Ch 26 study Guide: Homeostasis and Organization of the Human Body.

1. Contrast arteries, capillaries and veins.

2. Compare and contrast blood vessels and lymph vessels based on structure as well as function.

3. Explain in detail what causes a vertebrate heart to beat.

4. Discuss in detail why a four chambered heart is much more efficient than a two-chambered heart in delivering blood to various body parts. What evolutionary changes in the lifestyles of organisms selected for  the evolution of the four-chambered heart?

Answer in complete sentences on your own paper (except #6)

1.  While rummaging around in the basement of a museum, a curator came across a case of preserved animals that were collected in the early 1900s by a British expedition to Brazil. None of the museum's experts can determine the species level identity of any of the specimens; the labels have been lost and many of the species are now extinct or rare. As part of the effort to study the organisms, the museum director has asked you to study the digestive tracts of the mysterious organisms. Formulate a specific, well reasoned, speculation about the feeding habits of these long dead animals. Be sure to account for all of the information provided for each animal.

• An invertebrate 7.6 cm long with a flat body; no appendages; no eyes and a long narrow digestive tract with a single opening to the outside world.

• A legged vertebrate. 0.6M long with 30 teeth (all of which are either dagger shaped or long and narrow with sharp edges); a single stomach which seems large for the animal's size; a prominent gall bladder; and very thick walls of the digestive tube, especially the stomach.

• A legless vertebrate. 0.9M long with sharp incisor teeth at the very front of its mouth; teeth at the back of the mouth have flat, wide, bumpy surfaces; a stomach divided into three separate chambers; a highly coiled small intestine and no gall bladder.

2. One of the common remedies for constipation is a laxative solution which contains magnesium salts. Magnesium salts are absorbed very slowly by the intestinal wall, remaining in the intestinal tract for very long periods of time. Using what you know about osmotic balance, explain how these laxatives work.

4. A vegetarian must eat a carefully balanced diet to ensure that the consume enough protein. Why is this necessary(be detailed- because they don't eat meat is not specific enough)

5. List the four general types of nutrients and describe the role of each in nutrition.

6. Complete Matching #1-8.

1/2 point each _______ hormones that stimulate the secretion of gastric juice _______ hormones that stimulates the release of bile and secretion of pancreatic enzymes _______ enzyme that begins the digestion of starch in the mouth _______ enzymes specific for hydrolyzing various dissacharides _______ hormone that inhibits peristalsis in the stomach _______ enzyme that hydrolyzes fats to fatty acids and glycerol. _______  allows pepsin to work, kills bacteria, solubilizes minerals _______ hormone that stimulates production of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas & increases bile output

A.gastric inhibitory peptide B. amylase C. HCl D. cholecysytokinin   E. disaccharidases F. gastrin G. lipases H. secretin

1. Describe and compare the processes of filtration, tubular secretion and tubular reabsorption.

2. Describe the role of the kidney as an organ of homeostasis.

3. Explain the two major functions of excretory systems.

4. Desert animals need to conserve water. These animals have larger kidneys than do animals that live in moist environments and thus do not need to conserve water. The larger kidneys allow for a greater distance between the glomerulus and the bottom of the loop of Henle. DIscuss why this difference assists water conservation in desert animals.

5. Discuss the differences in function of the two major capillary beds in the kidneys: the glomerular capillaries and those surrounding the tubules.

5. Some quick weight loss diets ( such as Atkins)  require the ingestion of protein-rich food and elimination of carbohydrates. Two side effects of such diets are increased thirst and increased urination. Explain the connections between these diets and the side effects.

1. List the human body's three lines of defense against invading microbes. Which are specific and which are nonspecific. Explain your answer.

2. Describe humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. Include in your answer the types of immune cells involved in each, the location of the antibodies and receptors that bind foreign antigens, and the mechanism by which invading cells are destroyed.

3. How does the body distinguish self from non-self?

5. Compare and contrast an inflammatory response with an allergic reaction from the standpoint of the cells involved, substances produced , and symptoms experienced.

6. How can a fever actually be helpful?

7. Diagram the structure of an antibody. What parts bind to antigens? WHy does each antibody bind only to one specific antigen?

8. What is a vaccine? How does it confer immunity to disease?

9. Distinguish between autoimmune and immunodeficiency diaereses and give one example of each.

10. Organ transplant patients typically receive the drug cyclosporine. This drug inhibits the production of interleukin-2, a regulatory molecule that stimulates helper T cells to proliferate. How does cyclosporine prevent the rejection of transplanted organs. Some patients who received transplanted organs many years ago are developing various types of cancers. Propose a hypothesis to explain this phenomenon.

1. What are the four basic types of molecules used as hormones? Give an example of each.

2. How can one type of hormone have one effect on one type of target cell, a different effect on another type of target cell and no effect on a third type of target cell?

3.  Through recombinant DNA technology, somatotropin (growth hormone) is now available commercially for treating pituitary dwarfism. Although it is illegal to do so, some athletes are using somatotropin instead of anabolic steroids. They do so because somatotropin cannot be detected by the test procedures employed in sports medicine. Explain how athletes might believe this hormone can improve their performance.

4. Describe how the  hormones of the pancreas work together to regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood.

5. Diagram the process of negative feedback and give an example of it in the control of hormone action.


You must know the hormones in ch 32 (see your notes). Make flash cards if that will help- gland/homone and gland/function. If flash cards won't work for you learn them any way which you can.

Ch 33 Study Guide: The nervous system/ senses
Answer the following in complete sentences on your own paper.

1. List the four major part of a neuron and explain the specialized function of each part.

2. What are the four elements of a simple nervous pathway? Make a diagram.  Discuss the role of each neuron involved and label each one in the diagram.

3. How does the brain perceive the intensity of a stimulus?

4. Explain the transmission of a nerve impulse. Discuss the role of the sodium potassium pump and the myelin sheath. What is the role of calcium in the transmission of nerve impulses?

5. Diagram a synapse. How are signals transmitted from one neuron to another at the synapse?

6. What is the function of each of the following parts of the central nervous system: medulla, cerebellum, cerebrum, thalamus, limbic system and spinal cord ?

7. From what you know about the action potential, propose one feasible mechanism whereby anesthetics might prevent pain.

8. Describe the various ways that drugs that are stimulants could increase the activity of the nervous system by acting at synapses.

9. If the axons in the spinal cord were unmyelinated would the spinal cord be larger or smaller? Would you move faster or slower? Explain your answer.

10. Explain the statement" your sensory impulses are purely a creation of your brain." Discuss the implications in communicating with other humans, with other animals and with intelligent life from another universe.

Ch 34 Study Guide: Action and Support. Muscles and Skeleton
Answer the following in complete sentences on your own paper.

                #1-5 are 2 points each. # 6 and 7 are 5 points each. Total 20 pts.

1.Osteoporosis is a condition in which loss of calcium results in thin, brittle bones. Combined with other treatments, vitamin D3 injections are sometimes recommended. Explain why.

2. Sketch a relaxed muscle fiber containing a myofiril, sarcomeres and thick and thin filaments.( label each) Sketch a contracted muscle fiber.

3. Describe the process of smooth muscle contraction, beginning with the action potential in the motor neuron and ending with the relaxation of the muscle. Your answer should include the following words:
          neurotransmitter               T-tubule                       sarcoplasmic reticulum
          junction                              calcium                       thin filaments
          binding sites                       thick filaments            sarcomere
          Z-line                                  active transport

4. Explain the following two statements. Muscles can only contract. Muscle fibers lengthen passively.

5. Describe how a hinge joint is moved by antagonistic muscles. Include a sketch with your answer.

6. In your text, answer applying the concepts p713 question #2 (5 pts)

7. In your text,  answer applying the concepts p713question #3   ( 5 pts)