Site hosted by Angelfire.com: Build your free website today! 
Forestry Industry

The Great Boreal Forest – Questions Part One 

1. Siberian Boreal Forest
2. Polar bears
3. 10,000 years ago
4. 15 million square km. One third Canada. 10% of world’s surface. 
5. Filters the air and waters, acts as a cleaning device. “The Planet’s Lungs.” Regulates atmospheric gasses by storing them in trees and bogs. 
6. Global warming causes bogs to dry up therefore there is no place to store the carbon, and the world’s air does not get filtered. 
7. It’s the world’s largest migration pattern of any animal. 
8. Nesting sites in old growth conifers and deciduous trees. And food source: leaves, snails etc. 
9. For fuel for the 6000km flight back to Peru. 
10. Standing dead trees.
11. Homes for owls and cavity nesting birds. Food like insects and carpenter ants. Snags are critical for wildlife. 
12. Decompose cellulose and return nutrients to the forest. 
13. Decaying fallen trees. 
14. Protects + feeds + supports seedlings. 
15. Boreal creatures vulnerable to non-resident species. This causes more predators + prey. The more exotic species are overrun by more common species like the white tailed deer. It also disrupts the food chain. 
16. Almost ALL. One quarter million square km. 
17. Exploration + Logging + Road Building + Oil and Gas 
18. Disrupts bedding + breeding + feeding areas. Safety and security of the animals destroyed. 70% of bears are killed within 1.5 km on either side of a road. 
19. Oriented strand board is a new wood product, as an alternative to plywood. It’s chipped up wood from lots of trees. Now they can use ANY tree!
20. Alpac is a mill owned by 3 Japanese corporations. It is the largest single-line pulp mill in the world. 
21. Between 0.3% and 0.5% per year.
22. Fire > nutrients, not burned clean, some trees remain, biomass returned to forest. Logging > biomass gone, no more nutrients
23. Economic development
24. Screwed their hunting industry. Their culture depends on trapping and hunting. Welfare went from 10% to 90% after the economic development. No trees means no animals. People lost their self sufficiency.  

The Great Boreal Forest – Part II

1. The Taiga
2. Because it’s very susceptible to fire. It’s a mass of resinous needles and wood. 
3. 100 to 125 years / 25 to 40 years 
4. Plants taking over after a disaster. How the forest grows back after the fire. 
5. Lichens + mosses, then small grasses, then small bushes like rapsberries, then trees. The whole process takes about 80 to 90 years. 
6. ALL the biomass is gone. No nutrients are returned to the soil. 
7. Extensive logging, there is no place for them to go. Clear cutting, fire, hunting are all problems. 
8. A snare and a delusion
9. It means thinking that there is unlimited resources, the same could apply in the Taiga. 
10. British navy needed wood for masts. USA needed lots of wood. 
11. Ignored land use map. Ignored wet lands and old growth forest. 
12. Do not care for the environment and the economy comes first.
13. They disagree. 85% to 95% think that it’s part of our heritage. 
14. Leaving trees behind uncut to appear as they are still there. 
15. Adopting new legislation, not making regulations, allowing industry to make own. 
16. Wood goes to mill first, questions asked later. Short term $$ instead of environment health. 
17. In BC, appeals, surveys, planning processes, spending millions of $$ over 20 years 
18. For humans: filters water. Animals: provides wildlife; homes + food
19. Limit logging to decisions based on local people. 
20. Listening to the people, but no action taken. Decisions made before listening. No consensus. Special interest views. 
21. Change our attitude; everything is part of a whole. 1 huge forest system with human beings. We are part of it, therefore we won’t take it for granted and misuse it. 
22. Selective logging: slow paced, dead + dying trees.
23. Profit! 1st priority is shareholders. 
24. Allows the forest to continue to function. Minimal disturbance to wildlife. Maintain forest and habitat. Offers long-term benefits to forest health. 
25. ½ of total timber of Canada.
26. The environment is not an issue. As much wood in as little time as possible. We must worry about future generations. 
27. Ruined salmon spawning streams. 3700 streams + creeks. Extra logs dumped into rivers. 
28. Community organization. 150km of salmon spawning stream restored. Government assisted, since everyone! is affected.  
29. Clear cut; carbon is released into the atmosphere. Global warming!!
30. Less forest = more CO2 in the atmosphere = greenhouse effect.







Defintitions

1. Selective cutting: Cutting only one particular species of tree or only the mature trees in a designated area. 
2. Clear logging: Logging all of the trees in a designated area.
3. Patch logging: Clearing small areas of a forest, and leaving a large strand of trees around the cut area. 
4. Felled: The tree is made to fall over, which must be done carefully as to not damage the tree. Timber! 
5. Spar: Used in forestry; a wood or metal pole positioned at the center of the collecting area and equipped with a system of pulleys and steel cables for collecting cut logs. 
6. Log boom: A cluster of logs towed behind a tugboat. 
7. Sustained yield policy: A management policy to ensure a continuing supply of a resource. 
8. Slash: The unused branches cut from trees during logging. 
9. Transhumance: The seasonal practice of moving livestock up and down mountain slopes to prime pasture land. 
10. Stoop Labor: Harvest workers who hand pick the crop. 
11. Genetic Engineering: The science of creating new plants or animals, crossbred for certain desired characteristics. 
12. Corporate farm: Farms run by corporations rather than by individuals. 
13. Transshipment: The transfer of freight from one form of transportation to another. 
14. Break-of-bulk point: The separation of a shipment into smaller amounts for easier shipping to customers. 
15. Container: A large sealed, metal box used to ship finished products; can be moved interchangeably by ship, train, and truck. 
16. Intermodal shipping: Transportation system using two or more integrated forms of transport. 

Notes

“The Forest Industry”

- BC produces 2/3 of Canada’s sawmill output
- ½ of BC’s earnings come from the forest industry
- Forest Industry is # 1 employer – creates jobs! 
- 50% of BC’s workforce is directly (sawmill) or indirectly (furniture) linked

“Forest Integration”

- Port Alberni (Vanc. Island) > world’s largest integrated forest products plant. Integrated means does everything; pulp, paper, plywood. 
- More money because it’s more efficient. All parts of the tree are used! 
- The Forest Industry needed to become more efficient because of greater pressure on the forest resource. 
- Forests are a renewable resource. 
- Prince George (central BC) > “White spruce capital of the world”

“Page 129”

1. An integrated forest products plant uses ALL parts of the tree. It’s production includes sawn lumber, shingles, plywood, pulp, paper, fence, telephone poles, bridge timbers, and railway ties. 
2. A. 
1. Selective / choice cutting: used when forest is of mixed species + age. 
2. Clear cutting: the removal of all trees in an area. It’s done when a single species is dominant and the stand is of a similar age. 
3. Patch logging: combines both techniques. Only small areas or patches are cut out. 
Also: New technique: Strip Cutting: to promote natural regeneration.
B. 
1. Selective: get what kind of wood you want, but harder to get than clear cut, because can’t just wipe out whole area. 
2. CC: low cutting and transport costs, but destroys the environment. 
3. Patch: helps save and regenerate forest, while getting the wood you need. 
3. Clear cutting destroys the natural habitat of any animals, and can have negative ffects on the ecosystem, and the environment of the world as a whole. Scarred landscapes and fire problems also consider. 
4. It’s a very large barge, so it can transport many tons of trees. Also, water transport is very efficient since BC is on the coast, along with it’s forests. 
5. A sustained yield policy is needed because we are cutting down our trees faster than they can grow back. With a SYP, the volume of wood grown each year is at least equal to the volume of wood cut. 
6. A. Stands of trees the same species and size are easy to transport, therefore low transport costs. 
B. Tall, straight trees with few low branches are easy to cut, and the wood is of a good quality since they are tall, and straight. There is also less wasted wood because less branches near the bottom.