Beschrijving: Chemistry - Biology
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VERNIER SOFTWARE
CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY PROBES
WITH THE TI CBL AND TI-82, TI-83, TI-85, TI-86, AND TI-92
I. OVERVIEW
II. MEMORY REQUIREMENTS AND MAXIMUM DATA
III. GROUP FILES
IV. SENDING GROUP FILES - MAC
V. SENDING GROUP FILES - WINDOWS
VI. UNGROUPING FILES
VII. PROTECTED PROGRAM FILES
VIII. PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS WITH CHEMBIO
IX. USING THE HEART RATE MONITOR
X. USING THE VERNIER EKG SENSOR
XI. OVERVIEW OF EACH PROGRAM
XII. PROGRAM DESIGN NOTES
I. OVERVIEW
This document describes the use of a group of programs that
support Vernier Software chemistry and biology probes for use
with a TI calculator and the TI Calculator-Based Laboratory (CBL)
System. The following Vernier probes are directly supported:
Vernier Direct-Connect Temperature Probe, pH, Pressure Sensor,
Colorimeter, Voltage Measurement Leads, Conductivity Probe,
Dissolved Oxygen Probe, Barometer, Relative Humidity Sensor,
Biology Gas Pressure Sensor, Respiration Monitor Belt, EKG
Sensor, Heart Rate Monitor, Exercise Heart Rate Monitor, Standard
Temperature Probe, Quick Response Temperature Probe, and
Thermocouple. The Texas Instruments Temperature Probe, Voltage
Probe, and Light Probe are also supported.
II. MEMORY REQUIREMENTS
This entire set of programs may require more than half the
available memory on the calculator If you run into memory errors,
it may be necessary to delete one or more programs from the
calculator. If there are certain data collection modes you are
not using, e.g. Trigger, you can delete the CMBTRIGG program
associated with this mode. (You will find a description of each
program later in this document.) You may also want to consider
deleting the CMBHEART and CMBEKG programs if you are not using
the Heart Rate Monitor or EKG sensor.
If you reset your calculator, then load the CHEM-BIO group file,
the maximum number of point you can collect with all three probes
on the TI-82 is 99, the TI-83 300, the TI-85 100, the TI-86 512,
and the TI-92 370.
III. GROUP FILES
The CHEM-BIO group file is twelve programs that have been grouped
together. Groups of files for the TI calculator always have a
"??g" suffix where "??" represents the various calculators: 82,
83, 85, 86, or 92. Individual program files have the extensions
"??p" The extensions on the filenames appear only on the computer
and do not appear when you see the program names on the
calculator. The easiest method of loading all twelve programs on
to your calculator is to transfer the CHEM-BIO.??g group file.
IV. SENDING GROUP FILES - MAC
TI-82
1) Connect the TI-Graph Link cable to the modem port of the
Macintosh computer and to the port on the bottom edge of the
TI-82.
2) On the TI-82 calculator, use LINK, then select Receive
("Waiting..." appears on the TI-82 screen.
3) Using the TI-Graph Link software on your computer, choose
Group from the Send menu.
4) Open the CHEM-BIO.82g file from the TI-82 folder in your
Vernier CBL Data Collection disk (or on your computer hard
drive).
5) Click on the Send button. The twelve programs are now loaded
into your TI-82 calculator.
TI-83
1) Connect the TI-GRAPH LINK cable to the modem port of the
Macintosh computer and to the port on the bottom edge of the TI-
83.
2) Turn on the TI-83 Graphing calculator.
3) Using the TI-GRAPH LINK software on your computer, choose Send
from the Link menu. Then choose Group from the Select pull-down
menu near the bottom of this window.
4) Open the CHEM-BIO.83g file from the TI-83 folder in your
Vernier CBL Data Collection disk (or on your computer hard
drive). Then click on Add.
5) Click on the Send button. The twelve programs are now loaded
into your TI-83 calculator.
TI-85
1) Connect the TI-GRAPH LINK cable to the modem port of the
Macintosh computer and to the port on the bottom edge of the TI-
85.
2) On the TI-85 calculator, use LINK, then select Receive
("Waiting..." appears on the TI-85 screen.
3) Using the TI-GRAPH LINK software on your computer, choose
Group from the Send menu.
4) Open CHEM-BIO.85g from the TI-85 folder in your Vernier CBL
Data Collection disk (or on your computer hard drive).
5) Click on the Send button. The twelve programs are now loaded
into your TI-85 calculator.
TI-92
1) Connect the TI-GRAPH LINK cable to the modem port of the
Macintosh computer and to the port on the top edge of the TI-92.
2) Using the TI-GRAPH LINK software on your computer, choose Send
from the Link menu.
3) Change the Select field at the bottom of the send screen from
All Objects to Groups.
4) Open the CHEM-BIO.92g file from the TI-92 folder in your
Vernier CBL Data Collection disk (or on your computer hard
drive).
5) Select the CHEM-BIO.92g file and click on the Add button.
The file will be added to the bottom window.
6) Click on the Send button. The twelve programs are now loaded
into your TI-92 calculator.
V. SENDING GROUP FILES - WINDOWS
TI-82
1) Connect the TI-Graph Link cable to the serial port of your
computer and to the port on the bottom edge of the TI-82.
2) On the TI-82 calculator, use LINK, then select Receive
("Waiting..." appears on the TI-82 screen.
3) Using the TI-Graph Link software on your computer, choose Send
from the Link menu.
4) Select CHEM-BIO.82g from the TI-82 folder in your Vernier CBL
Data Collection disk (or on your computer hard drive).
5) Click on the OK button. The twelve programs are now loaded
into your TI-82 calculator.
TI-83
1) Connect the TI-GRAPH LINK cable to the serial port of your
computer and to the port on the bottom edge of the TI-83.
2) Turn the calculator on.
3) In TI-GRAPH LINK, choose Send from the Link menu.
4) Select CHEM-BIO.83g from the TI-83 folder in your Vernier CBL
Data Collection disk (or on your computer hard drive).
5) Click on the add button then select OK. The twelve programs
are now loaded into your TI-83 calculator.
TI-85
1) Connect the TI-GRAPH LINK cable to the serial port of your
computer and to the port on the bottom edge of the TI-85.
2) On the TI-85 calculator, use LINK, then select Receive
("Waiting..." appears on the TI-85 screen.
3) Using the TI-GRAPH LINK software on your computer, choose Send
from the Link menu.
4) Select CHEM-BIO.85g from the TI-85 folder in your Vernier CBL
Data Collection disk (or on your computer hard drive).
5) Click on the OK button. The twelve programs are now loaded
into your TI-85 calculator.
TI-86
1) Connect the TI-GRAPH LINK cable to the serial port of your
computer and to the port on the bottom edge of the TI-86.
2) Turn the calculator on.
3) In TI-GRAPH LINK, choose Send from the Link menu.
4) Select CHEM-BIO.86g from the TI-86 folder in your Vernier CBL
Data Collection disk (or on your computer hard drive).
5) Click on the add button then select OK. The twelve programs
are now loaded into your TI-86 calculator.
TI-92
1) Connect the TI-GRAPH LINK cable to the serial port of your
computer and to the port on the top edge of the TI-92.
2) Using the TI-GRAPH LINK software on your computer, choose Send
from the Link menu.
3) Select PHYSICST.92g from the TI-92 folder in your Vernier CBL
Data Collection disk (or on your computer hard drive).
4) Click on the Add button and the file will be copied to the
bottom send window.
5) Click on the OK button. The twelve programs are now loaded
into your TI-92 calculator.
VI. UNGROUPING FILES
You may prefer to "ungroup" the CHEM-BIO.??g file for archiving
on a hard drive. Before you do that, it would be best to create a
folder or subdirectory on your hard drive for the group file. The
programs can then be stored in a common area on your hard drive
after being ungrouped. The files can be ungrouped by choosing the
Ungroup Files option in the TI-GRAPH LINK program. Ungrouping the
file will make the following twelve programs available: CHEMBIO,
CMBCALIB, CMBCALS, CMBDERIV, CMBEKG, CMBGRAPH, CMBHEART,
CMBMONIT, CMBREGRS, CMBTIMEG, CMBTRIGP, and CMBTRIGG. The
TI-GRAPH LINK will also allow you to download all thirteen
programs from the computer to the calculator.
VII. PROTECTED PROGRAM FILES
The calculator programs described, except for the TI-85, have
been protected so that they cannot be edited on the calculator.
This feature prevents students from accidentally corrupting a
program. The easiest way to edit protected files is with the TI-
GRAPH LINK program. The TI-GRAPH LINK manuals describe the
protecting and unprotecting process.
VIII. PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS WITH THE CHEMBIO PROGRAM
The CHEMBIO programs function together to provide a wide range of
options as you create and run experiments. After all twelve
programs have been loaded, run the CHEMBIO program. The CHEMBIO
program uses a series of menus to set up different types of
experiments with a combination of the probes described in the
following section.
The following general description applies to the use of these
programs on the calculator. For specific help in executing
programs on the calculator, refer to the manual that came with
the calculutor.
To begin, turn on the CBL and link the Calculator and CBL with
the black cord that came with the calculator. Make sure that the
plugs are firmly pushed into the I/O port on the bottom edge (or
the top edge on the TI-92) of the calculator and CBL. Connect the
appropriate probes starting with Channel 1 (CH1) found on the top
edge of the CBL. On the calculator run the CHEMBIO program. After
an introductory screen, the following MAIN MENU will appear:
***MAIN MENU***
1:SET UP PROBES
2:COLLECT DATA
3:VIEW GRAPH
4:VIEW DATA
5:FIT CURVE
6:RETRIEVE DATA
7:QUIT
*****************************************************************
TI-85 and TI-86 users will see slightly different menus because
the TI-85 and TI-86 menus are limited to 5 elements in a menu,
also the menu items can only have 5 characters. The MAIN MENU on
the TI-85 or TI-86 will be:
***MAIN MENU***
SETUP=SET UP PROBES
COLL =COLLECT DATA
VIEW =VIEW GRAPH
DATA =VIEW DATA
MORE =MORE
The MORE option will bring up this menu:
FIT C=FIT CURVE
RETRI=RETRIEVE DATA
QUIT =QUIT
RETRN=RETURN
The RETRN option will bring you back to the first part of the
MAIN MENU. When selecting MORE be sure to use the [F5] key, not
the [MORE] key on the calculator. NOTE: the menus in the
following description will match the TI-82, TI-83, and TI-92. The
TI-85 and TI-86 menus will differ slightly.
*****************************************************************
The first option, SET UP PROBES, is used to 1) enter the number
of active probes, 2) choose a probe, 3) enter the CBL channel
number for the probe, and 4) choose the method of calibrating
Vernier probes. After you select this option, the calculator will
attempt to communicate with the CBL. If the CBL is not powered up
or the CBL and calculator are not properly linked, an error
message will appear. Check to see that the link cord is firmly
connected to each device and that the CBL is powered up - press
the [ON/HALT] button on the CBL. Correct any problems before
continuing. The calculator will then ask you to enter the number
of probes and then the following menu will appear:
SELECT PROBE
1:TEMPERATURE
2:PH
3:PRESSURE
4:COLORIMETER
5:VOLTAGE
6:CONDUCTIVITY
7:MORE PROBES
These options represent the following Vernier Software probes:
Vernier Direct-Connect Temperature Probe, pH System, Pressure
Sensor, Colorimeter, Voltage Measurement Leads, and Conductivity
Probe. The option TEMPERATURE and can be used either with a
Direct-Connect temperature probe or with the TI temperature probe
that comes with the CBL. The option VOLTAGE can be used for the
Vernier Voltage Probe and TI Voltage Probe that come with the
CBL. If you select the option MORE PROBES, you will get another
list of probes:
SELECT PROBE
1:D.OXYGEN
2:BAROMETER
3:LIGHT
4:REL HUMID
5:BIO PRESSURE
6:HEART RATE
7:MORE PROBES
The first six options represent the following Vernier probes:
Dissolved Oxygen Sensor, Barometer, Light Sensor, Relative
Humidity, Biology Gas Pressure Sensor, and Heart Rate Monitor.
The option LIGHT can be used for the Vernier Light Sensor or the
TI Light Probe that came with the CBL. If you select the option
MORE PROBES, you will get another list of probes:
SELECT PROBE
1:VERNR STD TEMP
2:VERNR QIK TEMP
3:THERMOCOUPLE
4:RESPIR. BELT
5:EKG
6:C02 SENSOR
7:RETURN
These options represent the following Vernier probes: Standard
Temperature Probe (can also be used with the Extra Long
Temperature Probe), Quick-Response Temperature Probe,
Thermocouple, Respiration Monitor Belt, EKG Sensor, and the CO2
Sensor. The RETURN option returns you to the first list of
probes.
The above screen(s) will appear up to three times, depending upon
the number of probes you entered, except in the case of the Heart
Rate Monitor and EKG. (These two options run separate programs
described later.) After you select a probe, you will be asked to
enter the channel number for that probe. This program assumes
that the probes are connected to the lowest available channels.
NOTE: It is important to mention another consideration when
setting up an experiment with some probes. Certain combinations
of probes will interact with each other if they are put in the
same solution and connected to the same CBL. Do not use
combinations of the following probes on the same CBL and in the
same solution: Dissolved Oxygen Probe and Conductivity Probe with
each other or in combination with the pH System or Vernier
Direct-Connect Temperature Probe. The calculator will warn you if
a combination will not work together.
After you enter the channel number for a Vernier probe, you will
be presented with a CALIBRATION menu, except in the case of the
Colorimeter. (The Colorimeter should be calibrated each time it
is used. Therefore, when you select that probe, you will be sent
to the PERFORM NEW calibration option described below.) The
following is the CALIBRATION menu for the other Vernier probes:
**CALIBRATION**
1:USE STORED
2:PERFORM NEW
3:MANUAL ENTRY
(when using a Dissolved Oxygen Probe, a fourth option appears,
4:POLARIZE PROBE)
Option 1, USE STORED, allows you to load calibration values for
the various Vernier probes from a calculator file. These are
"generic" calibrations determined by Vernier Software. The values
will provide reasonably accurate measurements. However,
individual probes differ and you may obtain better results by
performing a new calibration. The CMBCALS program contains these
slope and intercept values. It is possible to edit this program
and enter the slope and intercept values for your probes.
Option 2, PERFORM NEW, is used to perform a new calibration. To
understand the calibration process, it is helpful to understand
the operation of Vernier probes. During their operation, the
probes produce a voltage that is linearly dependent upon a
quantity being measured. For example, the temperature probe
produces a voltage that varies linearly with the surrounding
temperature. During the calibration process, the computer
establishes the linear relationship between voltage and
temperature. Choosing the PERFORM NEW option will allow you to
perform a two-point calibration for the probe that was just set
up. The following paragraph describes the calibration process for
a temperature probe. The same general procedure can apply to most
of our probes.
Begin by placing the temperature probe in an ice bath. As the
probe is swirled in the ice water, monitor the CBL to see the
voltage produced by the probe. To monitor other channels, press
the [CH VIEW] button on the CBL. As you repeatedly press and hold
this button, you will be able to cycle through all the channels.
You will be able to see which channel is currently being
monitored by noting the blinking CH 1, CH 2, or CH 3 symbols in
the upper left corner of the CBL display. When the voltage
stabilizes, press the [TRIGGER] button on the CBL. When the
voltage stabilizes, press the [TRIGGER] button on the CBL. You
are then prompted to enter the reference value, "0" (degrees
Celsius). Place the temperature probe in a second reference such
as boiling water or room temperature water. The voltage is again
monitored and the [TRIGGER] button is pressed when the voltage
stabilizes. Enter the second reference value measured with a
thermometer. A slope and intercept for the linear calibration
curve are then displayed on the calculator and automatically
loaded into the CBL. You may want to record these values for
future reference (see the section below). This process can be
repeated for other Vernier probes. For help with a particular
probe, refer to the information sheet for that probe.
Option 3, MANUAL ENTRY, in the CALIBRATION menu is an option that
may save you time in setting up future experiments, especially if
you have performed calibrations for your probes. Probes such as
temperature hold their calibration for long time periods. If you
know the slope and intercept values determined in the above
process, you can manually enter these values with this option.
Some probes such as pH and Colorimeter do not hold their
calibrations and may need to be recalibrated prior to their use.
Option 4, POLARIZE PROBE, is used to polarize the Dissolved
Oxygen Probe. When selected, a power-up command is sent to the
CBL. The polarizing process takes thirty minutes and is necessary
for proper operation of the probe.
From the MAIN MENU you can set up an experiment by choosing the
second option, COLLECT DATA. The following menu provides you with
a choice of data-collection modes.
DATA COLLECTION
1:MONITOR INPUT
2:TIME GRAPH
3:TRIGGER/PROMPT
4:TRIGGER
5:RETURN
The MONITOR INPUT option is used to monitor the active channels
with the calculator and/or CBL. The purpose of this option is to
view data at 1.0 second intervals. No data are stored. For most
probe combinations, each active channel will be displayed on the
calculator. However, if there is more than one active probe and
the probe combination contains a pH System, Conductivity Probe,
or Dissolved Oxygen Probe, you will only be allowed to view a
single channel at a time and you will be prompted with the
following menu to choose a channel:
SELECT A CHANNEL
1:CH 1
2:CH 2
3:CH 3
4:QUIT
After selecting a channel, the calculator will display a reading
from that channel on the calculator except in the case of a
Dissolved Oxygen Probe or pH system. In the case of these probes,
you will have to monitor their readings on the CBL display. You
will be presented with this message:
MONITOR CBL
DISPLAY. USE THE
[CH VIEW] BUTTON
TO SELECT
CHANNEL NUMBER X
PRESS [TRIGGER]
BUTTON TO QUIT.
The CBL will be put in the "READY" mode and it will display the
reading from channel 1. To monitor other channels, press the [CH
VIEW] button on the CBL. As you repeatedly press and hold this
button, you will be able to cycle through all the channels. You
will be able to see which channel is currently being monitored by
noting the blinking CH 1, CH 2, or CH 3 symbols in the upper left
corner of the CBL display. When you are done monitoring the
channels on the CBL, press the [TRIGGER] button on the CBL and
select the QUIT option on the calculator. If you are monitoring
the channels on the calculator screen, press the [+] key on the
calculator to quit.
The TIME GRAPH option from the DATA COLLECTION menu is used to
graph up to three channels as a function of time. The design of
this option was based on the assumption that most chemistry and
biology users would want a real-time or live display as data are
being collected. In most cases this type of graph is possible but
in some experiments a live display will not be available. A live
display will be produced for either of the following situations:
1) Only one probe is active and the time between samples is less
than 270 s.
2) When more than one probe of the same type is active; the
sample time is greater than 1.00 s for two probes, or greater
than 1.25 s for three probes; and the time between samples is
less than 270 s.
Data will not be displayed live in any of the following
arrangements:
1) Two or more different probes are being used.
2) The sample time is less than 1.00 s for two probes or 1.25 s
for three probes.
3) The sample time is greater than 270 s.
After you select the TIME GRAPH option, you will be prompted to
enter the time between samples which is entered in seconds. If
you want a live display, you must take into account the above
criteria and enter an appropriate number.
If you anticipate the data to be collected without a live
display, the time between samples can be in the range of 0.000264
to 0.2 s or 0.25 to 16000 s. (If you have three active probes,
the minimum sample time is 0.000364 s.) After the sample time is
entered, you will be prompted to enter the number of data points.
The maximum number for the TI-82 is 99, for all others it is 512,
but you may be limited by the available memory. (See section II
for memory requirements.) The CBL will then be set up to collect
data in either live or non-live display as described above. Note:
When data are collected in a live display, you can stop data
collection by pressing the [+] key.
In most experiments involving a time graph, data will be
automatically sent from the CBL to the calculator. However, if
the experiment is too long, the calculator will automatically
power down (APD) and data will not be transferred to the
calculator. This will happen in either of the following
situations:
1) The time between samples is greater than 270 seconds.
2) Two or more different probes are being used and the total
experiment is longer than 270 s.
In either case you will be prompted with a message saying that
you will have to choose the RETRIEVE DATA option at the MAIN MENU
at the end of the experiment.
After each experiment is run, the data are stored in lists on the
calculator. The names of the lists are displayed on the
calculator screen after data collection. In general the
independent variable is stored in L1, channel 1 is L2, channel 2
in L3, and channel 3 in L4.
The TRIGGER/PROMPT option is used to perform experiments in which
the independent variable is entered from the calculator keyboard
while the dependent variable is measured with the CBL probe or
probes. For example, you could use a Pressure Sensor to monitor
the pressure of a gas enclosed in a syringe as the volume
changes. When the [TRIGGER] button on the CBL is pressed, the CBL
measures the gas pressure and you will be prompted to enter the
volume of the gas in the syringe. The independent variable data,
volume in this case, is stored in list L1 and the dependent
variable data is stored in list L2. If more than one probe is
active, data is stored in lists L2 through L4.
Each time you press the [TRIGGER] button, you will get the
following screen:
DATA COLLECTION
1:MORE DATA
2:STOP AND GRAPH
3:PAUSE
If you select option 1:MORE DATA, the CBL will be set up to make
another reading. If you select option 2:STOP AND GRAPH, data
collection will stop and a graph will be displayed. If you select
option 3:PAUSE, the calculator will be put in a pause mode. When
you are ready to collect more data, press [ENTER] on the
calculator and follow the on-screen instructions. If the
calculator has powered down due to the APD, turn on the
calculator, then press the [ENTER] key.
The TRIGGER option allows the user to manually collect one sample
at a time when the [TRIGGER] button on the CBL is pressed. Each
time you press the [TRIGGER] button, you will get the following
screen:
TRIGGER
1:MORE DATA
2:STOP
3:PAUSE
If you select option 1:MORE DATA, the CBL will be set up to make
another reading. If you select option 2:STOP, data collection
will stop and, if you have two active channels, a graph will be
displayed. (The default graph in this case plots L1 as the
independent variable and L2 as the dependent variable.) If you
select option 3:PAUSE, the calculator will be put in a pause
mode. When you are ready to collect more data, press [ENTER] on
the calculator and follow the on-screen instructions. If the
calculator has powered down due to the APD, turn on the
calculator, then press the [ENTER] key.
In either TRIGGER/PROMPT or TRIGGER you can monitor each active
channel during data collection by pressing and holding the [CH
VIEW] button on the CBL. Repeated pressing of this button will
cycle you through the active channels. After you have collected
data, you will be returned to the MAIN MENU.
The third option in the Main Menu, VIEW GRAPH, allows you to
review previous graphs. As you view each graph, you will be able
to use the left and right arrow buttons on the calculator to view
the coordinates of each point. These graphs use the "ZoomStat"
option to provide automatic scaling of axes. You may prefer to
quit the program to set your own scaling.
The fourth option, VIEW DATA, exits you from the program so you
can view the data.
The fifth option in the MAIN MENU, FIT CURVE, is used to fit data
in selected lists for linear or power regression. Linear and
power regression statistics are calculated, then a regression
curve is displayed on a graph. It is also possible to exit the
program, perform a calculation on one of the original data lists,
then return to the program and perform a linear or power
regression using the new calculated list. Here is a list of
regression and list options available in FIT CURVE:
REGRESSION/LIST
1:LINEAR L1,L2
2:LINEAR L1,L3
3:LINEAR L1,L4
4:LINEAR L3,L2
5:POWER L1,L2
6:POWER L1,L3
7:RETURN
The sixth option on the MAIN MENU, RETRIEVE DATA, is used after
long-term data are collected without a live display. Before you
select this option, be sure the CBL is done collecting data. (The
word "DONE" should appear in the CBL display.)
The seventh option, QUIT, in the MAIN MENU will exit you from the
program and return you to the Home screen.
IX. USING THE HEART RATE MONITOR
OVERVIEW
The Vernier Software Heart Rate Monitor operates by monitoring
the light level transmitted through the skin. A clip is attached
to the ear lobe. One half of the clip contains an incandescent
light bulb and the other half measures the amount of transmitted
light. Since the intensity of the light is a function of the
amount of blood in the ear, the output of the Heart Rate Monitor
varies throughout the heart beat. When the light intensity data
are collected as a function of time, a graph of intensity vs.
time produces a periodic pattern. The pattern can be analyzed to
determine the heart rate.
The Exercise Heart Rate Monitor consists of a transmitter belt,
plug-in receiver, and a large and small elastic strap. The
transmitter belt is worn just below the chest and held in place
by an elastic strap. The transmitter detects each heart beat
through two electrodes with ECG accuracy and transmits the heart
rate information to the plug-in receiver with the help of a low
frequency electromagnetic field. The plug-in receiver wirelessly
receives the transmission, and passes a 3-volt pulse for each
heart beat detected to the CBL. The reception range of the plug-
in receiver in 80-100 cm or about 3 feet.
The following material briefly describes the CMBHEART program and
its use with the Heart Rate Monitor, or Exercise Heart Rate
Monitor, TI calculator, and the TI Calculator-Based Laboratory
(CBL) System. The primary uses of the program are 1) to collect
and display data produced by the Heart Rate Monitor 2) to
calculate the heart rate in beats/minute and 3) store heart rate
values in a list and graph them vs. time. This program can be run
by itself or it will be run when you choose the Heart Rate
Monitor from the SET UP PROBE option in the MAIN MENU of the
CHEMBIO program.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM
To begin, connect either heart rate monitor to channel 1 on the
CBL. Attach the clip to the ear lobe, finger tip, or to the web
of skin between the index finger and thumb, or attach the chest
belt around your chest. Run the CMBHEART program or choose HEART
RATE from the list of sensors in the SET UP PROBES option in
CHEMBIO. After introductory screens, a menu will ask you whether
you are using an ear clip or chest belt. Then the main menu will
appear.
***HEART RATE MENU***
1:COLLECT DATA
2:VIEW LAST GRAPH
3:VIEW BPM GRAPH
4:QUIT
To begin data collection, select option 1:COLLECT DATA. A graph
will be displayed in the screen if you are using the Heart Rate
Monitor. When data are retrieved from the CBL, time will be
stored in list L1 and voltage will be stored in list L2. The data
collected in L1 and L2 is used to draw a waveform which is
displayed in the graph if you are using the Heart Rate Monitor.
The calculated heart rate is displayed in beats per minute (BPM).
The beats per minute for each sample is stored in L3. If the CBL
and either heart rate monitor are unable to calculate the heart
rate, a message saying "COLLECTING DATA PLEASE REMAIN STILL" will
be displayed on the screen. If the calculator continues to
display this message, you may need to move the earclip around, or
move closer to the receiver until you find a spot that gives you
a better reading. To stop data collection and return to the main
menu, press [ENTER] on the calculator.
The second option in the main menu, VIEW LAST GRAPH, displays a
graph of the last data segment collected along with the
calculated heart rate. This option is helpful when it is
necessary to take a close look at the waveform or just to review
what the heart rate was before data collection was stopped. To
quit from this selection and return to the main menu, press
[ENTER] on the calculator.
The VIEW BPM GRAPH option takes the list of calculated heart
rates (in BPM) stored in L3 and plots them vs. time. The length
of time between samples is estimated to be 10 seconds. To read
the points plotted on the graph press the right arrow direction
key located at the top right hand corner of the calculator. This
option is very useful if you are performing an experiment which
involves calculating an individuals recovery time or the effect
of miscellaneous stimuli on heart rate. To quit from this
selection and return to the main menu, press [ENTER] on the
calculator.
X. USING THE VERNIER EKG SENSOR
OVERVIEW
The following material briefly describes the CMBEKG program and
its use with the EKG Sensor, TI Calculator, and the TI
Calculator-Based Laboratory (CBL) System. The primary uses of the
program are 1) to collect and display data produced by the EKG
Sensor 2) graph the EKG data vs. time and allow the user to trace
the data points for analysis of the EKG waveforms. This program
can be run by itself or it will be run when you choose the EKG
Sensor from the SET UP PROBE option in the MAIN MENU of the
CHEMBIO program.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM
To begin, connect the EKG Sensor to channel 1 on the CBL. Place
the electrode tabs along the subject's arms or legs as described
in the EKG manual. Connect the three sensor leads to the
electrode tabs. Run the CMBEKG program or choose EKG from the
list of probes. The following main menu will appear.
CHEM-BIO EKG
1:COLLECT DATA
2:VIEW GRAPH
3:RETURN
To begin data collection, select COLLECT DATA. Once selected the
screen on the calculator will clear. The program will collect two
seconds of EKG data. When data has been collected, a graph will
be displayed and time will be stored in list L1 and voltage
stored in list L2. To collect more data, press ENTER and select
YES from the REPEAT menu. To stop data collection and return to
the MAIN MENU, select NO from the REPEAT menu.
The second option in the MAIN MENU, VIEW GRAPH, displays a graph
of the last data segment collected. This option is helpful when
it is necessary to take a close look at the graph. To quit from
this selection and return to the MAIN MENU, press [ENTER] on the
calculator.
The last option RETURN will exit the program if you are running
it by itself, or return you to the CHEMBIO MAIN MENU.
XI. OVERVIEW OF EACH PROGRAM
The CHEMBIO program will call the other programs depending upon
the options you choose. Each program is briefly described below.
CHEMBIO - This is the main program that controls the set up of
the probes and the experiment. Begin by running this program.
CMBCALIB - This calibration program provides three options
allowing you to: 1) perform a new calibration, 2) manually enter
the slope and intercept for a known calibration, or 3) to use a
default calibration (see CMBCALS). For specific help in
performing a new calibration, refer to the information sheet that
came with each sensor.
CMBCALS - This file contains Vernier Software slope and intercept
calibration values for the various probes. These values will give
you reasonable data but you may prefer to calibrate each sensor
individually. Once you have calibrated a specific probe, you may
want to replace the Vernier calibration values in this file with
your new values. This file can be edited to contain the new
values. When you select the USE STORED calibration option, your
values will then be loaded. Text that is used on the graphs is
also contained in this program. Note: CHEMBIO must ungrouped
before you can edit this program with new calibration values.
CMBDERIV - This program is used to view graphs of the first and
second derivative of pH-volume data collected in acid-base
titration experiments. It assumes that the independent variable,
volume, is in list L1 and the dependent variable, pH, is in L2.
When the program is run, the first derivative (delta pH/delta
volume) is stored in L4 with the corresponding volume in L3. The
second derivative (delta^2 pH/delta volume^2) is stored in L6
with the corresponding volume in L5. To take the derivatives,
exit the CHEMBIO data-collection program and run the CMBDERIV
program. The program will create three graphs; 1) pH vs. volume,
2) the first derivative vs. volume, and 3) the second derivative
vs. volume.
CMBEKG - This program is run when you choose the EKG sensor from
the list of probes presented during the probe set up. A complete
description of the program appears below.
CMBGRAPH - The CMBGRAPH program contains graphing routines that
are used in presenting graphs.
CMBHEART - This program is run when you choose the Heart Rate
from the list of probes presented during the probe set up. A
complete description of the program appears below.
CMBMONIT - This program allows you to monitor any or all of the
three analog channels. Data will be displayed on either the
calculator or CBL depending upon the combination of probes.
CMBREGRS - This program calculates linear and power regression
statistics and selected lists. It also allows you to plot a
linear or power regression curve on a graph.
CMBTIMEG - This program produces graphs of active channels as a
function of time. Live and non-live displays are produced
depending upon the combination of probes and length of
experiment.
CMBTRIGP - This program will allow you to collect data such as
Boyle's law data that may not be time dependent. The program will
prompt you to input an independent variable such as volume. The
CBL will then measure a dependent variable such as pressure.
CMBTRIGG - This program uses the [TRIGGER] button on the CBL to
collect data from each active channel. Each time you press the
[TRIGGER] button, data are stored in the CBL. At the end of the
experiment the data are retrieved from the CBL and stored in
lists on the calculator.
XII. PROGRAM DESIGN NOTES
These programs have been written to support Texas Instruments and
Vernier probes with the CBL. We hope they help you perform a
variety of experiments with this exciting technology. Please feel
free to share these program with other teachers and students.
Hopefully they have been written in such a way that you can
modify them for your particular application.
The CMBHEART and CMBEKG programs were designed by Scott Holman
and written by Matthew Denton. The remainder of the CHEM-BIO
programs were written by Matthew Denton and Rick Sorensen. The
programs were designed by Rick Sorensen, Dan Holmquist, Scott
Holman, and Matthew Denton. Please contact us if you have any
questions concerning these programs or the use of our probes with
the programs.
July 22, 1997
Rick Sorensen (rsorensen@vernier.com)
Dan Holmquist (dholmquist@vernier.com)
Scott Holman (sholman@vernier.com)
Matthew Denton
Vernier Software
8565 S.W. Beaverton-Hillsdale Hwy.
Portland, OR 97225-2429
phone: (503) 297-5317
fax: (503) 297-1760
http:\\www.vernier.com
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