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Lorentz Force and the Railgun
In 1878 Lorentz, formulated his theory of electromagnetism,
which became the theoretical basis for railguns. This most famous formulation,
known as the Lorentz Force Law, predicts the force resulting from an interaction
between a current source (i-), a uniform magnetic field (B), and a moving
(v) charge (q). The equation
expresses this mathematically. Note that the force is the result of the
cross product of the moving charge and the magnetic field. This means that
the direction of the force is perpendicular to that of both the moving
charge and the magnetic field, it is upon this that the railgun's operation
hinges.
MOTION
OF A CHARGE(APPLET):
In its simplest form, a rail gun (Fig.1) consists
of two parallel rails joined together by a movable armature. This armature
acts as a conductor between the two rails, completing the electrical circuit.
When current flows in the circuit, a circular spiral magnetic field is
created around each of the parallel rails.
Notice that at the center of aperture of the two rails, the magnetic
field lines are vertically up or down. This creates the uniform magnetic
field (B) of the Lorentz equation. In addition, as the current flows through
the armature it causes the armature to act akin to a moving charge, with.
Consequently, an adapted version of the Lorentz equation for railguns is
given as follows with dw being the aperture between the rails.
Another equivalent expression that is commonly used is: where
L1 is the inductance per unit length of the railgun. Both equations show
that the force produced is proportional to the square of the current (remembering
that the current also generates the magnetic field intensity (B)).
Therefore, the majority of developmental efforts, including those in the
present, have concentrated increasing the current. However, the number
of problems that arise also seems to be proportional to the current.
These problems pose an effective limit on the amount of current until they
can be solved, after which more current can be used until another problem
arises. The task of solving these problems has been the occupation of railgun
scientists in the past centuries.
Figure.1 - Simple Railgun Diagram