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   Inorganic Osmolality-Patterns of Divergence.  S.H. Shakman 


Observed maximum osmolality (OS)* is compared with maximum
 
volume increase (DV) per equation (after Flint) DV=(gpl/k) 

(Vhz/2Vaz)-1), when gpl=grams-per-liter anhydrous solute,

k=520, and Vhz &            OS/DV VALUES FOR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 

Vaz=resp. sums of         ION: SO4-- Cl-  NO3- OH-  Br-  I-   Cl:

hydrated (Vh) & an-       Cs+        3.10                      SO4

hydrous (Va) ionic        Li+        3.61 

volumes. Note pat-        K+   2.86  7.38 2.79 3.78 5.13 4.06  2.6

terns for divalent        Na+  1.40  4.36 1.90 2.70 2.87       3.1

positive ions with        NH4+ 1.53  4.01                      2.6

SO4--; monovalent         H+   3.37  3.46 2.14                 1.0

positive ions with        Ag+             1.27 

Cl-; ratios between       Pb++            1.21 

values listed for         Cd++  .95  1.30                      1.4

K+ & Na+ with             Mg++ 1.39  4.38                      3.2

monovalent negative       Ba++       4.13 

ions; and ratios          Ca++      19.36 

between values for        Co++       3.26 

for Cl- & SO4--           Sr++       7.46 

with monovalent           Cu++  .84 

positive ions.            Mn++ 1.01 

                          Ni++  .94 

                          Zn++  .95 

                          K:Na 2.0   1.7  1.5  1.4  1.8
 
 

*CRC HANDBOOK,1985,D221-. **FLINT,L.H., Behavior Patterns of

Hydration(1964): Wa=2(Z[atomic #]+C[valence]); Wh=Wa+18H; H=

23n-(Z+C) [H=23 to 0, n=1 to 4]; Vh=Wh/(1+(Wa/Wh));Va=Wa/2. 

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