Concepts of Biology (Bio 121)
Lecture Guide Chap 3
4 Molecules characteristic of life:
1.
__________________
2.
__________________
3.
__________________
4.
__________________
Properties of Organic Compounds:
Organic
compounds – molecules with ___________ and other elements ___________________________________.
-
each carbon atom can share electrons with as many as _____other atoms.
-
they can form long chains or ring structures (used in building other
compounds).
Functional groups: (know the
structure)
1.
____________ - -OH
2.
______________- -CH3
3.
_____________- -CHO
4.
____________ - -COOH
5.
_____________– NH2
6.
_____________ – PO4
How do cells build organic compounds:
________________
– class of ____________that make specific ______________________ proceed faster
than they would on their own.
Example:
______________________________ – enzymes split off an ___________________
from one molecule an ______________________from another, a _____________ bond
forms between the 2 at their exposed sites and the discarded atoms form _________________.
______________ – the ____________________. Water is used to split molecules into smaller
units..
______________________– ______________ carbon compounds form in this way. The individual units of polymers are called ___________________.
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules on earth. ( cellulose and
chitin).
Saccharide (G. sugar)
__________________(one
sugar) – the “simple sugars”. Important examples include, _________________________
________________________________________________
___________________________________
– short chain of ________________ bonded sugar
monomers.
Disaccharide
(2)
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________ (poly means
MANY) – “___________________”, straight or branched chains of hundreds or thousands
of ________________________.
Cellulose
and starch are both composed entirely of ___________. The difference arising from their “pattern”
of bonding
Carbohydrates are used as:
1.
____________________________________
2.
____________________________________
3.
____________________________________
LIPIDS
Lipids are nonpolar
hydrocarbons. They usually feel greasy
or oily to the touch.
I.
Fats/Fatty Acids
__________ - have _______________________ attached to _________________.
________ – backbone of as many as _______________, a ___________ group at one
end and ________________ everywhere else.
Types of fatty acids
1.
__________-________________________
2.
__________-_______________________
________________– neutral fats,
having _______________ ________ attached to a _______________ unit.
-
these are the body’s most _______________________
___________________________________________
-
They yield more _____________________________,
than _________________________.
-
They accumulate in the cells as ________________.
II.
Phopholidids
- __________________________________
- __________________________________
- __________________________________
These molecules are
the main materials of cell membranes (lipid bilayer).
PROTEINS
Proteins are the ______________________________
biological molecules (structurally and functionally).
Proteins are composed of __________________.
__________ – organic compounds with an ___________ a ______________________ a ____________atom,
and one or more atoms called ___________________ (or side chain).
_____________
– the _________ bond between the _______ and __________groups of adjacent amino
acids.
_____________
– three or more _________ bonded together.
_________________ - the protein’s ________________.
_________________ – arise from _________bonds between ___________________ at regular
intervals. Form either a _________________________________
pattern.
__________________ – _____________in the coils or interactions between ___________________
which have been brought together by __________________________ of the
polypeptide chain.
__________________ – (4th level) the interaction between __________________________
to form 1 functional unit. (e.g., _________________________________________)
NUCLEIC ACIDS
________________ are composed of _______________.
Nucleotides have:
-
__________________________________________
-
__________________________________________
-
__________________________________________
DNA – ____________________________
-
_________ stranded with four
different ____________
___________ =
_______________
___________ = _______________
RNA – _________________________
___________ =
_______________
___________ = _______________
