that,when it finishes its development, it never changes its stability even thousands of years after death.\cf0\par INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 Dental Casts\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Dental Records\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY\par http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/ABFA/\par Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of physical anthropology to the legal process. The identification of skeletal, badly decomposed, or otherwise unidentified human remains is important for both legal and humanitarian reasons. Forensic anthropologists apply standard scientific techniques developed in physical anthropology to identify human remains, and to assist in the detection of crime. Forensic anthropologists frequently work in conjunction with {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://www.demon.co.uk/forensic/linkstop.html"}}{\fldrslt{\cf1 forensic pathologists}}}\cf0\f0\fs24 , {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://www.uvm.edu/~daverill/"}}{\fldrslt{\cf1\ul odontologists}}}\cf0\ulnone\f0\fs24 , and {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://www.eskimo.com/~spban/forensic.html"}}{\fldrslt{\cf1\ul homicide investigators}}}\cf0\ulnone\f0\fs24 to identify a decedent, discover evidence of foul play, and/or the postmortem interval. In addition to assisting in locating and recovering suspicious remains, forensic anthropologists work to suggest the age, sex, ancestry, stature, and unique features of a decedent from the skeleton. \par \par INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 Dental Records\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Work Records\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par \par FORENSIC LINGUISM\par http://www.thetext.co.uk/veracity.html\par With a careful analysis of a spoken or written text a forensic linguist can tell whether the speaker/writer is committed to the propositions stated in their text, enabling the linguist to determine the degree of veracity in the text.\par INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent0{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\sb100\sa100 Lie Detectors\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Documents\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Phone Call Logs\par \pard\sb100\sa100\par BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS\par http://www.bloody1.com/bloody1/\par BPA (Bloodstain Pattern Analysis) may on many occasions, clearly define the location of the victim or the assailant(s) by establishing the actions of either or both. \line Possible and impossible scenarios may be established to determine if the victim/witness/assailant is accurately describing what took place. \par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent360{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-360\li1080\ri360\sb100\sa100 What type of weapon or impact occurred to cause the bloodstains present? \par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}How many times was the victim struck ? \par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Where was the victim(s) at the time the injuries were inflicted? \par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Where was the assailant(s) during and following the assault? \par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Is the bloodstain evidence consistent with the medical examiner findings? \par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}Is the bloodstain evidence on the suspect and his clothing consistent with the crime scene? \par \pard\ri360\sb100\sa100 INSTRUMENTATION/EXPERTISE USED\par \pard{\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}{\*\pn\pnlvlblt\pnf2\pnindent360{\pntxtb\'B7}}\fi-720\li720\ri360\sb100\sa100 photographs\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}video\par {\pntext\f2\'B7\tab}reports\f1\fs20\par }
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