Andalusi Arabic
(ﻲﺴﻮﻠﺪﻨﺍ ﻲﺒﺮﻋ)
In English
(Introduction)
Andalusi Arabic, was the colloquial dialect of everyday
Arabic speech. It was second only to of course Fush'a Arabic or Qur'aanic Arabic. Before the seperation of the Mudéjar and the Morisco happened, each of them spoke a single dialect of Andalusi Arabic; or Arabic from old Al Andalus which was the name for Islamic Spain. It was as well the lingua franca, that was spoken by their ancestors the Moors (Al Baladiyyun.)
But after the Spanish Inquisition, and the final seperation between the Mudéjar and the Morisco or in Arabic Mudajjanee and Mawrikee, there came as well, a natural seperation in the colloquial dialect of Andalusi Arabic. The Moriscos who fled Spain, would come to call their dialect Muwashshah, mostly seen in their music, poetry, and literature. As for the Mudéjar, his dialect of Arabic would be called Mudajjanee Arabic or even still Andalusi Arabic! If one is to inquire the difference in the two, you would find naturally differences, but as well similiarities. Both, are close to Moroccan Arabic, where most of todays Moriscos live. In my studies of Moroccan dialects, I have found one to be the true origen of both in my opinion, and that is the northern dialect of Darija. I have come to the conclusion, after extensive research, that Darija is the origen of both Muwashshah and Mudajjanee Arabic; and that this dialect, was indeed the lingua franca of the Moors of Northern Africa.
By all means, it would be foolish to omit the influence of the Berber language in either of two dialects of Andalusi Arabic such, as the dialects of Tanshellat and Tamazight! In conclusion I say, that it is my intention to briefly outline the Mudajjjanee Arabic or Mudéjar Arabic of Andalusi Arabic of old Al Andalus. Insha'allaah that those who come to read it, could come to appreciate the time and effort that I along with others took, to provide this insight into this colloquial dialect of Arabic. Insha'allaah one day also, many who are descendants of the Mudéjares can learn this dialect of Andalusi Arabic as well. For the Morisco who speak Muwashshah Andalusi Arabic, would come to learn how to speak Mudajjanee Arabic or Mudéjar Arabic. Shukran to all, your brother in Islam, Ah'med Birzali! After the introductions, scroll down to see, the basics of Andalusi Arabic!
(Muslim Calendar of months)
muharram
safar
rabee'il'awwal
rabee'ittenee
jumed il'awwal
jumed itnenee
rajab
sha'ben
ramadaan
shawwel
zul qa'ada
zul hijja
(Days of the week)
monday-nhar el itnen
tuesday-nhar ettalaat
wednesday-nhar el arba'a
thursday-nhar el khamees
friday-nhar el juma'a
saturday-nhar essabt
sunday-nhar-eh'edd
(Colors)
ah'maree-red
h'ata, khel-black
byadtee-white
khaadartee-green
burtugaal-orange
arju'aanee-purple
zerag-blue
bunii-brown
ramaadee-grey
gummee-yellow
(Numbers)
0-sefr ۰
1-weh'ed ۱
2-snain, juj ۲
3-tlata ۳
4-arba'a ٤
5-khamsa ٥
6-sitta ٦
7-sab'aa ٧
8-smainya ٨
9-tisa'a ٩
10-'ashara ١٠
11-hidaashar ١١
12-snaashar ١٢
13-tlatataashar ١٣
14-arba'ataashar ١٤
15-khamastaashar ١٥
16-sittaashar ١٦
17-saba'ataashar ١٧
18-smanyataashar ١٨
19-tisa'ataashar ١٩
20-'ishreen ٢٠
21-weh'ed wi 'ishreen ٢١
30-tlatateen ٣٠
40-arbi'aeen ٤٠
50-khamseen ٥٠
60-sitteen ٦٠
70-sab'aeen ٧٠
80-smanyaeen ۸٠
90-tis'aeen ۹٠
100-miyya ١٠٠
200-miitain ٢٠٠
300-tultumiyya ٣٠٠
400-rub'umiyya ٤٠٠
500-khumsumiyya ٥٠٠
1000-alf ١٠٠٠
2000-alfain ٢٠٠٠
10,000-'ashartalaaf ١٠٠٠٠
1 million-milyun ١٠٠٠٠٠٠
(Arabic Alphabet)-H'oruf Arabee
(Consonants)
'alif (same as long a)
ﺍ
' hamza- (sounds like h in hour a sort of pause in the
voice)
ﺀ
b-baa (same as b) ﺐ
t-taa (the Italian dental, softer t) ﺖ
th-thaa (between th in thing and s) ﺚ
j-jeem (like j in jam) ﺝ
g-gaaf (like g in go) ﮒ
h-h'aa (very sharp but smooth guttural aspirate) ﺡ
kh-khaa (like ch in the Scoth word loch) ﺥ
d-daal (Italian dental, softer than d) ﺪ
dh-dhaal (sounds between z and th in that) ﺫ
r-raa (same as r) ﺭ
z-zaa (same as z) ﺯ
s-seen (same as s) ﺲ
sh-sheen (same as sh in she) ﺵ
ch-chaa (same as ch) from words from the Berber language ﭺ
s-çaad (strongly articulated s, like ss in hiss) ﺹ
dz-dzaad (aspirated d, between d and z) ﺽ
t-thaa (strongly articulated palatal t) ﻁ
z-dhaa (strongly articulated palatal z) ﻅ
'ain (somewhat like a strong guttural hamza, not a mere
vowel) ﻉ
gh-ghain (guttural g, but soft) ﻍ
f-faa (same as f) ﻒ
q-qaaf (strongly articulated guttural k) ﻖ
k-kaaf (same as k) ﻙ
l-laam (same as l) ﻝ
m-meem (same as m) ﻡ
n-nun (same as n) ﻥ
h-haa (same as h) ﻫ
w-wao (same as w) ﻮ
y-yaa (same as y) ﻯ
(Vowels)
short vowels
fath'ah-as u in tub-a
kasrah-as in in pin-i
dzammah-as u in pull-u
long vowels
long fath'ah-as a in father-aa ﺍ
long kasrah-as ee in deep-ee ﻱ
long dzammah-as oo in moot-u ﻭ
fath'ah before wao-o ﻭ
fath'ah before yaa-ai ﻴ
(The (o) and the (e)sounds
The (o) sound used in this webpage, is the substitute for the the dipthong (aw) mainly. And the (e) is a substitute for either (short a or i).
Example
mawt-death, becomes mot
awlaad-pl children, becomes olaad
But it at times replace the (u)
fush'a-becomes fos'ha
qura'an-become qora'an
The (o) in the first example, is pronounced like (aw) of cow. But in the second example, it is pronounced like (o) of dog.
The (e) sound
faqat-becomes feqat
qabal-become qbel or qabel
Here the (e) tends to be pronounced like the (i) of it, or it stays the same (a) as in ate!
This usage of the (e), is restricted to the Northen dialects and influences of the spoken Arabic in that region.
Once again, these usages are mainly restricted, to the North African dialects of Arabic.
The mystery of the usage of the (gaaf) in Andalusi Arabic. Do not be mistaken, I am not refering to the similarity with the Egyptian (gaaf) sound, as it pertains to it's unique usage within the language as a substitute for the jeem letter or sound. This is more relating to the (') or (q) sound in some of the Arabic dialects of the world. The usage of the (gaaf) letter and sound, seems to have more usage in Andalusi Arabic than in any other Arabic dialect, with the exception of course of Egyptian Arabic which uses the (gaaf) instead of the jeem. There are some who say this is mostly a Berber influence, but some as well say, that this usage is more of seperation between, the colloquial Andalusi Arabic of Spain, with their cousin dialect of colloquial Darija or the extinct dialect of Siculo Arabic, the ancient Arabic dialect of Sicily. I tend to believe in the later. I will give examples of this usage. First similarity with Moroccan Arabic, then some difference in words.
(Examples)
(Andalusi Arabic)
fog-above
gul!-say!
warag-paper
(Moroccan Arabic)
fog-above
gul!-say!
warag or warak-paper
Now where they differentiate from one another.
(Andalusi Arabic)
tegreeban-almost
guddam-forward
gurrayib-nearby
(Moroccan Arabic)
teqreeban-almost
quddam-forward
qurrayib-nearby
Here is a list of some example of the (gaaf) sound or usage in Andalusi Arabic or Mudajjaanee Arabic.
(Vocabulary)
shaga-apartment
tagtuga-ashtray
halleg-barber, hairdresser
sug-market
dagn-beard
gahwa-coffee
yeççedeg-to believe
zerag-blue
mashug-boiled
gizaaza-bottle
sandug-box
mah'rug-burned
guftaan-caftan
giraat-carat
sawwag-chauffeur
magful-closed
gutn-cotton
gizaaz-crystal watch
yurgus-to dance
rags-dancing
'awraag-documents
yisug-to drive
sharg-east
shargee-eastern
maglee-fried
tawaarig-emergency
yuga'a-to fall
naglaat-gears
gizaaz-glass
baggaal-grocery store
tigeel-heavy
el hagunee!-help
guz-husband
mugabla-interview, encounter
yigaabil-to meet
dageega-minute
dayyag-narrow
dilwagtee-now from Egyptian
burtugaan-orange
gasr-castle
yugaf-to panic
fageer-poor
yikhaanig-to quarrel
gatr-train
hilaaga-razor
gareeb-relation
tareeg-road
sujug-sausages
magass-scissors
girsh-shark
gamees-shirt
guseyyar-short
yug'ud-to sit
magaas-size
ma'alaga-spoon
yigum-to stand up
yisrag-to steal
yugaf-to stop
mawgaf taksii-taxi stand
bagsheesh-tip
'ufug-horizon
magbara-tomb
tags-weather
galgaan-worried
gaima-menu, list
gaadeer-able
gudam-foot
tabag-dish
Of course if one is wondering, the (qaaf) was still retained in colloquial Andalusi Arabic in many ways as modern Arabic dialects of today.
(Examples)
qbel-before
qdeem-old
'aqd-contract
qlam-pen
Indeed it must be said, that amongst the nobles of Al Andalus, this was not a common practice of usage. Where the (gaaf) was used amongst the peasantry and lower classes, such as the Berbers, Slavs, Persians, Indians, Africans some Arabs and the local Spanish Moors the noblemen of Al Andalus, who were mostly Arabs especially from Iraq, Syria and Yemen, spoke more aligned with their fellow kindred in Syria, Iraq. A much more established and educated form of Andalusi Arabic with much ties to Fosh'a Arabic or Classical Arabic. Infact the colloquial Andalusi dialect still retains many forms of Fosh'a Arabic in it's usage. It must be said, that either the (gaaf) or (qaaf) sound, was a common pratice to use either of them in speaking. Some would have the tendency to switch from one day to the (gaaf) sound of a word, then the next day, use the (qaaf). Such as (gasr) to (qasr)! But let me clarify one thing, there were also noblemen within the Berber class and others but most of them, did not stay long after their rule in Spain, and mostly headed back to Northern Africa or their country of origin.
(Fos-ha words of origin)
hekda-so
mkunsh kallaa-not at all
keshla, kushlna-both
elliyaan-because
enna-that (conjunction)
'anni-about
kemeddli-like this
dir hekdak hekdik!-do like this!
mudhu-since
kelaa!-by no means!
ahemma-more important
beççuma-then
qada-while
ilaajni-wonderful
ena'af-great
bel aksi-on the contrary
etelka-then that
balaa!-no!
deka-that(m)
deki-that(f)
weha'ulaish-these people
wulaa'ak-those people
elladhi-concerning
(Words similar to Darija)
gir-only
kash-some
umree-always
belkheffi-immediately
bla ma-without
ki lli-as if
besseh'-but
beshshweyya-slowly
ble'qel-carefully
mazall-yet, still
mleeh'-good, pleasant
belkull-totally
Yes it must be said, that the dialect of Andalusi Arabic died off by the mid 18th century indeed. Yes, though the majority of the descendants of the Moors in Spain spoke very few Arabic, the few that retained it, still spoke it in the manner of their ancestors though naturally, it like in the cases of many dialects of languages, changed in time. Yes, some of the words that I have added were not invented in the time of even the last speakers of Andalusi Arabic, such as train, razor, and so on. But it would be safe to say, that the (gaaf) sound would have naturally applied to these words, even upto this day! The language of Spanish or Castilian as it was know to the Moors, did somewhat affect the colloquial dialect of Andalusi Arabic, mainly the peasantry and soldiers who tended to speak a bit different than the noblemen of Al Andalus, who tended to be their Caliphs or Maliks etc. etc.
(Examples of Spanish influence)
gamees-shirt
sbbaat-shoe
dunu-owner
masteeka-rubber, gum
telah-cloth
(Examples of Andalusi Arabic influence on Spanish)
naraanja-orange
muwwalad-convert
alburnuz-clothing
galabiyya-jalabiya or overcoat
ustaidh-you formally
(The ch sound of Andalusi Arabic, was indeed a letter and sound, that infiltrated the dialect, from Berber dialects of Tamazight and Tashellat!)
In the end, this is simply an outlook to what existed in Andalusi Arabic.
It must be stressed, that it is important to learn
the Arabic Alphabet in Arabic, to be able to fully
comprehend the alphabet and language itself. For there
is no true substitute for it. Though, I have made an
attempt to elucidate or explain it through the usage of
the Roman Alphabet.
(Grammer Notes)
The rules outlined here are those of spoken Andalusi
or Mudajjanee Arabic. But most apply, to other spoken forms of Arabic as well. The differences between the
modern dialects are mainly of pronunciation and of
vocubulary rather, than of grammer itself. It is very
important to point out, that the Andalusi or Mudajjannee Arabic of which has been aforementioned, is a dialect that differs than mostly other dialects in the sense, that it was once an extinct colloquial dialect of Arabic. And that it does not have the
national status of statehood, as other Arabic speaking dialects maintain. Indeed there are few native speakers, but yet slowly the dialect itself is but
resurfacing, and being taught and learned by Mudéjar and Morisco descendants of today!
(Consonantal Roots)
The most striking feature of Arabic like other Semitic languages, is the way a series of usually three consonants is used as the basis for forming many closely related words. Take the series d-r-s; from this are formed the words dars "lesson," daras "he studied," daras "he taught," madrasa "school," mudaris "teacher," and many others, all related to the concept of study. Once you know the meaning of a root you can often guess at the meaning of a word containing it, because the addition of particular patterns of vowels, plus prefixes or suffixes, modifies the meaning of the root in predictable ways.
For example "maktaba," follows the same pattern as "madrasa," once you know that k-t-b involves writing and books katab-"he wrote," ketib "clerk," kuteb "books," etc. It is not surprising to find that (maktaba) means "library" or "bookshop." This system of roots plus predictable patterns makes acquiring new vocabulary in Arabic relatively easy!
(Word Order)
The order of words in sentences is much the same as in English; the only major difference is that adjectives follow the noun they modify:
bint jameela-a beautiful girl
literally-a girl beautiful
If a word such as very modifies the adjective, it too follows:
bint jameela jeddan-a very beautiful girl
literally-a girl beautiful very
bzzaf-is another form of very.
haaraa-is another form of beautiful
bint haaraa bzzaf-a very beautiful girl
literally-a girl beautiful very
(Nouns)
Nouns are either masculine or feminine. Feminine nouns usually end in -a:
ustaidh-a teacher (masc) ustaidha-a teacher (fem)
(Emphatic tense of the indefinite form)
kitabi-a book
'mraayya-a girl
rajili-a man
Muslimayya-a Muslim woman
Notice the above nouns are indefinite. To make them definite the prefix el for (the) is put at the beginning of the word:
el ustaidh-the teacher
el 'mraa-the woman
The (l) of this prefix sometimes changes to match the first consonant of the noun:
essukar-the sugar not el sukkar
ennaas-the people not el naas
This is mostly for purposes of pronuciation! The consonants that enable this change are: t, d, n, s, z, sh, r, th, dh, ss, zz:
k, g, j, are optional.
el kart or ekkart-the card
(Plurals)
Sometimes an ending is added to make a noun plural as in English:
ustaidheen-teachers
dolaraat-dollars
-Iin and -aat are amongst the most common plural endings. But even more frequently, the whole shape of the word changes, with only the consonant root but
remaining intact. There are over a dozen different plural "patterns"; the most common are:
(Singular)
1.wareg-paper
2.'isbu'a-week
3.mekteb-office
4.kart-card
5.sikka-road
6.weled-boy
7.mifteh'-key
8.tazkera-ticket
9.daif-guest
10.nimra-number
(Plurals)
1.owreg-papers
2.'asabee'-weeks
3.meketib-offices
4.kurut-cards
5.sikek-roads
6.oled-boys
7.mafateeh'-keys
8.tezekir-tickets
9.duyuf-hosts
10.numar-numbers
-Unfortunately, most of the time you can't predict the plural from the singular; it just has to be learned. This is the hardest part of Arabic grammer, but if you
use the wrong plural pattern or ending, people will
probably stil understand!
(Duals)
If two objects or people are being referred to, a special form of the noun is used. For masculine nouns the ending (ain) is added.
yom (day)
yomain (2 days)
alf (1000)
alfain (2000)
For feminine nouns ending in-a, the a is removed and (tain) is added!
sa'a (hour)
sa'tain (2 hours)
haja (thing)
hajtain (2 things)
(Noun plus Noun)
When one noun immediately follows another, it usually indicates possesssion or the notion
"of".
-rakhaam Muh'ammed-Muh'ammed's house
-bint laila-Laila's friend
Shurbaa (soup) but Shurbit basal (onion soup)
Gizaaza (bottle) but Gizaazit mayya (bottle of water)
-Of course this mostly serves as a demonstrative form, and was not a common usage back in the days of the Moors as much.
But when used in other plain situations, it itself retains the know (el) form;
especially in the emphatic form!
-Hewwa khuya ezzojayya-He is the brother of my wife!
But when used to make more emphasis, one uses then the classic (nwaas),
from (nuwaas).
-Hewwa erra'is nwaas el Wilayyet el Muttahida!-He is the president of the United States!
(Numbers)
The number 1 is the only number that has a masculine and femmine forms.
weh'd (m)
weh'da (f)
yom weh'd-one day
sana weh'da-one year
Numbers 3 to 10 are followed by a plural noun!
tala' asaba' (3 weeks)
'arba' sineen (4 yrs)
Notice the final-a has been dropped before these plural nouns;
With all higher numbers, a singular noun is used:
talateen sana (30 yrs)
'itnaashar shar(5 dollars)
However in ordering, singular always used.
khamsa dolaar(5 dollars)
When the hundreds are followed by a noun, miiya becomes (meet)
300 dollars-tulumeet dolaar
(Adjectives)
Like nouns, adjectives have three different forms, masculine, feminine, and plural:
mleeh'-good (masc)
mleeh'a-good (fem)
khair-fine (masc)
khaira-fine (fem)
The feminine ending is always-a, but as with nouns the plurals, may take many forms!
latheef-pleasant (masc)
latheefa-pleasant (fem)
mejnun-crazy (masc)
mejnuna-crazy (fem)
Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify:
weled latheefa (a niece boy)
bint latheefa (a niece girl)
Fortunately there is a strong tendency toward using the regular feminine form with
plural nouns as well. So you say either.
naas luthaaf (niece people)
or-naas latheefa
Adjectives also agree with the noun in being definite or indefinite, so the same definite
prefix (el)-must be added to adjectives next to a definite noun:
-weled latheef (a niece boy)
-But el weled el latheef (the niece boy)
(Comparative and Superlatives)
To say "bigger, biggest" "cheaper, cheapest" and so on, a special pattern is used;
kbeer (big)
ekbar (bigger, biggest)
rikhees (cheap)
erkhas (cheaper, cheapest)
jameel (beautiful)
ejmal (more, most beautiful)
When it means "the most... it precedes the noun:
erkhas si'r (the cheapest price)
si'r erkhas (a cheaper price)
Comparative/superlative adjectives are invariable;
ekbar weled (the biggest boy)
ekbar bint (the biggest girl)
ekbar oled (the biggest boys)
(Nonverbial sentences)
There is no colloquial equivalent in Arabic to "am", is, are", the subject is just followed
directly by the rest of the sentence: Though there is the customary (yekun) to be which
is mostly seen in written literature, than in colloquial dialect.
Muh'ammed Mudajjanee-Muh'ammed is Mudéjar.
Ana men landan-I am from London.
To make those negative (mash) is placed after the subject:
Muh'ammed mash Mudajjanee-Muh'ammed is not Mudéjar.
Ana mash men landan-I am not from London.
But as aforementioned with (yekun) there comes thus:
Muh'ammed yekun Mudajjanee-Muh'ammed is Mudéjar.
Ana nkun men landan-I am from London.
In normal usage the (yekun) to be, is omitted. Only when necessary to stress emphasis, does one use it truly.
The negative forms:
Muh'ammed mkunsh Mudajjanee-Muh'ammed is not Mudéjar.
Ana mnkunsh men landan-I am not from London.
(Adverbs)
Ana ghaadi lerrakhaamee (belkheffi), ba'ad shugl!
I go to my house (immediately), after work!
Hewwa yemshee (beshshweyya) bzzaf, fe ghudzuni kadhaa maashak.
He walks very (slowly), during his walking.
There is truly no set pattern form as you can see, in the manner of the ending of the adverbs. Where as in English the adverbs, end commonly in (ly).
(Personal Pronouns)
These pronouns take the following form as subject of a sentence.
I-Ana
you-'nta (masc)
'ntee (fem)
he-hewwa
she-heyya
we-nh'nu
you pl-'ntomma
them-homma
(Emphatic)
I-Anayya
you (fem)-'nteyya
(Colloquially)
I-nash
you-'nkem (masc)
'nkemee (fem)
you pl-nkech
(Reflexive pronouns)
myself-bezaltee
yourself-belzatek, belzatik
himself-belzatho
herself-bezalha
ourselves-belzathna
themselves-belzathom
yourselves-belzatkom
by myself-weh'di
by yourself-weh'dek, weh'dik
by himself-weh'du, weh'da
by ourselves-weh'dina
by themselves-weh'dihom
by yourselves-weh'dikom
(Demonstrative pronouns)
The first is masculine, followed by the feminine form.
this-haadha, haadhi
that-deka, deki
those, these-hadhu, hadhul
these people-weha'ulaish
those people-wulaa'ak
(Genitive Case)
who (m)-ellahedhee
who (f)-ellahetee
whose (m) pl-ellahedheen
whose (f) pl-ellahaatee
(Possessive Pronouns)
my-ee (rakhaamee-my house)
your-ak, ik (rakhaamak, rakhaamik-your house)
his-ho (rakhaamho-his house)
her-ha (rakhaamha-her house)
our-na (rakhaamna-our house)
their-hom (rakhaamhom-their house)
yours-pl kom (rakhaamkom-your house)
mine-beta'a
yours-beta'ak, beta'ik
his-beta'ho
hers-beta'ha
ours-beta'na
theirs-beta'hom
yours pl-beta'kom
(Common Adverbs)
how-kaif
what-shlu, wash
when-'mta
where-fain
who-shlun
which-shlunsh
whose-shlunsh
why-'alash
how much-bkom
how many-shel
(Emphatic)
what-bayyi?
where-win?
why-'aalash?
how-kaifash?
when-weqtash?
whose-ta'man
yes-eyeh
no-lala
(Emphatic)
yes-n'aam!
no-balaa!
nay-kalla!
not at all-mkunsh kallaa!
for-le
from-men
in-le
on-'ala, lekhef
to-le
at-le
by-fe
(Contraction)
for what-lebayyi?
in what-febayyi?
to what-lebayyi?
at what-lebayyi?
by what-febayyi?
from what-menbayyi
for whose-letam'an?
in whose-fetam'an?
to whose-letama'n?
at whose-letam'an?
by whose-fetam'an?
from whose-mentam'an?
from where-menwin?
from what-menbayyi?
from when-menweqtash?
from whose, which-mentam'an?
from here-menha
from there-menhnaak
(Verbs)
The following are the regular forms of the (yi) form of verbs which tend to be more abundant.
But there are indeed an array of irregular verbs of which, should be learned.
(Present)
(To speak)
I speak-ntekelem
you speak-tetekelem, tetekelemee
he speaks-yetekelem
she speaks-tetekelemee
we speak-nentekelem
they speak-yetekelemu
you speak pl-tetekelemu
(To say)
I say-negul
you say-tegul, tegulee
he saids-yegul
she saids-tegulee
we say-nengul
they say-yegulu
you say pl-tegulu
(To want)
I want-nurridu
you want-turridu, turridee
he wants-yurridu
she wants-turridee
we want-nenurridu
they want-yurridu
you want pl-turridu
(To understand)
I understand-nfh'em
you understand-tfh'em, tfeh'mee
he understands-yefh'em
she understands-tfhe'mee
we understand-nenfh'em
they understand-yefh'emu
you understand pl-tfh'emu
(Past tense)
(I speak)
I spoke-tekellemt
you spoke-tekellemt
you spoke-tekellemtee
he spoke-tekellema
she spoke-tekellemit
we spoke-tekellemna
they spoke-tekellemu
you spoke pl-tekellemtu
(To say)
I said-gaalt
you said-gaalt, gaaltee
he said-gaala
she said-gaalit
we said-gaalna
they said-gaaltu
you said pl-gaalu
(To want)
I wanted-araadt
you wanted-araadt, araatee
he wanted-araada
she wanted-araadit
we wanted-araadna
they wanted-araadtu
they wanted pl-araadu
(To understand)
I understood-feh'emt
you understood-feh'emt, feh'emtee
he understood-feh'ema
she understood-feh'emit
we understood-feh'emna
they understood-feh'emu
you understood pl-feh'emtu
(Imperatives)
Take the second person and omit the initial (t)
(To speak)
speak!-etekelem! (masc)
etekelemee (fem)
etekelemu (pl)
(Future)
(Ha)-is prefixed to the basic present tense
I willl speak-hatekelem
you will speak-hatetekelem
he will speak-hayetekelem
she will speak-hatetekelemee
we will speak-hanentekelem
they will speak-hayetekelemu
you will speak pl-hatetekelemu
(Negatives)
In the present tense, (ma) is added to the beginning,
and (sh) to the end of the verb
-mayetekelemsh-he doesn't speak
With the future, (mash) is placed before the verb
mash ntekelem-I will not speak
The verbs want and have are more as in the usage of adjectives
To want-Mehtehj (masc) Mehteja(fem)
To have-'ind
I have-'indee
you have-'indak, 'indik
he has-'indu
she has-'indha
we have-'indna
they have-'indhom
you have pl-'indkom
(Negative)
These are negated like verbs, with (ma) and (sh) around
the word:
ma'indush fluss-He has no money
ma'indeesh weqt-I don't have time
After a noun they have a possesive meaning:
rakhaamee-my house
khutak-your sister to a man
After verbs, the same forms are used:
yishufha-he sees her.
yishufnee-he sees me.
The usage of (It is), (there is, are) in Andalusi Arabic.
As in Fosh'a it is (ennah'u), and there is, are (hunaaka), Andalusi Arabic as well, used these forms in their colloquial talk.
Example
Nh'u essa'a le jum'aa, ya'ala!
It is the hour for jum'aa, let's hurry!
Notice the word (nh'u) though it is not (ennah'u) but instead a derrivation of the word, nevertheless it still, is from Fosh'as (ennah'u)!
Example
Hnaaka taraajim el Qor'aan, fellugha el Esbaniyya wi Burthaghaliyya!
There are translations of the Koran, in the language of Spanish and Portuguese!
Notice here there is more of a closer attachment to Fosh'as (hunaaka) in this example with the exception, of the omitted (u) of which, is still pronounced (hunaaka)!
(Questions)
Are similar to English pattern except in the case of
when the adjectives are being referred to such as: The
exception is the tendency in spoken Arabic, to put the
words such as what, when, why, where, how etc, at the end of the word
Beheeshee? It is okay?
Khairshee? Are you well?
Hal khuyak? Is that your brother?
Khuyak helaa? Is it not your brother?
(Hal) which is from (Fosh'a), was the common form of asking questions! (Helaa), was used as in (Fosh'a), in emphatic form or usage.
Questions involving the pronouns in emphatic form. This is an influence of (Fosh'a)!
Is she busy? Aheyya masghula?
Is he your father? Ahewwa babak?
Are you Muslim? Anta Muslim?
Are they Mudajaan? Ahomma Mudajaan?
Are we ready for the hajj tomorrow?
An'hnu jahizeen lel hajj ghedda?
(Past tense of yekun-to be!)
I was-kuntu
you were-kunta (masculine)
you were-kunti (feminine)
he was-kaan (masculine)
she was-kaanat (feminine)
we were-kunnaa
they were-kaanu (masculine)
they were-kunna (feminine)
you were pl-kuntum (masculine)
you were pl-kuntunna (feminine)
Notice the similarity with Fosh'a. Yes, there was no deviation from Fosh'a in this case! One must understand that although like all Arabic dialects, Andalusi Arabic did infact altered but yet, it seemed to retain more usage of Fosh'a, then the other modern day dialects of Arabic.
Another example of Classic Arabic, is the pluperfect form of usage.
Example
Akhadhu ettareeg lel Qurtubah, men Gharnatah!
They took the road to Córdoba, from Granada!
This is the common past tense usage. But now the pluperfect.
Example
Ukhidhu lel masjid le jum'aa!
They were taken to the mosque for jum'aa!
Hewwa tarjama el Furqaan, lel Aljamiyah el Araajuniyya!
He translated the Furqaan (Qur'aan), into Aragonese Aljamiyah!
El Furqaan, turjima fel Aljamiyah el Araajuniyya!
The Furqaan, was translated into Aragonese Aljamiyah!
(Past participles)
All past participles begin with ma
maktub-it is written.
magful-it is closed.
maftuh-it is opened.
mamnu'a-it is forbidden.
There is a gerund form, but it was not used much
mashi-walking, compared to I walk-nmshee
But the present form of (I walk), was more of a common usage!
(Professions and occupations)
bagal-grocer
sawweg-driver
kheyyaat-tailor
thayyaar-pilot
ustaidh-teacher
(Dictionary)
This dictionary is only a brief dictionary of
Andalusi Arabic. Indeed there are words here, that were not known during the Moor's reign in Al Andalus or Spain. But according to it's pattern, and it's closest kin in Moroccan Arabic, I was able to determine the outcome of even such words as train and car which of course, did not exist in Al Andalus. But instead of going the route of Hebrew when it was resuscitated and creating words from Latin or other languages, for these non-existant words in Andalusian Arabic, it was better to rely on Moroccan Arabic for such words as aforesaid! The words are a mixture of Fosh'a Arabic, Coloquial Arabic, and influences of Darija and Berber as well! By no means, is this dictionary well chronicled in alphabetical order!)
(A)
a disgraceful thing-eshain
abasement-ikhbat
ability-istzaa'aa
above-fog
to be able-yemkan
abstinence-waraa'
achievement-mafaazaa
admonishment-tazkirah
affection-rughba
agitation-qaleg
alot-ktheer
america-amreeka
american-amreekee pl amreekaan
and-wi, bwee (from Spanish y)
and when-wi'idha
angry-shbes, za'lan
animal-hyel
annihilation-fana'
another-ekhair
arab-'arabee pl-'arab
arabic-'arabee
arabic language-lugha 'arabiyya
arabicized-mu'arreb
atmosphere-kbad
to attack-yebirrizee
to advoid-yekhaabaa
to ask-yesu'al
answer-jeweb
to answer-yejewab
answering-mujib
ascetism-dhuhd
astonishment-hayaman
attentive-'azinat
appetite-eesha
auditon-sama'
authority-sulta
automatic-otomatik
autumn-kherif
attic-sendarah
attention-'esghaa
aunt-'aama(paternal) khela(maternal0
author-mu'eleef
artificial-silki
asparagus-spirja
archictect-muhendis
arm-dhiraa
army-jaish
to arrive-yaçel
arrival-wusul
apple-tufaha
appointment-teeshmur
apricot-mishmish
aforementioned-munqddem dhekra
after-ba'ad, eghibb
across-zijir
again-tenee
against-jeed, meni
age-nurij
airplane-thayaara
airport-methaar
address-'aanwan
avenger-muntagim
advertisement-ilaan
actor-mumetsil
advice-nesiha
affair-'eesh
afternoon-ba'ad eddhuhr
afterwards-ba'adein
agression-'itdaa
all-kull
alone-dhaaljim, weh'dee
also-yeddan, braa
amount-mblek
always-edhaima, dhaiman, umri
anarchy-fawdza
andalusia-andalusiyya
andalusian-andalusee pl-andaalusiyyun
any-ayy, wayyi
annoying-nakid
about-'anni, hawelee
at least-ghagall
at-le
already-ejaahi
almost-tegreeban
angel-melik
as-ka
as if-shgul, ki lli
ascent-agabah
attack-naziraad
(B)
back-zaheeh
back again-dehr
banana-muz
bandage-reba
bank-benk
barbarian-'afaqi
barley-shaeer
barn-heta
barril-bermil
bashful-itikez
bashfulness-haya'
basket-salaa
basque-qaçeeç pl-qaçaçaan
bath-h'amman
bathrobe-burnuz
bathtub-hunud
battery-battariyya
to be-yekun
beach-shti
bean-fesulya
bear-dub
beard-sekan
beautiful-yaafee, jamiil, haara
because-'ala khataar, elliyaan
to become christian-naççur
to become european-tafarnus
bed-srir
bedroom-hudet ennom
bee-nila
beef-beqara
to begin-yebeyet
behavior-taçeruf
behind-khef, mur, wara'a
to believe-yeççedaq
belief-imaan
believer-mu'min pl-mu'mineen
bell-nqus
below-ita
belly-bttin
belt-hsam
benefit-fa'ida
berber-berber pl bawaarabiyya, amazight
to bet-yajumesh
bet-jumesh
to betray-yekhum
between-bain, bina binat pl
bewildered-h'ayir
bicycle-darreja
bill-fturah
bird-eshur
birth-milaad
birthday-yomjee
bitter-mar
black-khel, khat
bladder-mtsenna
to blame-yelum
blame-mlama
blaming-lawwama
blanket-btaniyya
blind-aneesh, amaa
blond-sqar
blood-demm
blouse-bluza
blue-zerag
blueberrry-uhema
boasting-selef
boat-bhira
body-jish
to boil-yesheel
boiler-shiliyyah
bold-faatik
bomb-qubula
bone-'aadma
book-kteb
border-hdud
both-keshla, kushla, firzuj(dual)
bottle-dhaal
bountiful-sakha'
bowl-ayif
boy-shfee, tefl
bracelet-siwar
brain-mukh
bread-khubz
breakfast-iftar
breast-çaadye
breath-nefas
breezes-nafahat
brick-tub
bride-erus
bridge-kubri
bring-yeh'dir
brooch-meshbek
brown-bunee
brother-akh pl ikhtwat, khuya pl khut
broom-fursha
building-bnaa'
bullet-bjirk
burn-yehteriq
business-tjaara
but-lekin, besseh', amma, belli
but not-kallaa
but verily-'nnahaa
butcher-jezzer
butter-zibda
butterfly-feresha
button-zuraar
buy-yetsheb
by-'ala
by means of-'alayya yedifulaan
by the way-'ala fekra
by God-Wellah
(C)
cabbage-kurumb
cabin-kamera
cafe-gahwa
cake-helba
calamity-saada
calf-ijel
to call-yendedee
canal-jemel
camp-mu'asker
candle-shamaa
cane-belka
capital-'ashima
capture-yebud
car-'araba
careful-h'eshib
carefully-ble'qel
cargo-shuna
carpenter-najjer
carpet-sijjada
carrot-jasher
carthigian-kaarteejayaan
to carry-yeh'mul
to carry a discussion-yeth'awwar
cash-fluss
castle-gesr
castilian-qastaleeh pl-qastaleewan
catalan-katalaaneeh pl-kataalaaneeh
cat-mush
to catch-yeshee
cathedral-abrashiyya
cattle-meshiyya
caution-ih'tiras
to ceize-yezzal
cellar-kebwe
cementery-jebbena
century-qern
certainly-yaqena, maadhee
chain-sisila
chair-ijuk
to change-yetghayyer
character-khuluq
cheap-rekhees
cheek-khed
cheese-jibna
cherry-kirez
chest-çedr
chiefs-nuqaba'r
chicken-farkha
child-tefl, weled
chin-dhqil
chivalriness-ftuwwa
chocolate-shukuled
chosen-mszafee
christian-neçrani, pl-nasaara rumii, pl-ayaami
christmas-kristmas
church-knisa
cigar-sijer
circle-daira
citizen-muwetin
clarification-bayen
clean-ndif
clear-sfi
clergy-imaam
clever-laa elebaagahee
climb-yetseleg
clock-sita
to close-yegfel
clothing-mlebis
cloud-siheb
coal-feh'm
cockroach-shishim
coffe-gahwa
cold-berid
collar-yeqa
color-lon
comb-misht
to come-yeh'dir
come here!-ayya!
comfort-mwesa
companionship-suhba
compassion-ishfeg
competition-msabega
comprending-wasi'
concentration-himma
concerning-elladhi
concert-firgi musigiyya
condition-shert
confidant-mu'nis
conjunction-ittisel
connection-sila
conquered-maghlun
conqueror-fattah
conscience-sirr
to consider-yandhur
contemplating-mu'ayana
construction-qabd
consulate-qunsuliyya
continence-i'tisam
contentment-qana'a
control-muragaba
conversation-edishwi
cook-tabbekh
copper-nsed
copy-nusha
corn-dheera
correct-medhbut
correspondence-mkaataba
cost-tmaan
costly-gheli
couch-arika
to count-yeh'sib
country-beled pl belaad
courage-shejaa'
cousin-bin 'im
coward-jabaan, pl jubaana'
cracker-beskawet
cranberry-shufi
crane-yeshteshi
cream-qishya
creator-khaliq
crib-hisul
crime-jerjma
criminal-'asiim
cross-çeleeb, pl çulbaan
crusader-çaleebeeh pl çaleebiteet
to cry-yesih'
cup-finjan
curtain-seyyara
customs-jumruk
to cut-yekta
chapter-çeh'aaj, çeh'af
cucumber-jush
(D)
damage-tlaf
dance-ragaat, rags
to dance-yergaat
danger-khetaar
dark-wush
darkness-gatarah
date-tarreekh
daughter-bet
day-yom, pl-ayaam nhar, pl nharaat
deaf-'assam
death-mot
debt-dain
deeds-managib
deep-ameek
deceiver-ghalwen
defeat-ehezeeh, ghalib
defect-shaagaadh
defective-su'eb
defender-mola, menwaag
degree-dareja
delayer-mu'akhkhir
delight-na'eem
to deliver-yeselem
dentist-tbeb isnaan
departure-rehil
dervish-derbish
desert-sahara
dessert-hulwe
desire-irada
destination-meçir
to devour-yata'ukul
devotee-muta'abbid
diarrhea-shel
dictionary-qmus
different-mukhtelif
difficult-su'eb
difficulty-su'uba
digestion-hdim
diminisher-khafid
dinning room-hudet ettaam
dinner-'aasha
direction-istikemit, nahiya
dirty-bushik
disbelieve-kufraa
disbeliever-kufaar, pl kafaarun
disciple-murid
discipline-riyada
disease-mred
desired-murad
disgrace-heteek, faseeh
destruction-gherqa
dish-tbeq
dispute-mu'aalijaa
distance-msefa
distracted-talahhaa
divine protection-el baraka
document-wetsiga
do like this-dir hekdek
donkey-hmu
don't worry-matkheyyegsh
door-beb
down-tah'at
drawing-rsim
dream-holm pl aholm
dress-kuf
to drink-yeshreb
to drive-yesug
driver-se'ig
to drop-yenukta
to drown-yeghriq
drug-dawa
drum-tbl
dry-jaaf
duck-btta
during-fe ghudzuni kadhaa
dust-ghubar
duty-wejib
(E)
eagle-nsir
ear-wdin
earring-gurt
to ease-yuyassir
east-sherg
to eat-yekul
education-attarbiyya
egg-bdda
elbow-mrfek
elevator-msed
empty-ferigh
endeavor-sa'aa
enemy-aduwe
energy-taga
engineer-muhendis
entertainment-waleemah
entrance-mana
envelope-mzruf
epic-masnawi
event-amraa
error-ghalta
escape-felat
essence-dhaat
especially-kheçuçan
ecetera-ehelumma jerran
excuse-uzur
evening-msaa'
europe-uruba
european-urubee, ifranzh
europeans-el franj, urub
exalted-mrfuu'atum
exalter-rafi'
exile-ghurba
exit-khuruj, kharja
exonerator-'afuw
expansion-bast
expense-msrufat
expensive-gheli
to expire-yentenhi
explain-yeshrah'
explaination-nayab
to export-yesedr
exposition-irda
extract-khulasat
extreme-mutatheref
eye-'iyan pl 'iyun
even after-ya'idhaa
everlasting-çemad
everything-kullshi
everyone-kull weh'ed
(F)
face-ghaya, wujh
faction-ta'ifa
factory-mesnaa
far-ghud, bi'aeed
farm-mezraa
fast-seri'a
fat-shehm
father-baba
to fear-yakhsaa
fear-khof
fearfulness-khushu'
fear of God-tegwa
few-qleel
fig-tin
fight-dabez, yeqatilu
to find-yejid
finding-wujud
finger-suba'a pl sawaabi'a
fingernail-izfer
fire-nar
firmness-tamakkun
to fight-yeh'areb
filth-fedr
first-awwal
fish-smek, hut
fist-gabda
flea-jeef
to flee-yafirr
flight-firar
floor-dhahra
fly-duba
food-mekla
foot-gadem
forbidden-h'aaram
forceful-gadeer
foreign-gherib
foreigner-ajnaabee
fortune-jedd
to forget-yensaa
to forgive-yusaameh'
forgiver-ghaffar
fork-shuka
forsaken-muhijur
fortress-gesr
fox-saleb
fragile-h'esh
free-h'ur
fresh-tezig
friday-jumaa'
fried-mkli
friend-saahib, pl ash'aabee
frog-dufdaa
from-men
from memory-ghaiben wi 'ala alfaa'ini
front-amam
fruit-fkiha
fugitive-ih'aarib
funeral-janeza
funny-dhuljeez
(G)
to gain-yekseb
galician-jalishanee pl-jaaleesiyyun
game-kshik
garden-jinayna
garlic-sum
gasoline-ghezulin
gauge-miyar
gazing-lahz
gentle-h'alim
gentlemen-dhul, pl dhawwul
generous-kareem
generosity-jud
generation-yahlee
gift-h'ediya
girl-bint
to give-yu'thi
giver-wehh'eb
glad-sa'eed
glass-gezaaza
glove-gaffez
glue-semq
to go-yeruh', ghaadi
goat-kedyi
god-Allaah
god bless you!-illaahiçallimakom!
god forbid!-ma'a dhaallahi!
gold-dhaheb
good-kbee, mleeh', akhyar
goodbye-illaahiibaarikfak, sfed
goodlooking-sanaahee, sanaahiyya
good thing-dhayaaba
goose-gih'
government-hkuma
grandfather-jdtee
grandmother-jditee
grandson-h'afid
granddaughter-h'afida
gradually-tedreejee
grape-ineb
grass-h'eshish
gravy-selsa
great-ekbar, ena'af
greedy-tammaa'
green-khdar
gray-ramaadi
grief-eweleh
to grow-yezded
guard-h'aris
guardian-nazir, muqith
guest-daif
guide-mrshid
guidebook-daleel
guilty-mudhnib
gulf-khaleej
gun-ikish
(H)
hail-bered
hair-shaar
hairdresser-mizayin
half-nisfa
ham-shuki
hammer-mtreka
hand-yed pl ayaadee
handkerchief-mendil
to hang-yeshnug
happy-ferh'an
harbor-dghr
hard-sa'ab
harvest-hsed
hat-kbaa
hate-yeshaani, yekurkh
hatred-eshen, bughd
to have-'ind
head-raas
health-sihed
to hear-yesmaa'
heart-qelb
heaven-janaat
heavy-sagil
heel-kaab
henceforth-men 'alana feéaa adaa
hell-jah'eem
hello-marhaba, ezul
to help-yetallet, yesa'eed
help-tallet, 'oin
here-hna
hiddeness-gheyba
highway-tarrig
hispanic-hisbanee pl-hisbaan
history-tarrikh
historian-mu'arrikh
hole-shukb
holiday-a'id
holy-guddus or quddus
honey-'aasal
honoured-mkarramah
to honour-yatrukim
horizon-'ufug
horse-hsen
hospital-mstefa
hotel-fundag
hour-sa'at
house-rakhaam
home-bait
how-'alash
how good is it?-wash hadhyabah?
human being-insaan
humility-tawadu'
hundred-miyya
hungry-jewaan
to hunt-yested
(I)
ice-selg
ice cream-gilaati
idiot-mu'atuuk
idol-ewashnu, 'ibasbi
if-ao, wela? (question)
if possible-lukan
illegal-ghair qenunii
iman-imaan
immediately-belkheffi
import-istired
important-muhimm
in a hurry-mista'ajil
independence-istiqlel
in detail-yaa tafçila
industry-sinaa
inexperienced-wa'sheen
inflation-inflaasyun
information-isti'alamet
in order that-lekaish
ink-hbr
inheritor-warith
inner-batih
inner aspect-batin
inner heart-lubb
insect-hshera
insight-firasa
inspiration-'ilham , wah'yin
insurance-ta'amin
interest-fa'ida
interested-mutam be
interesting-muhimm
intimacy-'uns
intoxication-sukr
interpreter-mrterjim
introduce-yeqaddem
invention-ikhtiraa
iron-h'adid, belki
ironing-yekwi
island-jazeera
is not?-helaa?
islam-islam
islamic convert-muwallad
islamic spain-El Andalus
isolation-tawhed, tafeed
it is-nh'u, fee
I thank you-eshkurak, eshkurik, eshkurikom
(J)
jasmine-abhar
jealous-gheyur
jealousy-gheywur
jew-yahud pl-yahuda
jewel-hilya
joining-jam'a
joy-'inbisat
joke-mized, kulna
judge-h'akam, gadiz
just-'adel
(K)
key-mftah'
kidney-kilya
kindness-ra'aya
king-mlik
kingdom-mulk
kiss-qubla, chiss
kitchen-mtbakh
knapsack-shun
knee-rukba
knife-sikkin
(L)
lace-dentila
ladder-silim
lake-buhaira
lamb-daan
language-lugha
large-kbir, ekbaar
late-mut'ekhir, wakhree
to laugh-yedhek
laughter-dehk
laundry-maaghsel
lawyer-muh'emi
lazy-kaslen, shunni
lead-bkir
leader-rashid
leaf-wareg
to learn-yetaa'lem
lest-lekaishlaa
leather-jild
leg-rejil
legal-qanunee
to leave-yusefir
left-shamel
lemon-laimun
liberator-basit
lineage-fasbi
let!-fal!
lens-adasa
letter-khteb
level-hiza
library-mkteb
life-h'aya
light-nur
lightning-berq
like-ka
like that-kemeddli
lime-jir
linen-abba
lion-aasad
lip-shifah
liqueur-meshrub rawhi
liquid-sa'il
little-saghir
to live-yah'yaa, yiskun
liver-kbid
lobster-lengust
lock-klun
logic-manthig
long-ta'weel
loss-khsera
love-h'ub, h'abaa
to love-yeh'ub
love poem-ghazal
luck-haz
luggage-bagej
lung-rya
lyric-ghazal
(M)
machine-mkina
magazine-mjela
magic-sihir
magnanimity-h'urriya
magnification-ta'zim
maid-khdima
mail-berid
majesty-jalal
to make-yem'al
maker-mubdi'a
malignant-khbitee
man-rajil pl-rajjaala
manner-fedya
manners-edab
manifestation-i'alan
map-herita
market-sug
maroon-bunnee
marriage-zawej
match-kfik
matress-mrteba
maturity-rushd
meal-shbeta
meat-lah'm
medicine-dawa
meditation-murageba
to meet-yetimlilt, yegaabel
meeting-timlilt, ijtemaa'
melon-shemmann
memorial-tki
merchant-tjir
merry-shush, merid
metal-ma'adin
method-nseq
middle-wisth
middle east-ishsharg el osat
military-'askaari
milk-h'eleeb, laben
minute-dagiga
mistake-ghelta
to mix-yemzij
mixture-khelth
mixed-mizaajuh
mirage-saraabaa
monsatery-ribat
money-fluss
month-shehr
moor-beledee, pl belediyyun or magharibaat
moroccan-maghribee, maghriba pl maghribeen
morocco-al maghrib
morisco-mawrikee pl-mawaarika
mudejar-mudajanee pl-mudajjaan
moriego-murajee pl-muwaarija
moruno-murunee pl-murun
morobo-murubee pl-murub
more-ektar
more important-ahemma
morning-sbah
mosquito-nmusa
most sincerely-men çemen el qelb
mother-yemaa
mountain-jebaal
mouse-jish, faar
mouth-fem
mouthwash-ghesi lel fam
to move-yeh'erik
movie-sinima
much-jddan, bzzaf
municipality-belediyya
mushroom-lmju
muslim-muslim pl-muslimeen
mustard-krdel
mute-smit
mutual-h'dedi
mystery-khefi
myticism-tasawwuf
(N)
nail-msmar
nail file-biklik
nay-kallaa
name-smi pl asaamee
native-american-amreekee açlee
native-americans-amreekeeyyun açleeyyun
naturally-teb'aan
nature-tabi'aa
near-gurrayib
neck-ragaba
necklace-bishuk, iqd
needle-ibraa
neighbor-jer
next to-guddam
nervous-'asaabi
neutral-muhayid
never-bdan
new-jdeed
newspaper-jerida
night-laila
noble-kareem
no-lala, balaa
non-monasticism-rabbaniyya
not-mash
noise-ghurshiiz, dosha
noodle-ahareg
noon-dhuhr
nothing-ashemma, walu
nothing else-mashghair
no wonder!-magharwash!
north-shamel
nose-ef
nourisher-razzag
now-en'ana, li'an
number-ragem
nurse-mumerida
nut-zuk
(O)
oat-mosh, bellut
oafs-shufen
to occupy-yeshghil
odes-gasidaat
office-mkteb
oh-yaa
oh dear-yaster
oil-zait
old-qdeem
olive-zaitun
on the contrary-bel 'eksi
on purpose-wel mafaaçi
on them-'elaihim, 'elaihema
one-weh'ed, weh'da
once again-mrra weh'da
onion-btsel
other than-ghaira'ab
to open-yeftuh'
only-fqat, eghiba, bass
opression-tawur, dhulm
orange-burtugaal, neranja
origen-msdar
originator-bari
outside-jinuk
outer-zahir
overpowering-jabbar
oxe-dhur
(P)
pain-alam, qdim
painting-rsim
pair-çug
pancake-ftira
panic-jazaa'
paper-wareg
paradise-jannaat
pardoning-ghafu
parcel-terd
parents-welidain
part-juza
passport-besbur
to pay-yedfaa
pea-bsila
peace-çlaama
pear-kmitsra
peasant-fleh'
pen-rsha
pencil-qlem
penitence-inaba
people-naas, ahl
pepper-filfil, ibzaar
permitted-halel
perhaps-balak, yemki
pharmacy-'ajzakhana
physician-tbib
piety-teqwa
picture-laha
pig-khenzir
please-tfedhal, men fedlek, 'afak
to please-yefergheb
pigeon-jushir
pillow-mkheda
pilot-rubben
pin-debbus
pink-bembi
pious-abrar
plant-nbet
platform-rsif, meszenah
to play-ye'laab
pleasant-mizyan
pleasure-surur
plum-krasiya
pocket-jib
point-nukta
poison-samek
pole-quth
poor-fageer
portable-ishil
porter-h'mel
portugal-burtaghal
portuguese-burtughalee, pl burtajeeseer
postcard-kert postel
post office-mktal el berid
pot-waa'
potato-btetis
powder-mshug
to prefer-yusir
preserver-muhaiman
preventor-mani'a
price-ta'aman
to print-yetbaa
prime minister-ra'is
prison-sijin
professor-ustaidh
profession-mih'na
promised day-yomil maw'ud
property-milk
prophet-nabi
protector-wakil, mola
provision-mataa'
purification-tasfiyaat
purified-mutahh'arah
purity-safa'
punishment-'adheem
purse-hfiza
(Q)
quran-el qor'aan, el forqaan
qualification-na'aat
quarter-rba
queen-mlika
question-su'al
quiet-hdi
(R)
rabbit-arneb
radiance-nadhratan
radio-radyo
rational-aqleeyi
rag-shijik, kirka
rain-mter
raincoat-mtef
rancor-wa'alee
raspberry-tut
rat-faar
rather-shuya
to reach-yaakaad
realization-tahqiq
reasonable-ma'agul
rebelious-'aabaa
recitation-tilawaa
recording-kaatibeen
to reduce-yekhefid
refinement-tahdhib
to reform-ya'aslan
refugee-wenh'ar, kenfuj
relief-farakh
renewer-badi'
to rent-ye'jir
renunciation-tabattul
to repeat-ya'uid
to represent-yemeththal
reverence-h'urma
resignation-tafwid
resolution-'adhm
to rest-yereh'a
restorer-mu'id
to return-yenqelib
retreat-khalwa
restaurant-mt'aam
reunited-zuwwijat
revelation-ayaat
revision-murja'a
rhetoric-mulma'ayyi
rice-urz
rich-gheni
rifle-bunduqiyya
right-yemin
righteous-bararah
ring-khtim
ripe-ndij
risk-mukhetara
river-nhir
to roast-yeshwi
roastbeef-shiwa
roll-bshee
roman-rumaanee pl-ruum
roof-sqef
room-hdet
root-jizir
rope-hbel
round-mustedir
rubber-mttet
ruler-wali
to run-yeghri
rust-seda
(S)
sacred-guds or quds
sad-hedhin
saddle-berdaa
safety-amaan
sailor-bhhar
saint-wali
sainthood-wilayya
salt-mlh', imalh'a
sample-mstera
sand-rmel
sarcasm-emmah'ekm
satisfaction-rida'
sausage-sujug
scarf-isherb
school-mdresa
scholar-alim pl-ulima
science-'ilm
scissors-mqes
scrambled eggs-baid mdrub
screw-musmer 'aloz
scrolls-çuh'uf
sea-bhar
secret-sirr
selfish-beejeel
to see-yeshuf, yarah
seeing-baçir
seeking-qsel
seed-nuthfah
seize-yegabid
seizer-gabid
self-examination-mhasaba
to sell-yebi
to send-yursil
seperation-infiçaliyya
servanthood-'ubudiyya
to sew-yeh'ik
shaper-musawwir
to shave-yeh'liq
shout-eyyef, çah'
seriously-gulwellah
sheep-kheruf
sheikh-shaikh
shirt-gaamees
shoe-sbbaat
short-qsir, gasir
shoulder-ktif
sick-merid
sign-alaama
signature-'imdaa
silence-çamt
silk-h'erir
silver-fida
since-mudhu
sincere-mukhliç
sincerity-ikhlas
to sing-yeghanni
song-ughanni
similarity-kemeddlayya
sister-ukht, khtee pl ukhtiwat, khteewat
to sit-yegud, yequd
skin-jild
sky-ijinna, sema
to sleep-yenom
slowly-beshshweyya
small-druz, qleel
to smell-yeshim
smoke-dukhen
snake-hmesh
snow-jelid
sobriety-sahw
so-hekda, kadhaa
so that-bash, kaish
soap-sebun
socks-jereb
sofa-arika
soft-lain
solitude-khalwa
soldier-jundi pl-ghulam
solution-h'el
some-shkul, bkash, kash
someone-kash weh'ed
something-kash haja
sometimes-yaarha
son-bn
sorrow-yesef, h'idhn
soul-nefs
sound-sehih'
soup-shurba
sour-h'emid
source-gabid
south-jenub
space-feda
spain-esbanya
spanish-esbanee
spaniard-esbanee pl-esbaan
to speak-yetekelem
special-khes
spice-tbel
spirit-ruh'
splendid-jelil
spoon-mlega
spring-rebi
stable-istebl
staircase-darej
stamp-busta
to stand-yegif, yaqum
star-nejm, itir
station-mh'atta
station in time-mqam pl mqamaat
steal-sulb
stick-'asa
to sting-yedagh
stock exchange-bursa
stomach-ma'ida, kersh
stone-hejar
to stop-yebded
store-hnut
story-naba'
storm-asifa
stove-moqib
strawberry-farola
street-shari'a
striving-mujahida
strong-gawi
student-thlib
stubborn-inetan, 'anid
stupor-dehsh
sublime-muta'ali
subsistance-bqa
substitutes-abdal
suffice-haçib
sugar-sukar
sucessor-khalifa
sucession-khilafa
summer-se'if
sun-shemsi
suddenly-efajaan
surrender-teslim
to swear-yuqsimu
(T)
take care-thallao
to take heed-yazzaker
to talk-yeketekelem
tall-ta'weel
taste-taab
tax-bagheez, deriba
teacher-mdaris, ustaidh
tea-shayye
tedious-mkheez
television-tilifiziyyun
tent-khaima
test-imhan
thanks-shukran
theater-tiyatru
than-ghair
thankful-shukur
thankfulness-shukr
that-enna
that not-ennelaa
that is to say-ze'ma
that is for sure-kaina menha
then-beççuma
then that-etelka
then this-edhaalik
there-hnaak
therefore-kadhaa
therein-feehaa
thick-ktsif
thief-liss
thigh-fekhz
thin-nhif
to think-yufekir
thirst-'atesh
those-yelladh
thought-tffekkur
thread-khait
throat-helq
to throw-yegir
thumb-el h'em el yed
thunder-raad
thus-idhaa
ticket-bilet
tie-rubet el 'unug
tiger-nmer
time-sman
timetable-jadwel ettoqit
tin-sfih'
tire-iftar
tired-mtaab
toast-gheka
tobacco-tbek
today-el yom
toe-istba el yeb
together-sawa, emara
to toil-yençab
toilet-tubalet
tomato-dhumeta
tomorrow-gheda
tongue-lugha
tooth-sin
toothbrush-furshet essin
towel-futa
town-beled, jeel
toy-luba
train-gatar
transgressor-mut'adin
to translate-yuterjim
translator-muterjim
transparent-shaffaf
to travel-yusefir
trap-tus'aa
trick-h'ila
tribe-qbaala
tree-kud, shajara
trouble-mshekil
troussers-bantelunan
trustworthy-ameen
truth-heqq
truthfulness-sidq
truly-sheeh', tesseh'
to try-yuh'ewil
trustworthiness-thiqa
tulip-khuzema
turkey-dud
typewriter-mkina yektuf
(U)
ugly-shaaf, wihish, shawiyee
umbrella-shemsiyya
uncle-'amm-paternal, guf, khel-maternal
under-tah'at
understanding-feh'm, khabir
to understand-yefh'em
until-'eh'aatta
unto-'elaa 'alaa
unveiling-mkashafa
upon-lekhef
upright-salih'een
uprightness-istiqema
upstairs-dhaa
to use-yisti'aamel
to urge on-yetah'aaz
urgent-jeelee
utterance-qoli
(V)
vaccination-tatt'aim
valley-waad
value-qma
veal-bitillu
vegetable-khudar
velvet-gatifa
very-jddan, bzzaf
vices-uyubiha
victim-dehiya
view-mandhera
village-jeef, qrya
vinegar-khell
violation-mkhelefa
virtue-ih'san
visigoth-futheeghribee pl-feeseejuthis
vision-baçira
to visit-yezur
voice-sot
(W)
wakefulness-yeqza
to wait-yestenna
waiter-garson
to walk-yeddur, yemshi
wall-kur, h'ait
to want-yurridu, baghya, kshaa
war-h'erb
warm-h'err
warners-munzir
warrior-mujehid
to wash-yeghsil
waste-duth, tbdid
watcher-rqib
water-mayya
way-tarrig
wayfarers-salikin
warning-itaar
wealth-ghani
weather-jawaa
wedding-zewaj
week-usbu'a pl-asaabii'a
welcome-marhaba
weight-wezin
well done-n'aafayya
well then-immala
west-gherb
wet-mbelel
wheat-beek, qmh
what-shlu
what's wrong?-wash bak? wash bik?
when-'mta
where-fain
whether-kashma
wheter then-ayena
while-qada
white-byadtee
who-shlun
whose, which-shlunsh
why-'aalaish
wind-rih'
window-deffa, nefitza
winter-shta
withdrawal-uzla
without-bidun, bla ma
witness-shaaheed, pl-shuhud
witnessing-mshahada
woman-'mraa pl-'mrawat
wonderful-ilaajni
wood-khseb
wool-çuf
word-kelima
work-'amaal
to worship-yasjud
worshiper-çaajid
worthless-kelsid
wristwatch-riluj
to write-yektuf
to worry-ye'taa'jab
wrathful-qhhar
wrong-kheta
(Y)
year-sana pl-sneen
yearning-shoq
yellow-gummee, sfar
yes-eyeh', na'am
yesterday-emberih', ams
yet-mazall, yihr
young-sghir
you ought to do-'alaikaan tafa'ala
your honor-hadritak
(Z)
zero-sfir
(Berber words)
(A)
to arrange-yebeseggem
arrogance-bzutch
to announce-yebirch
to attack-yebrezi
to accelerate-yechetakedi
to attack-yebqenf
action-kegi
to amuse-yesedhu
agenda-tageb
agression-tzerma
to adapt-yebdel
at-ghur
admiration-garez
to arrive-yelekku
absolute-emagez
agressive-mzerni
approach-nekma
activity-rmud
agony-selqef
agriculture-tayeza
accent-eghdeb
to abandon-yesneff
(B)
boy-frukh
berber-emazigh
brave-dergaz
(C)
to confront-yesdmer
to cross-yezgeri
to chat-yemuchi
crisis-tassa
compensation-eghram
culture-delsa
to catch-yeh'bu
(D)
delicious-yemmin
dialogue-deshwinni
to destroy-yebssedem
doubt-chekdi
destiny-yemel
(E)
evidence-tagga
easy-eshel
to entertain-yesedhu
exact-bnil
to exist-yedja
extremity-ekhef
(F)
form-talgha
to feed-yensechi
fortunate-bah'i
(G)
gesture-sfrek
goodbye-sfed
to go-yebddu
(H)
help-etallali
home-ekham
hello-ezul
(I)
in general-femedu
indeed-teddesh
indication-smet
(L)
little-druzi
to leave-yeneggez
limit-abed
(K)
to kiss-yebssud
(M)
modern-etrar
to make-yeghiru
(N)
nothing-ashemma
nostalgia-emargh
(O)
to obey-yedjeli
only-ghir
(P)
pure-zeddeg
past-ezri
proper-ezedgen
to pass-yekki
population-ghref
to possess-yeghari
(R)
to rain-yemdhi
rights-bzerfen
(S)
to salute-yebzul
to stop-yebdedi
to share-yebdu
to seperate-yebduyi
study-yenghaqa
small-mzra
source-ghabelu
serious-h'deq
(T)
to touch-yegra
too-braa
testimony-yengi
tension-eftagh
thief-emake
talk-chich
truly-teddesh
(U)
uproar-cheqla
unique-esuf
(V)
voluntary-mghzed
vulgar-enafsi
vision-eçekkud
violence-tekni
verb-tefer
villain-chemit
valid-ghabel
to verify-yebdedi
value-ezat
(W)
to walk-yemdur
to want-yegur
(Y)
you-nkem, nkech
young-ragh
